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1.
Objective – (1) To determine the ability of a continuous interstitial glucose monitoring system (CGMS) to accurately estimate blood glucose (BG) in dogs and cats with diabetic ketoacidosis. (2) To determine the effect of perfusion, hydration, body condition score, severity of ketosis, and frequency of calibration on the accuracy of the CGMS. Design – Prospective study. Setting – University Teaching Hospital. Animals – Thirteen dogs and 11 cats diagnosed with diabetic ketoacidosis were enrolled in the study within 24 hours of presentation. Interventions – Once BG dropped below 22.2 mmol/L (400 mg/dL), a sterile flexible glucose sensor was placed aseptically in the interstitial space and attached to the continuous glucose monitoring device for estimation of the interstitial glucose every 5 minutes. Measurements and Main Results – BG measurements were taken with a portable BG meter every 2–4 hours at the discretion of the primary clinician and compared with CGMS glucose measurements. The CGMS estimates of BG and BG measured on the glucometer were strongly associated regardless of calibration frequency (calibration every 8 h: r=0.86, P<0.001; calibration every 12 h: r=0.85, P<0.001). Evaluation of this data using both the Clarke and Consensus error grids showed that 96.7% and 99% of the CGMS readings, respectively, were deemed clinically acceptable (Zones A and B errors). Interpatient variability in the accuracy of the CGMS glucose measurements was found but was not associated with body condition, perfusion, or degree of ketosis. A weak association between hydration status of the patient as assessed with the visual analog scale and absolute percent error (Spearman's rank correlation, ρ=?0.079, 95% CI=?0.15 to ?0.01, P=0.03) was found, with the device being more accurate in the more hydrated patients. Conclusions – The CGMS provides clinically accurate estimates of BG in patients with diabetic ketoacidosis.  相似文献   

2.
Background – Hypersensitivity dermatitides (HD) are frequently suspected in cats, but there are few clinical studies on safe and effective treatments in the published literature. Objectives – To establish a safe and effective dose of ciclosporin in the treatment of feline HD. Animals – One hundred client‐owned cats with feline HD. Methods – Double‐blind study, with cats randomly assigned to receive ciclosporin at either 7.0 mg/kg once daily (n = 33) or 2.5 mg/kg once daily (n = 32) or a placebo (n = 35) for 6 weeks. Results – Mean Total Lesion Scores with 7.0 mg/kg ciclosporin were significantly lower than with 2.5 mg/kg ciclosporin (P = 0.0047) or placebo (P = 0.0003) at study end. Individual Total Lesion Scores improved by >50% in 70% of the 7.0 mg/kg group, compared with 47% in the 2.5 mg/kg group and 23% in the placebo group (P = 0.0006). The investigators’ Global Assessment of Improvement was ‘excellent’ or ‘good’ in 61% of cats treated with 7.0 mg/kg ciclosporin, compared with 47% of cats given 2.5 mg/kg and 23% given placebo. The improvement in Investigator Pruritus Scores was significantly greater in cats treated with 7.0 mg/kg ciclosporin (54%) compared with both 2.5 mg/kg ciclosporin (32%; P = 0.0232) and placebo (21%; P = 0.0063). Mild gastrointestinal disorders were the most common adverse events, but these did not require cessation of therapy. Conclusions and clinical importance – Results suggest that 7.0 mg/kg ciclosporin once daily in food or per os for 6 weeks is effective and well tolerated in feline HD.  相似文献   

3.
Background: Insulin detemir and insulin glargine are synthetic long‐acting insulin analogs. In people, insulin glargine is longer acting and has a relatively flat time‐action profile, while insulin detemir has significantly less within‐subject variability. Insulin detemir is also associated with less undesired weight gain and decreased frequency of hypoglycemic events. Objectives: To compare the pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine in healthy cats. Animals: Ten young, healthy, neutered, purpose‐bred cats. Methods: Randomized, cross‐over design. Pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine were determined by the isoglycemic clamp method after a 0.5 U/kg SC injection. Results: The only significant difference in the pharmacodynamics of insulin detemir and insulin glargine was onset of action (1.8 ± 0.8 and 1.3 ± 0.5 hours for insulin detemir and insulin glargine, respectively, P= .03). End of action of insulin detemir was reached at 13.5 ± 3.5 hours and for insulin glargine at 11.3 ± 4.5 hours (P= .18). Time‐to‐peak action of insulin detemir was reached at 6.9 ± 3.1 hours and for insulin glargine at 5.3 ± 3.8 hours (P= .7). The time‐action curves of both insulin analogs varied between relatively flat curves in some cats and peaked curves in others. Conclusion and Clinical Importance: Insulin detemir and insulin glargine have shorter durations of action than in people when assessed by the clamp method, but in some cats these insulin analogs could be useful as once‐a‐day drugs. Peak effects of both insulin analogs are pronounced in some cats.  相似文献   

4.
Background: Obese people with heart failure have improved survival compared with their normal or underweight counterparts. The purpose of this study was to determine if there is a relationship between body weight or body condition and survival in cats with heart failure. Hypothesis: Body weight and body condition score (BCS) are predictors of survival in cats with heart failure. Animals: One‐hundred and one cats with heart failure (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council Classes II, IIIa, or IIIb) evaluated between March 2007 and June 2009. Methods: Data regarding initial body weight and BCS, subsequent changes in body weight, and treatment were collected from records and compared with survival times. Results: Median initial body weight was 5.1 kg (range, 2.2–9.5 kg). Median BCS was 5 (range, 3–9). Of the 68 cats that were discharged from the hospital, median body weight change was 0.0 kg (range, ?2.6 to +2.3 kg). Survival time for all 101 cats was 93 days (0–811 days). Survival could be predicted using a model combining initial body weight (P= .02), body weight squared (P= .02), and survival to discharge (P < .001) with a resulting global P value for this model of P < .0001. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Cats with the lowest and highest body weights had reduced survival times compared with those with body weights in the intermediate ranges, suggesting a U‐shaped relationship between body weight and survival. Additional research into the effects of body composition could help to determine optimal management of cats with heart failure.  相似文献   

5.
The effects of 2 different 8-hour continuous rate infusions (CRIs) of medetomidine on epinephrine, norepinephrine, cortisol, glucose, and insulin levels were investigated in 6 healthy dogs. Each dog received both treatments and a control as follows: MED1 = 2 μg/kg bodyweight (BW) loading dose followed by 1 μg/kg BW per hour CRI; MED2 = 4 μg/kg BW loading dose followed by 2 μg/kg BW per hour CRI; and CONTROL = saline bolus followed by a saline CRI. Both infusion rates of medetomidine decreased norepinephrine levels throughout the infusion compared to CONTROL. While norepinephrine levels tended to be lower with the MED2 treatment compared to the MED1, this difference was not significant. No differences in epinephrine, cortisol, glucose, or insulin were documented among any of the treatments at any time point. At the low doses used in this study, both CRIs of medetomidine decreased norepinephrine levels over the 8-hour infusion period, while no effects were observed on epinephrine, cortisol, glucose, and insulin.  相似文献   

6.
Toxicologic effects of ribavirin in cats   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
Ribavirin, a broad-spectrum antiviral agent active in vitro against a number of RNA and DNA viruses, has been associated with moderate toxicity in laboratory animals and humans. Clinically, ribavirin has been used effectively in persons primarily to treat life-threatening viral diseases such as acute haemorrhagic fever or viral pneumonia of infants. In order to evaluate the feasibility of using this antiviral agent in cats, the effects of oral (p.o.), intramuscular (i.m.) and intravenous (i.v.) doses of ribavirin in 27 9-month-old specific-pathogen-free cats were evaluated by haematology, clinical chemistries, bone marrow biopsies and histopathology. Ribavirin was administered once daily for 10 consecutive days at a dose of either 11, 22, or 44 mg/kg after which all cats were euthanatized and necropsied. Most cats receiving 22 or 44 mg of ribavirin/kg became anorectic and suffered some degree of weight loss (0.2 to 0.6 kg), and about one-third of the cats developed diarrhoea and/or mucous membrane pallor. Icterus or haemorrhage was not observed. The most profound and consistent haemato-logic change, particularly among the moderate and high dosage groups regardless of route of administration, was a significant and severe thrombocytopenia (range, 33–78% reduction in mean platelet counts vs. baseline). Other changes, particularly reductions in total WBC and neutrophils and reductions in RBC and PCV, tended to occur at lower ribavirin dosages, but generally they were not statistically significant. Cats given 44 mg of ribavirin/kg i.v. showed significant decreases in leukocyte variables, including total WBC (P = 0.016), neutrophils (P= 0.026) and lymphocytes (P= 0.047). Mild-to-moderate increases in serum alanine aminotransferase and alkaline phosphatase activities occurred at doses of 22 and 44 mg/kg. Evaluation of bone marrow biopsies before and after treatment revealed that cats given 11 mg of ribavirin/kg had mild megakaryocytic (MK) hypoplasia, whereas cats receiving 22 or 44 mg/kg had progressively severe degrees of MK hypoplasia and dysplasia, asynchronous MK maturation, and increased myeloidrerythroid ratio. Pathologic changes in ribavirin-treated cats generally were mild and included primarily enteritis (seven cats) and hepatocellular vacuolation and/or centrilobular necrosis (seven cats). Results of this study in cats indicated that daily administration of ribavirin at a dose range of 11 to 44 mg/kg induced a dose-related toxic effect on bone marrow, primarily on megakaryocytes and erythroid precursors, and at the higher dosages it suppressed numbers of circulating leukocytes.  相似文献   

7.
The glucose responses to intravenous injections of a range of doses of recombinant human insulin were determined for six mares known to be insulin sensitive and six mares known to be insulin insensitive, with the goal of better characterizing the regression lines resulting from the two categories of mares. Insulin doses between 8 and 198 mU of insulin per kg of body weight (mU/kg BW) were administered intravenously between September 13 and 26, 2010, starting with 50 mU/kg BW on the first day. Higher and lower doses were administered on alternate days to obtain percentages of decreases in blood glucose concentrations between 10% and 70%. Linear regression analysis revealed that insulin-insensitive mares have glucose response curves with higher y intercepts (P = .066), less steep slopes (P = .0003), and less goodness of fit (P = .053) in addition to the expected greater dose required to produce a 50% reduction in blood glucose concentrations (ED50; P = .006), despite the similarities between their body weights and those of insulin-sensitive mares. Linear and nonlinear regression of responses to the 32, 50, and 79 mU/kg BW insulin doses with the overall estimates of ED50 and the natural log of ED50 indicated that the 50 mU/kg BW dose had the greatest coefficient of determination (>0.95). Generally, it appears that estimates of insulin sensitivity based on a single injection of insulin or on multiple injections of insulin are least variable for insulin-sensitive mares.  相似文献   

8.
Incretin hormones are secreted from the intestines in response to specific nutrients. They potentiate insulin secretion and have other beneficial effects in glucose homeostasis. We aimed to study the incretin effect in cats and to compare the effect of oral glucose, lipids, or amino acids on serum concentrations of insulin, total glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP) and total glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1). Ten healthy cats were used in a repeated measures design. Glucose, lipid, or amino acids were administered through nasoesophageal tubes on separate days. Blood glucose (BG) concentrations were matched between experiments by measuring BG every 5 min and infusing glucose intravenously at a changing rate. Intravenous glucose infusion with no prior treatment served as control. The incretin effect was estimated as the difference in insulin area under the curve (AUC) after oral compared with intravenous glucose. Temporal changes and total amount of hormone secretions were compared between treatment groups with the use of mixed models. Total glucose infused (TGI) at a mean dose of 0.49 g/kg resulted in slightly higher BG compared with 1 g/kg oral glucose (P = 0.038), but insulin concentrations were not significantly different (P = 0.367). BG and the TGI were not significantly different after the 3 oral challenges. Total GIP AUC was larger after lipids compared with amino acids (P = 0.0012) but GIP concentrations did not increase after oral glucose. Insulin and GIP concentrations were positively correlated after lipid (P < 0.001) and amino acids (P < 0.001) stimulations, respectively, but not after oral glucose stimulation. Total GLP-1 AUC was similar after all three oral stimulations. Insulin and GLP-1 concentrations were positively correlated after glucose (P = 0.001), amino acids (P < 0.001), or lipids (P = 0.001) stimulations. Our data indirectly support an insulinotropic effect of GIP and GLP-1. Potentiation of insulin secretion after oral glucose is minimal in cats and is mediated by GLP-1 but not GIP.  相似文献   

9.
Objective—To determine the antinociceptive effects of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine individually and in combination to a noxious visceral stimulus in cats. Study Design—Randomized, blinded controlled study. Animals—Eight healthy mixed-breed cats (four male, four female) weighing 4.4 ± 1.2 kg and aged 1 to 2 years old. Methods—A silastic balloon catheter was inserted per rectum and inflated at various pressures. Physiological parameters (respiratory rate, pulse rate, and blood pressure) were also recorded. Subjects were administered individual and combined intravenous (IV) doses of 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg oxymorphone and 0.025, 0.05, 0.10, and 0.20 mg/kg butorphanol. A further study of various ratios of butorphanol and oxymorphone (3:1, 2:1, 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3), at a combined equivalent dose of 0.1 mg/kg, was performed in four cats per dose combination. In a separate study, four cats were administered combined IV doses of 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone and butorphanol or 0.05 mg/kg each of oxymorphone, butorphanol, and acepromazine. Results—Combined doses of 0.05 and 0.10 mg/kg of oxymorphone and butorphanol showed mainly additive with some synergistic antinociceptive interactions and the combined dose of 0.2 mg/kg of each agent demonstrated additional antinociceptive effects, P < .05. Additional studies showed that various ratios of the two agents at a total combined dose of 0.10 mg/kg IV did not produce levels of antinociception that were significantly different from each other, P > .05. Acepromazine (ACE) significantly increased the magnitude of antinociception at 15 minutes when administered in combination with oxymorphone and butorphanol, P < .05. Also, physiological variables were unaffected by these drug combinations. Conclusions—Low doses of oxymorphone and butorphanol in combination can produce greater levels of antinociception than when used individually. ACE, in conjunction with oxymorphone and butorphanol, produced even greater levels of antinociception than the two-opioid drug combination. Clinical Relevance—Oxymorphone, butorphanol, and ACE can be used in combination to produce additive or synergistic effects without adverse effects in cats. These data suggest that ACE and butorphanol at low doses given as preanesthetic medication followed by a mu opioid (eg, oxymorphone) after surgery at low doses may provide an effective method of pain management in the cat.  相似文献   

10.
Objective – To determine the safety and efficacy of high‐dose fomepizole compared with ethanol (EtOH) in cats with ethylene glycol (EG) toxicosis. Design – Prospective study. Setting – University veterinary research laboratory. Animals – Thirteen cats. Interventions – Two cats received injections of high‐dose fomepizole (Study 1). Three cats received lethal doses of EG and fomepizole treatment was initiated 1, 2, or 3 hours later (Study 2). Eight cats received a lethal dose of EG and were treated with fomepizole or EtOH (Study 3). Cats treated with fomepizole received 125 mg/kg IV initially, then 31.25 mg/kg at 12, 24, and 36 hours. Cats treated with EtOH received 5 mL of 20% EtOH/kg IV initially, then every 6 hours for 5 treatments, then every 8 hours for 4 treatments. Cats also received fluids and supportive therapy as needed. Measurements and Main Results – Clinical signs were monitored and serial blood analyses performed. Cats receiving fomepizole experienced mild sedation but no biochemical evidence of toxicity. Cats receiving fomepizole for EG intoxication survived if therapy was initiated within 3 hours of EG ingestion. One of the 6 developed acute renal failure (ARF) but survived. Only 1 of the 3 cats treated with EtOH 3 hours following EG ingestion survived; 2 developed ARF and were euthanized. Cats treated 4 hours following EG ingestion developed ARF, whether treated with EtOH or fomepizole. Conclusions – Fomepizole is safe when administered to cats in high doses, prevents EG‐induced fatal ARF when therapy is instituted within 3 hours of EG ingestion, and is more effective than treatment with EtOH.  相似文献   

11.
The sedative and analgesic effects of continuous rate infusion (CRI) of dexmedetomidine (DEX) were investigated in Beagle dogs (n = 8) using auditory and somatosensory evoked potentials (AEPs and SEPs) recorded before, during and after a CRI of saline or DEX (1.0, 3.0, 5.0 μg/kg bolus, followed by 1.0, 3.0, 5.0 μg/kg/h CRI, respectively).The results showed a significant reduction in AEP at doses of 1.0 μg/kg/h and above and a significant reduction of the SEP at doses of 3.0 and 5.0 μg/kg/h. Neither the AEP nor the SEP was further reduced at 5.0 μg/kg/h when compared to 3.0 μg/kg/h, although a slower return towards baseline values was observed at 5.0 μg/kg/h. The mean plasma levels (±SEM) of DEX during infusion were 0.533 ± 0.053 ng/mL for the 1.0 μg/kg/h dose, 1.869 ± 0.063 ng/mL for the 3.0 μg/kg/h dose and 4.017 ± 0.385 for the 5.0 μg/kg/dose. It was concluded that in adult dogs, a CRI of DEX had a sedative and analgesic effect that could be described quantitatively using neurophysiological parameters. Sedation was achieved at lower plasma levels than required for analgesia, and DEX had a longer (but not larger) effect with infusion rates above 3.0 μg/kg/h.  相似文献   

12.
Capromorelin is a ghrelin receptor agonist that is FDA approved for appetite stimulation in dogs. The objective of this study was to evaluate the safety of daily oral administration of capromorelin to cats over a range of doses and for an extended period. Two randomized, controlled studies were conducted: in Study 1, cats (n = 6 per group) received placebo or capromorelin at a dose of 9, 15, 30 or 60 mg/kg once daily for 14 days; and in Study 2, cats received capromorelin at 6 mg/kg (n = 8) or placebo (n = 4) once daily for 91 days. Cats were evaluated using clinical observations and clinical pathology test results for both studies, with the addition of postmortem examination in Study 1 and measurements of growth hormone and insulin‐like growth factor 1 in Study 2. Abnormal clinical observations were limited to emesis, hypersalivation, lethargy/depression, head shaking and lip smacking, which occurred more frequently in the capromorelin‐treated groups than in the placebo group. There were no clinically relevant differences in clinical pathology test results between the capromorelin and placebo groups in either study.  相似文献   

13.
Blood glycosylated hemoglobin (GHb) concentration was quantified in 84 healthy cats, 9 cats with stress-induced hyperglycemia, 37 cats with newly diagnosed diabetes mellitus, and 122 diabetic cats treated with insulin or glipizide. Diabetic control was classified as good or poor in insulin-treated or glipizide-treated cats based on review of history, physical examination findings, changes in body weight, and measurement of blood glucose concentrations. Blood GHb concentration was determined using an affinity chromatography assay. Mean blood GHb concentration was similar for healthy normoglycemic cats and cats with transient, stress-induced hyperglycemia, but was significantly (P < .001) higher in untreated diabetic cats when compared with healthy normoglycemic cats. Mean blood GHb concentration was significantly (P < .001) higher in 84 cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus when compared with 38 cats in which the disease was well controlled. Mean blood GHb concentration decreased significantly (P < .01) in 6 cats with untreated diabetes mellitus after insulin and dietary treatment. A similar significant (P < .01) decrease in mean blood GHb concentration occurred in 7 cats with poorly controlled diabetes mellitus after diabetic control was improved by an increase in insulin dosage from 1.1 ± 0.9 to 1.4 ± 0.6 U/kg/ 24 h and by feeding a diet containing increased fiber content and in 6 cats with transient diabetes mellitus 8.2 ± 0.6 weeks after discontinuing insulin treatment. There was a significant (P< .01) stress-induced increase in mean fasting blood glucose concentration and mean blood glucose concentration for 12 hours after administration of insulin or glipizide but no change in mean blood GHb concentration in 5 docile diabetic cats 12.2 ± 0.4 weeks after the cats became fractious as a result of frequent hospitalizations and blood samplings. Results of this study suggest that evaluation of blood GHb concentration may be a clinically useful tool for monitoring glycemic control of diabetes in cats.  相似文献   

14.
Objective – To compare airway microbiological culture and susceptibility results in 2 groups of dogs and cats: 1 with respiratory failure requiring positive pressure ventilation (PPV) and 1 with respiratory disease. Design – Retrospective study. Setting – University teaching hospital. Animals – Fifty‐two dogs and cats requiring PPV that had an airway microbiologic culture submitted from October 1, 2003 to October 31, 2008 were included. One hundred and four airway microbiologic cultures from dogs and cats with respiratory disease not requiring PPV were randomly sampled for comparison. Interventions – None. Measurements and Main Results – Patients with respiratory failure were more likely to have a gram‐negative enteric isolate identified (P<0.001), while patients with respiratory disease were more likely to have a gram‐negative nonenteric isolate (P<0.001) or anaerobic isolate (P<0.001) identified. Aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory failure were less likely to be susceptible to ampicillin (P=0.006), amoxicillin/clavulonate (P<0.001), chloramphenicol (P=0.004), enrofloxacin (P<0.001), ticarcillin/clavulonate (P=0.004), and the combination of ampicillin with enrofloxacin (P<0.001) than were aerobic bacterial isolates from patients with respiratory disease. Conclusions – Canine and feline patients with respiratory failure severe enough to require PPV exhibit a different pattern of bacterial isolates cultured from their airways when compared with isolates from patients with respiratory disease that has not resulted in ventilator dependence. These isolates are more likely to be resistant to commonly used antimicrobials/antimicrobial combinations than patients in the respiratory disease group. These findings suggest that in canine and feline patients with infectious lower respiratory tract disease, consideration of the severity of the pulmonary insult may allow for better prediction of likely isolates and their antimicrobial susceptibilities. Further prospective studies with a standardized collection technique are warranted.  相似文献   

15.
OBJECTIVE: To compare cardiovascular effects of equipotent infusion doses of propofol alone and in combination with ketamine administered with and without noxious stimulation in cats. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: Cats were anesthetized with propofol (loading dose, 6.6 mg/kg; constant rate infusion [CRI], 0.22 mg/kg/min) and instrumented for blood collection and measurement of blood pressures and cardiac output. Cats were maintained at this CRI for a further 60 minutes, and blood samples and measurements were taken. A noxious stimulus was applied for 5 minutes, and blood samples and measurements were obtained. Propofol concentration was decreased to 0.14 mg/kg/min, and ketamine (loading dose, 2 mg/kg; CRI, 23 microg/kg/min) was administered. After a further 60 minutes, blood samples and measurements were taken. A second 5-minute noxious stimulus was applied, and blood samples and measurements were obtained. RESULTS: Mean arterial pressure, central venous pressure, pulmonary arterial occlusion pressure, stroke index, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance index, pulmonary vascular resistance index, oxygen delivery index, oxygen consumption index, oxygen utilization ratio, partial pressure of oxygen in mixed venous blood, pH of arterial blood, PaCO2, arterial bicarbonate concentration, and base deficit values collected during propofol were not changed by the addition of ketamine and reduction of propofol. Compared with propofol, ketamine and reduction of propofol significantly increased mean pulmonary arterial pressure and venous admixture and significantly decreased PaO2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Administration of propofol by CRI for maintenance of anesthesia induced stable hemodynamics and could prove to be clinically useful in cats.  相似文献   

16.
Objective: To examine the relative contributions of sodium and glucose to serum effective osmolality and the presence of abnormalities of sodium and osmolality in diabetic dogs and cats. Design: Retrospective study. Setting: A university‐based referral hospital. Animals: Diabetic dogs (n=14) and cats (n=13) consecutively admitted to the hospital over a 6‐month period. Interventions: None Measurements: Serum biochemistry assessments. Main results: The mean glucose concentration was higher in diabetic dogs than in diabetic cats. Total osmolality (OsmT), effective osmolality (OsmE), and the concentrations of sodium, potassium, blood urea notrogen, bicarbonate, and creatinine did not differ between species. Sodium abnormalities and hyperosmolality affected 44% and 81%, respectively, of the study group. However, marked hyperosmolality (OsmE>330 mOsm/L) was found in only 33% of the study group. Serum sodium correlated closely with OsmE in dogs and cats but serum glucose did not correlate with the OsmE in either species. Subsets of dogs (n=10) and cats (n=7) with diabetic ketosis (DK) were examined separately. DK dogs had significantly lower sodium concentrations than DK cats and the proportion of DK dogs with hyponatremia was nearly 3 times greater than DK cats. Severe hyperosmolality (OsmE>330 mOsm/L) was more common in DK cats than DK dogs. Conclusions: In diabetic dogs and cats, sodium, not glucose, was correlated with serum OsmE and marked elevation in pretreatment OsmE is uncommon. Compensatory reduction in serum sodium may be 1 mechanism for blunting changes in OsmE in the presence of marked hyperglycemia.  相似文献   

17.
The glucagon-like peptide-1 mimetic exenatide has a glucose-dependent insulinotropic effect, and it is effective in controlling blood glucose (BG) with minimal side effects in people with type 2 diabetes. Exenatide also delays gastric emptying, increases satiety, and improves β-cell function. We studied the effect of exenatide on insulin secretion during euglycemia and hyperglycemia in cats. Nine young, healthy, neutered, purpose-bred cats were used in a randomized, cross-over design. BG concentrations during an oral glucose tolerance test were determined in these cats previously. Two isoglycemic glucose clamps (mimicking the BG concentration during the oral glucose tolerance test) were performed in each cat on separate days, one without prior treatment (IGC) and the second with exenatide (1 μg/kg) injected subcutaneously 2 h before (ExIGC). BG, insulin, and exenatide concentrations were measured, and glucose infusion rates were recorded and compared in paired tests between the two experiments. After exenatide injection, insulin serum concentrations increased significantly (2.4-fold; range 1.0- to 9.2-fold; P = 0.004) within 15 min. This was followed by a mild decrease in BG concentration and a return of insulin concentration to baseline despite a continuous increase in serum exenatide concentrations. Insulin area under the curve (AUC) during ExIGC was significantly higher than insulin AUC during IGC (AUC ratio, 2.0 ± 0.4; P = 0.03). Total glucose infused was not significantly different between IGC and ExIGC. Exenatide was detectable in plasma at 15 min after injection. The mean exenatide concentration peaked at 45 min and then returned to baseline by 75 min. Exenatide was still detectable in the serum of three of five cats 8 h after injection. No adverse reactions to exenatide were observed. In conclusion, exenatide affects insulin secretion in cats in a glucose-dependent manner, similar to its effect in other species. Although this effect was not accompanied by a greater ability to dispose of an intravenous glucose infusion, other potentially beneficial effects of exenatide on pancreatic β cells, mainly increasing their proliferation and survival, should be investigated in cats.  相似文献   

18.
The effect of recombinant human interferon-alpha (rHuIFN-alpha) in vitro and in vivo on mitogen-induced lymphocyte blastogenesis was evaluated in specific-pathogen-free cats. Pre-incubation of isolated feline peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBL) in vitro with either 10(4) or 10(3) International Units (U) of rHuIFN-alpha for 24 h significantly suppressed (P less than 0.001 and 0.01, respectively) blastogenic responses to the phytomitogens concanavalin A (Con A) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM). Lower doses of IFN (range, 10-10(-3) U/ml) neither suppressed nor enhanced mitogenesis. In the absence of phytomitogens, incubation of PBL with 10(4) - 10(2) U (P less than 0.001) or 10 U (P less than 0.05) of rHuIFN-alpha/ml resulted in a significant decrease in incorporation of [methyl-3H] thymidine into newly synthesized cellular DNA. Cultures of PBL exposed continuously for 4 days to rHuIFN-alpha doses of 10(4) U/ml or less did not demonstrate specific reductions in cell viability, indicating that the observed antiproliferative actions of IFN apparently were independent of any direct cytotoxic effects. To investigate the dose-response effects of rHuIFN-alpha in vivo on lymphocyte blastogenesis, individual groups of cats were evaluated on 3 consecutive days before and then 24 h after each cat was inoculated intramuscularly with either a high dose (10(6) U/kg), moderate dose (10(4) U/kg), or a relatively low dose (10(2) U/kg) of rHuIFN-alpha. Cats inoculated with 10(6) U of rHuIFN-alpha/kg had significantly reduced (P = 0.037) blastogenic responses to Con a at 24 h postinoculation compared to preinoculation values; mean PWM responses were also decreased, but this effect was not statistically significant. In contrast, inoculation of cats with either 10(4) or 10(2) U of rHuIFN-alpha/kg significantly enhanced (P = 0.05 or 0.008, respectively) Con A-induced blastogenesis and had no discernible effect on PWM responses. These findings suggest that very high doses of rHuIFN-alpha given parenterally may be associated with suppression of certain T-cell responses in cats; conversely, much lower doses may be immunoenhancing.  相似文献   

19.
Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) has long been considered a key clinical feature of type‐1 diabetes mellitus (DM) in humans although. An increasing number of cases of ketoacidosis have been reported in people with type‐2 DM. Hypothesis/Objectives: Cats initially diagnosed with DKA can achieve remission from diabetes. Cats with DKA and diabetic remission are more likely to have been administered glucocorticoids before diagnosis. Animals: Twelve cats with DKA and 7 cats with uncomplicated DM. Methods: Retrospective case review. Medical records of cats presenting with DKA or DM were evaluated. Diabetic remission was defined as being clinically unremarkable for at least 1 month after insulin withdrawal. The cats were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) cats with DKA and diabetic remission; (2) cats with DKA without diabetic remission; and (3) cats with DM and diabetic remission. Results: Seven cats with DKA had remission from diabetes. These cats had significantly higher concentrations of leukocytes and segmented neutrophils, and significantly lower concentrations of eosinophils in blood and had pancreatic disease more often than did cats with uncomplicated DM and diabetic remission. With regard to pretreatment, 3/7 cats in group 1, 1/5 cats in group 2, and 1/7 cats in group 3 had been treated with glucocorticoids. Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Remission of DM in cats presenting with DKA is possible. Cats with DKA and remission have more components of a stress leucogram, pancreatic disease, and seemed to be treated more often with glucocorticoids than cats with uncomplicated DM and diabetic remission.  相似文献   

20.
This multi-institutional study was designed to determine the clinical pharmacokinetics of fluconazole and outcomes in client-owned dogs (n = 37) and cats (n = 35) with fungal disease. Fluconazole serum concentrations were measured. Pharmacokinetic analysis was limited to animals at steady state (≥72 hr of treatment). The mean (range) body weight in 31 dogs was 25.6 (2.8–58.2) kg and in 31 cats was 3.9 (2.4–6.1) kg included in pharmacokinetic analyses. The dose, average steady-state serum concentrations (CSS), and oral clearance in dogs were 14.2 (4.5–21.3) mg/kg/d, 26.8 (3.8–61.5) µg/mL, and 0.63 ml min−1 kg−1, respectively, and in cats were 18.6 (8.2–40.0) mg/kg/d, 32.1 (1.9–103.5) µg/mL, and 0.61 ml min−1 kg−1, respectively. Random inter-animal pharmacokinetic variability was high in both species. Two dogs had near twofold increases in serum fluconazole when generic formulations were changed, suggesting lack of bioequivalence. Median CSS for dogs and cats achieving clinical remission was 19.4 and 35.8 µg/ml, respectively. Starting oral doses of 10 mg/kg q12h in dogs and 50–100 mg total daily dose in cats are recommended to achieve median CSS associated with clinical remission. Due to the large pharmacokinetic variability, individualized dose adjustments based on CSS (therapeutic drug monitoring) and treatment failure should be considered.  相似文献   

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