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1.
祁连山北坡云杉林和草甸土壤有机碳矿化及其影响因素   总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5  
为确定祁连山典型生态系统土壤有机碳分解对水热因素变化的响应趋势,在人工气候箱内以正交试验好气培养土壤,应用差异性检验和一阶动态方程方法分析了祁连山青海云杉(Picea crassifolia)林和高寒草甸土壤有机碳矿化及其与温度、湿度、土层和海拔的关系。结果显示:温度对土壤有机碳矿化量、矿化速率及其比例的影响最大,其次是土壤湿度;这些变量在35℃下最高(P<0.01),土壤含水量为10%时最低,不同海拔间差异不显著;土壤有机碳矿化量在0~15cm比15~35cm土层高,但矿化比例差异不显著;土壤有机碳矿化势随温度的升高而增加,土壤含水量为10%时较低,矿化速率系数在35℃下最高(P<0.05);从05℃升到15℃,Q10为1.5~7.5,15℃升到25℃,为1~2,25℃升到35℃,为1.5~3.5。结果说明温度从5℃升高到35℃,土壤含水量在20%~40%,祁连山中部山地森林和高寒草甸土壤有机碳矿化速率将可能增加3~10倍以上。  相似文献   

2.
祁连山中部高寒草甸土壤氮矿化及其影响因素研究   总被引：5，自引：4，他引：5  
分析了温湿度变化对祁连山海拔3500,3600,3700和3800 m处高寒草甸土壤氮矿化的影响。结果显示,以土壤氮矿化量极差计,温度和湿度对土壤氮矿化影响最大,土层和温湿度交互作用影响较小;以土壤氮矿化比例极差计,温度和海拔影响最大,湿度其次,土层影响较小。温度对土壤氮的矿化影响显著(P<0.05)。35℃下土壤氮矿化量最高,25℃下显著比5℃下高(P<0.05);不同温度下土壤氮矿化比例差异不显著(P>0.05)。土壤含水量为20%和40%下土壤氮矿化量较高,60%和80%下较低(P<0.05),不同湿度下土壤氮矿化比例差异不显著(P>0.05)。海拔3800 m处土壤氮矿化比例最低。以土壤氮矿化速率计,5℃升高到15℃,Q10较高,15℃升高到25℃及25℃升高到35℃,Q10接近;以土壤氮矿化比例计,5℃升高到15℃,Q10较低,15℃升高到25℃以及25℃升高到35℃,Q10都接近2。结果说明在20%~80%土壤湿度范围内,温度升高将使祁连山高寒草甸土壤氮的矿化速率增加。  相似文献   

3.
以土壤特征及地下生物量为主要指标研究了东祁连山高寒草甸草原对全生长季休牧、传统夏季休牧和禁牧的响应,以期为该区草地恢复、保护和管理提供支撑.结果表明:与传统夏季休牧相比,禁牧和全生长季休牧改良了高寒草甸草原0~20 cm土壤物理结构,降低了土壤的紧实度,但对深层土壤影响较小;禁牧和全生长季休牧不同程度地改善了高寒草甸草原土壤的持水能力;禁牧显著增加了0~30 cm土壤有机碳含量,全生长季休牧增加了高寒草甸草原表层土壤有机碳含量;禁牧极显著增加了0~10 cm土层根系生物量,而传统夏季休牧草地10~20 cm土层的根系生物量显著高于禁牧与全生长季休牧.说明短期禁牧和全生长季休牧是提升青藏高原高寒草甸草原生产力与生态恢复的重要措施之一.  相似文献   

4.
青藏高原东部不同草地类型土壤养分的分布规律   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
调查分析了青藏高原东部高寒草甸、高寒灌丛草甸、亚高寒草甸、沼泽化草甸、荒漠化草原、林间草地、盐渍化沼泽土壤碳氮磷含量垂直分布特征。结果表明,7种草地类型中,土壤有机碳含量大体随着土层的深入而降低,0~15 cm土层土壤有机碳的累积量从高到低依次为林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>沼泽化草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草甸(P<0.05);随土层深度变化土壤全氮含量与有机碳相似,0～15 cm全氮累积量从高到低依次为沼泽化草甸>林间草地>高寒灌丛草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>荒漠化草原>亚高寒草甸(P<0.05);荒漠化草原、林间草地和土壤全磷含量随土层深度无明显规律性,0～15 cm土层全磷累积量由高到低依次为高寒灌丛草甸>沼泽化草甸>高寒草甸>盐渍化沼泽>亚高寒草甸>荒漠化草原>林间草地(P<0.05);随土层深度的增加不同草地类型养分含量顺序不同。除沼泽化草甸,不同草地类型下土壤有机碳与全氮呈显著正相关。  相似文献   

5.
以黄河源区4类高寒草地为研究对象,测定了0～20 cm土层土壤理化性质,并运用主成分分析法对土壤质量进行评价,结果表明：1)土壤容重和pH值表现均为高寒草原>人工草地>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;土壤含水量、有机碳、全碳、氨氮、全氮含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤硝氮含量表现为人工草地>沼泽草甸>高寒草原>高寒草甸;土壤速效磷和全磷含量均表现为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原;土壤速效钾和全钾含量均表现为人工草地>高寒草原>高寒草甸>沼泽草甸;2)土壤有机碳含量与全碳、氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤全碳含量与氨氮、全氮、速效磷、全磷含量之间呈极显著正相关关系(P<0.01),土壤碳氮磷元素呈强相关关系,三者之间高度耦合;3)在0～10、10～20以及0～20 cm土层,土壤质量高低排序均为沼泽草甸>高寒草甸>人工草地>高寒草原,各草地0～10 cm土层土壤质量均高于10～20和0～20 cm土层,0～20 cm土层土壤质量高于10～20 cm土层。  相似文献   

6.
为了评价青海省祁连县高寒草甸草原有机碳的分布特征,本研究以祁连县海拔2 963-3 392m范围内高寒草甸草原为研究对象,采用野外调查取样结合室内分析的方法,分析了祁连县高寒草甸草原0-50cm土层土壤有机碳的分布规律。结果表明,土壤有机碳含量随着土层深度的增加而显著减少(P0.01),表现为0-1010-2020-3030-4040-50cm;土壤有机碳密度和土壤有机碳储量同土壤有机碳含量分布有相同的趋势;土壤有机碳与地上生物量和植被盖度呈极显著(P0.01)正相关关系,表明土壤有机碳含量随着盖度和地上生物量的增加而增加。土壤有机碳含量与土壤容重呈极显著(P0.01)负相关关系;相反,随着土层深度的增加,土壤含水量逐渐减少,土壤有机碳含量与土壤含水量呈极显著(P0.01)正相关。  相似文献   

7.
曹丽花  刘合满  赵世伟 《草业科学》2011,28(8):1411-1415
本研究对西藏当雄不同退化程度高寒草甸土壤有机碳分布特征及其与土壤理化性质演变进行分析,结果表明,土壤有机碳及有机碳密度均为正常草甸土壤>轻度退化草甸土壤>严重退化草甸土壤,且0~10 cm土层中有机碳含量及其密度均高于10~20 cm土层土壤。回归分析表明,土壤有机碳与土壤活性有机碳、土壤碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾及土壤含水量之间存在显著或极显著的正相关关系,其决定系数R2分别为0.913 9、0.977 1、0.931 4、0.665 3和0.715 6,直线回归方程分别为y=0.074 3x-0.026 1,y=2.676 8x+14.425 0,y=0.245 9x+3.347 9,y=4.296 5x+71.667 0,y=0.790 8x+5.424 5;而与土壤容重呈显著负相关关系（y=-0.016 7x+1.553 1）。土壤有机碳的损失,造成土壤养分和水分减少,土壤容重增大。通径分析表明,土壤有机碳的变化对碱解氮的影响最显著。  相似文献   

8.
为探索不同高寒草地类型中土壤有机碳、养分和可溶性有机碳的含量差异以及可溶性有机碳分布特征,以青海省4个高寒草地类型土壤0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层为研究对象,分析了土壤有机碳、全氮、全磷、全钾、可溶性有机碳含量,以及可溶性有机碳芳香性指数和腐殖化指数,并进一步探讨了可溶性有机碳含量与土壤有机碳、各养分含量之间的相关性。结果表明,不同高寒草地类型各土层土壤中全氮、有机碳、可溶性有机碳含量由高到低的顺序依次为:高寒草甸类>高寒草甸草原类>高寒草原类>高寒荒漠类,且不同类型之间差异显著(P<0.05)。随着土层的加深,土壤全氮、有机碳含量有降低趋势。不同类型高寒草地各土层土壤中可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数表现出与此相同的变化趋势。不同高寒草地各土层中可溶性有机碳与土壤全氮、有机碳含量之间均呈现出显著正相关关系(P<0.05)。综上所述,高寒草甸和高寒草甸草原土壤有机碳、全氮、可溶性有机碳含量较高,结构复杂。可溶性有机碳的芳香性指数和腐殖化指数在一定程度上能够反映土壤养分状况。  相似文献   

9.
祁连山东段不同退化高寒草甸土壤有机碳密度研究   总被引：9，自引：2，他引：7  
于2008年在祁连山东段天祝地区选取轻度、中度和重度3个不同退化程度的高寒草地,以土壤有机碳密度为研究对象,探讨高寒草地在不同退化程度干扰下土壤有机碳密度的变化特征。结果表明:随着高寒草地退化程度的加重,土壤含水量降低,容重和pH值增大;土壤有机质和全氮有相似的变化趋势,中度与轻度或重度退化草地土壤有机质和全氮差异显著(P<0.05);土壤有机碳密度在0-10 cm土层显著高于其他土层(P<0.05),并随着土层加深有显著的垂直变化趋势;不同退化程度草地在0-30 cm土层总土壤有机碳密度表现为中度>轻度>重度退化草地。  相似文献   

10.
放牧季节及退化程度对高寒草甸土壤有机碳的影响   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
高寒草甸是青藏高原的主要植被类型,本研究以青海省高寒草甸为研究对象,探讨不同放牧季节及退化程度下高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量及密度的分异特征。结果表明,在0-30 cm土层内,土壤有机碳含量随土层深度逐渐减小。土壤有机碳含量暖季放牧与冷季放牧之间无显著差异(P0.05),且在不同土壤深度中一致。不同放牧季节下土壤理化性质及生物量各不相同。0-30 cm土层内,除0-5 cm未退化阶段土壤有机碳含量最高,其余各层土壤有机碳含量均在轻度退化阶段达到最大。土壤理化性质在不同退化阶段也变化各异,地下生物量随草地退化呈先增加后减小的趋势,而地上生物量随草地退化呈逐渐减小的趋势。冷季放牧高寒草甸土壤有机碳含量随草地退化呈逐渐减小的趋势,而暖季放牧土壤有机碳含量随草地退化呈先增加后减小的趋势。0-30 cm土层冷季放牧不同阶段土壤有机碳储量均低于暖季放牧,但未达到显著水平。可见,放牧强度的不同会对土壤有机碳的影响比放牧季节更大。  相似文献   

11.
试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。  相似文献   

12.
Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.  相似文献   

13.
Tropical Animal Health and Production -  相似文献   

14.
1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.  相似文献   

15.
Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.  相似文献   

16.
Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.  相似文献   

17.
Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.  相似文献   

18.
The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.  相似文献   

19.
<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.  相似文献   

20.
The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.  相似文献   

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