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1.
Several new multi-purpose non-rebreathing anaesthetic systems have been developed for human anaesthesia. This study evaluated a New Zealand designed non-rebreathing circuit, the Palmerston Valve, in anaesthetised spontaneously breathing dogs and compared it to the widely used Lack coaxial circuit. Arterial blood gas measurements 60 minutes after induction demonstrated comparable slight increases in PaCO2 in nearly all dogs maintained on the Palmerston Valve and Lack coaxial circuit with halothane and oxygen mixtures, and a fresh gas flow rate of 70 ml/kg/min. Results suggest the Palmerston Valve is at least as efficient as the Lack coaxial circuit, while offering in the same unit the potential for economical controlled ventilation.  相似文献   

2.
The performance of the Lack co-axial breathing circuit was evaluated in 25 anaesthetized dogs breathing spontaneously. Fresh gas flows were adjusted until rebreathing started to occur as judged by capnography. Thus a critical fresh gas flow rate was determined for small (10–15 kg) and larger (15 + kg) dogs. These were 130.5 ± 31.2 and 95.9 ± 13-1 ml/kg/min respectively. In a further twenty dogs weighing over 15 kg a fresh gas flow rate of 120 ml/kg/min was used and was found to be sufficient to prevent rebreathing in all cases. In 11 dogs a direct comparison was made between the Lack and the Magill circuits with fresh gas flows of 120 ml/kg/min and it was found by capnography that while there was minimal or no rebreathing with the Lack system there was substantial rebreathing with the Magill.  相似文献   

3.
AIMS: To survey current anaesthesia practices for dogs and cats in small and mixed animal practices in New Zealand in order to improve anaesthesia education.

METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to 440 small and mixed animal practices, including questions regarding the type of practice, preanaesthetic examination, anaesthetic drugs and management, anaesthetic machines, monitoring and topics of interest for continuing professional development.

RESULTS: Responses were obtained from 113/440 (26%) practices, with 78 (69%) respondents from small and 35 (31%) from mixed animal practices. A preanaesthetic physical examination was carried out by >95% of respondents and premedication was usually given to dogs (112/113; 99%) and cats (95/113; 85%). Acepromazine was the preferred sedative for dogs and cats, with morphine or buprenorphine. Propofol and alfaxalone were the preferred induction agents, and isoflurane was preferred for maintenance in both dogs and cats. A venous catheter was usually placed for anaesthesia in dogs (59/113; 52%), but less so in cats (39/113; 35%). Perioperative fluid was administered at 10?mL/kg/hour by 62/110 (56%) respondents. Intubation was usually used for anaesthesia in dogs (111/112; 99%), and cats (87/112; 78%). Almost 40% of respondents usually administered supplementary oxygen if patients were not intubated. Local analgesia was used by 69/111 (88%) respondents sometimes or always if applicable. Morphine or buprenorphine, and meloxicam were common choices for post-operative analgesia after neuter surgery in dogs and cats. A semiclosed (non-rebreathing) system was used in animals weighing <10?kg, and a Mapleson E or F non-rebreathing circuit was used by 66/109 (61%) practices. Only 15/111 (14%) practices had a ventilator in their practice. A dedicated anaesthetist was usually used by 104/113 (92%) practices, and apnoea alarms, pulse oximeters, thermometers and oesophageal stethoscopes were the main monitoring devices available in practices. Loco-regional block, pain management, and anaesthetic drugs were the main topics of interest for continuing education.

CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Responses by the veterinarians taking part in this survey indicated that they had a reasonably good standard of anaesthetic practice. A physical examination was carried out preanaesthesia, and premedication including analgesia was routinely administered to most patients. A dedicated anaesthetist usually monitored patients and most respondents reported they had access to basic anaesthetic monitoring equipment. Areas where changes could lead to improved anaesthetic practice were increased use of I/V catheterisation, endotracheal intubation, and supplementary oxygen, and reduced I/V fluid rates.  相似文献   

4.
Arterial blood gas analysis is an important diagnostic and monitoring tool for respiratory abnormalities. In human medicine, lung complications often occur as a result of liver disease. Although pulmonary complications of liver disease have not been reported in dogs, we have frequently encountered hypoxemia in dogs with liver disorders, especially extrahepatic biliary obstruction. In addition, respiratory disorders account for 20% of perioperative fatalities in dogs. Therefore, in this study, we evaluated the respiratory status in dogs with hepatobiliary disease by arterial blood gas analysis. PaO2 and PaCO2 were measured. Alveolar-arterial oxygen difference (AaDO2), the indicator of gas exchange efficiency, was calculated. Compared to healthy dogs (control group), hepatobiliary disease dogs had significantly lower PaO2 and higher AaDO2. Hypoxemia (PaO2 of ≤80 mmHg) was observed in 28/71 dogs with hepatobiliary disease. AaDO2 was higher (≥30 mmHg) than the control group range (11.6 to 26.4 mmHg) in 32/71 hepatobiliary disease dogs. By classifying type of hepatobiliary disease, dogs with extrahepatic biliary obstruction and chronic hepatitis showed significantly lower PaO2 and higher AaDO2 than in a control group. Dogs with chronic hepatitis also had significantly lower PaCO2. The present study shows that dogs with hepatobiliary disease have respiratory abnormalities more than healthy dogs. Preanesthetic or routine arterial blood gas analysis is likely beneficial to detect the respiratory abnormalities in dogs with hepatobiliary disease, especially extrahepatic biliary obstruction and chronic hepatitis.  相似文献   

5.
Giardia intestinalis is a pathogenic protozoan which infects humans and a wide range of animal hosts, including cats and dogs(1). However, the status of animals in New Zealand with respect to Giardia infection has not received much attention, so we undertook a preliminary study of cats and dogs in Palmerston North and Hamilton to determine the prevalence of infection, as indicated by the presence of cysts in faeces.  相似文献   

6.
Extract

Between November 1971 and July 1972, the gastro-intestinal tracts of 51 dogs and 47 cats of various age were examined for helminth parasites. The animals examined were unselected and had been submitted for autopsy following death from causes unrelated to parasitism. Most of the animals were pets, but included in the survey were some working dogs. All came either from the city of Palmerston North or its surrounding rural areas.  相似文献   

7.
Objective: To demonstrate correlation and clinical usefulness of the partial pressure of end‐tidal CO2 (ETCO2) measurement by nasal catheter placement in sedated dogs with and without concurrent nasal oxygen administration as a substitute for partial pressure of arterial CO2 (PaCO2). Design: Prospective, cross‐over trial. Setting: University of Saskatchewan veterinary research laboratory. Animals: Six cross‐breed dogs with a mean (±SD) weight of 29.1±4.03 kg. Interventions: All dogs were sedated with 5 μg/kg medetomidine intravenously (IV) and an arterial catheter was placed in a dorsal pedal artery for removal of blood for gas analysis. A nasal catheter was placed in the ventral meatus and connected to a capnometer for ETCO2 measurements in all dogs. Dogs receiving supplemental nasal oxygen had a second nasal catheter placed in the contralateral naris. Measurements and main results: In the group without nasal oxygen supplementation, the ETCO2 measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO2 by ?2.20 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?5.79, 1.39 mmHg. In the group receiving oxygen supplementation, ETCO2 measurement underestimated (negative bias) the PaCO2 by ?2.46 mmHg with limits of agreement (95% confidence interval) of ?8.42, 3.50 mmHg. Conclusions: The results of this study demonstrate that ETCO2 monitoring via a nasal catheter provides a clinically acceptable substitute to arterial blood gas analysis as a means of monitoring ventilation in healthy, sedated dogs. The limits of agreement were within acceptable limits with and without concurrent insufflation of oxygen.  相似文献   

8.
Cardiopulmonary effects of thoracoscopy in anesthetized normal dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Objective To evaluate the effect of an open‐chest condition on oxygen delivery in anesthetized dogs. Study design Prospective, controlled experimental study. Animals Eight clinically normal adult Walker Hound dogs weighing 25.6–29.2 kg. Methods Eight anesthetized dogs underwent an open‐chest operation after the insertion of thoracoscopy cannulae in the lateral chest walls . A Swan Ganz catheter was used to both measure hemodynamic parameters and obtain mixed venous blood samples for blood gas analysis. A dorsal pedal catheter was placed to both measure arterial blood pressure and obtain blood samples for blood gas analysis. Oxygen delivery index and oxygen extraction ratio were calculated. A randomized block anova for repeated measures was used to evaluate the effect of the treatment on hemodynamic and pulmonary parameters. Results Creation of an open chest did not significantly affect oxygen delivery index (DO2I; p = 0.545). It induced a significant decrease in arterial oxygen partial pressure (PaO2; p = 0.018) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2; p = 0.025). It induced a significant increase in shunt fraction (p = 0.023), physiologic dead space (p = 0.015), and alveolar‐arterial oxygen difference (p = 0.019). Arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2; p = 0.766) and arterial hemoglobin oxygen saturation (SaO2; p = 0.178) were not significantly affected. Diastolic (DPAP; p = 0.050) and mean (MPAP; p = 0.033) pulmonary arterial pressures were significantly increased by opening the chest. Other hemodynamic parameters were not significantly affected. Conclusions Opening the thoracic cavity is not detrimental to hemodynamic function and oxygen delivery in normal dogs, although impaired gas exchange does occur. Clinical relevance Close monitoring of patients is recommended during open‐chest thoracoscopy as adverse effects on gas exchange can contribute to hypoxemia.  相似文献   

9.
The coaxial circuits, the Bain and Lack, are suitable anaesthetic circuits for use for small animals. The advantages and disadvantages of these circuits are considered in this review article along with recommendations for an adequate fresh gas flow.  相似文献   

10.
Objective: Compare cardiac index (CI) and oxygen delivery index (DO2I) in conscious, critically ill dogs to control dogs; evaluate the association of CI and DO2I with outcome. Design: Prospective non‐randomized clinical study. Setting: Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals: Eighteen client‐owned dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and 8 healthy control dogs. Measurements and Main Results: CI of dogs with SIRS was measured using lithium dilution at times 0, 4, 8, 16, and 24 hours. Data collected included physical exam, arterial blood gas (ABG) and hemoximetry. CI of control dogs was measured 3 times with 1 measurement of ABG. Mean CI ± SE in SIRS patients was 3.32 ± 0.95 L/min/m2; lower than controls at 4.18 ± 0.22 L/min/m2 (P<0.001). Mean DO2I ± SE in SIRS patients was 412.91 ± 156.67 mL O2/min/m2; lower than controls at 785.24 ± 45.99 mL O2/min/m2 (P<0.001). There was no difference in CI (P=0.49) or DO2I (P=0.51) for dogs that survived to discharge versus those that did not. There was no difference in mean CI (P=0.97) or DO2I (P=0.50) of survivors versus non‐survivors for 28‐day survival. Survivors had lower blood glucose (P=0.03) and serum lactate concentrations (P=0.04) than non‐survivors. Conclusions: CI and DO2I in conscious dogs with SIRS were lower than control dogs, which differs from theories that dogs with SIRS are in a high cardiac output state. CI and DO2I were not significantly different between survivors and non‐survivors. Similar to previous studies, lactate and glucose concentrations of survivors were lower than non‐survivors.  相似文献   

11.
The effects of propofol alone or propofol and ketamine for the induction of anaesthesia in dogs were compared. Thirty healthy dogs were premedicated with acepromazine and pethidine, then randomly allocated to either treatment. Anaesthesia was induced with propofol (4 mg/kg bodyweight intravenously) (group 1), or propofol and ketamine (2 mg/kg bodyweight of each intravenously) (group 2). Anaesthesia was maintained with halothane, delivered in a mixture of oxygen and nitrous oxide (1:2) via a non-rebreathing Bain circuit. Various cardiorespiratory parameters were monitored at two, five, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30 minutes after induction, and the animals were observed during anaesthesia and recovery, and any adverse effects were recorded. During anaesthesia, the heart rate, but not the systolic arterial pressure, was consistently higher in group 2 (range 95 to 102 beats per minute) than in group 1 (range 73 to 90 beats per minute). Post-induction apnoea was more common in group 2 (11 of 15) than in group 1 (six of 15). Muscle twitching was observed in three dogs in each group. Recovery times were similar in both groups. Propofol followed by ketamine was comparable with propofol alone for the induction of anaesthesia in healthy dogs.  相似文献   

12.
To determine the reference level of central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) and clinical efficacy of central venous blood gas analysis, partial pressures of oxygen and carbon dioxide, pH, oxygen saturation, base excess (B.E.) and HCO3 concentration were compared between simultaneously obtained central venous and arterial blood samples from conscious healthy 6 dogs and 5 cats. Comparisons between arteriovenous samples were performed by a paired t-test and Bland-Altman analysis. Between arteriovenous samples, B.E. showed good agreement, but there were significant differences in other parameters in the dogs, and no good agreement was detected in cats. The ScvO2 in dogs and cats were 82.3 ± 3.5 and 62.4 ± 13.5%, respectively. Central venous blood gas analysis is indispensable, especially in cats.  相似文献   

13.
Extract

Over the last 3 years four dogs with lesions on the neck have been referred by veterinarians to the Department of Veterinary Pathology and Public Health, Massey University and the Palmerston North Animal Health Laboratory.  相似文献   

14.
ObjectiveTo compare values of haemoglobin concentration (SpHb), arterial haemoglobin saturation (SpO2) and calculated arterial oxygen content (SpOC), measured noninvasively with a pulse co-oximeter before and after in vivo adjustment (via calibration of the device using a measured haemoglobin concentration) with those measured invasively using a spectrophotometric-based blood gas analyser in anaesthetized dogs.Study designProspective observational clinical study.AnimalsA group of 39 adult dogs.MethodsIn all dogs after standard instrumentation, the dorsal metatarsal artery was catheterised for blood sampling, and a pulse co-oximeter probe was applied to the tongue for noninvasive measurements. Paired data for SpHb, SpO2 and SpOC from the pulse co-oximeter and haemoglobin arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) and arterial oxygen content (CaO2) from the blood gas analyser were obtained before and after in vivo adjustment. Bland–Altman analysis for repeated measurements was used to evaluate the bias, precision and agreement between the pulse co-oximeter and the blood gas analyser. Data are presented as mean differences and 95% limits of agreement (LoA).ResultsA total of 39 data pairs were obtained before in vivo adjustment. The mean invasively measured haemoglobin–SpHb difference was –2.7 g dL?1 with LoA of –4.9 to –0.5 g dL?1. After in vivo adjustment, 104 data pairs were obtained. The mean invasively measured haemoglobin–SpHb difference was –0.2 g dL?1 with LoA of –1.1 to 0.6 g dL?1. The mean SaO2–SpO2 difference was 0.86% with LoA of –0.8% to 2.5% and that between CaO2–SpOC was 0.66 mL dL–1 with LoA of –2.59 to 3.91 mL dL–1.ConclusionsBefore in vivo adjustment, pulse co-oximeter derived values overestimated the spectrophotometric-based blood gas analyser haemoglobin and CaO2 values. After in vivo adjustment, the accuracy, precision and LoA markedly improved. Therefore, in vivo adjustment is recommended when using this device to monitor SpHb in anaesthetised dogs.  相似文献   

15.
ObjectiveTo investigate the effects of a heat and moisture exchanger (HME) on the temperature and humidity of inhaled gas in isoflurane-anesthetized dogs.Study designProspective, interventional study.AnimalsA total of four experimental dogs and four client-owned dogs weighing 13.9 ± 7.4 kg (mean ± standard deviation).MethodsThe four experimental dogs were anesthetized on two occasions with and without an intact HME at least 1 week apart. The four client-owned dogs were anesthetized once only for a surgical procedure and assigned to the HME group or no-HME group in alternate order, resulting in six dogs for each group. All dogs were premedicated, anesthetized with propofol and intubated. The HME was connected to the endotracheal tube. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane. A digital thermo-hygrometer was placed between the endotracheal tube and HME. The temperature and relative humidity of the inhaled gas were measured every 5 minutes for 60 minutes and the absolute humidity was calculated at each time point.ResultsThe temperature and absolute humidity of the inhaled gas was significantly higher at 5–60 minutes after intubation in the HME group than in the no-HME group. Absolute humidity was maintained above 29 mg H2O L−1 in the HME group. No significant time-dependent effects on temperature, relative humidity or absolute humidity of the inhaled gas were observed.Conclusions and clinical relevanceThe temperature and absolute humidity of the inhaled gas were higher when an HME was used during isoflurane anesthesia in dogs. The use of an HME may reduce the risk of dehydration and dysfunction of the airway mucosal epithelium.  相似文献   

16.
ObjectiveTo evaluate agreement with PaCO2 of two low sampling rate sidestream capnometers and a mainstream capnometer in rabbits and the effect of using high fresh gas flow from a Bain coaxial breathing system.Study designProspective, crossover study.AnimalsA total of 10 New Zealand White rabbits weighing 3.4 ± 0.3 kg [mean ± standard deviation (SD)].MethodsTwo sidestream analyzers (Viamed VM-2500-S and Capnostream 35) with a sampling rate of 50 mL minute–1 and a mainstream capnometer (Capnostat 5) were tested. All capnometers used infrared spectroscopy and advanced microprocessor technology. Rabbits were anesthetized and intubated with noncuffed endotracheal tubes of 3 mm internal diameter and adequate seal. A sidestream sampling adapter or the mainstream capnometer was attached to the endotracheal tube and connected to a Bain coaxial breathing system. Oxygen (1.5 L minute–1) delivered sevoflurane to maintain anesthesia. An auricular artery catheter allowed blood sampling for PaCO2 analysis corrected to rectal temperature. Inspired and end-tidal carbon dioxide (Pe′CO2) measurements were recorded during blood sample withdrawal. From each rabbit, 10 paired PaCO2/Pe′CO2 measurements were obtained. Each rabbit was recovered from anesthesia and was anesthetized again with an alternate capnometer after 1 week. Data were analyzed using Bland–Altman and two-way anova for repeated measures.ResultsAnalysis included 100 paired samples. Negative bias reflects underestimation of PaCO2. Bland–Altman mean (±1.95 SD) was –16.7 (–35.2 to 1.8) mmHg for Capnostat 5, –27.9 (–48.6 to –7.2) mmHg for Viamed, and –18.1 (–34.3 to –1.9) mmHg for Capnostream. Viamed PaCO2–Pe′CO2 gradient was greater than other two capnometers.ConclusionsAll three capnometers underestimated PaCO2. Capnostat 5 and Capnostream performed similarly.Clinical relevanceThese capnometers underestimated PaCO2 in spontaneously breathing rabbits anesthetized using a Bain coaxial breathing system with high fresh gas flows.  相似文献   

17.
Background: Fecal α1‐proteinase inhibitor (α1‐PI) clearance is a reliable, noninvasive marker for protein‐losing enteropathy in human beings. An assay for use in dogs has been developed and validated. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate fecal α1‐PI concentration in dogs with chronic gastrointestinal disease, compared with healthy dogs, and to assess its correlation with serum albumin concentration. Methods: Fecal samples were collected from 2 groups of dogs. Group 1 consisted of 21 clinically healthy client‐owned dogs without signs of gastrointestinal disease. Group 2 consisted of 16 dogs referred for investigation of suspected gastrointestinal disease. On the basis of gastric and duodenal biopsies, group 2 was further subdivided into dogs with normal histology (n = 9) and those with histologic abnormalities (n = 7: inflammatory bowel disease, n = 3; lymphangiectasia, n = 4). An ELISA was used to measure α1‐PI concentrations in fecal extracts. Results: Fecal α1‐PI concentrations, expressed as μg/g of feces, were not significantly different between groups 1 and 2 as a whole. However, fecal α1‐PI concentrations (median, minimum‐maximum) were significantly higher in dogs with gastrointestinal diseases associated with histologic abnormalities (60.6 μg/g, 7.4–201.7 μg/g) compared with dogs with normal histology (3.8 μg/g, 0.7–74.0 μg/g) and control dogs (9.9 μg/g, 0.0–32.1 μg/g). There was no significant correlation between fecal α1‐PI and serum albumin concentrations in dogs with gastrointestinal disease. Conclusions: Increased fecal α1‐PI concentration may signal the need to obtain gastrointestinal biopsies for a final diagnosis. Fecal α1‐PI concentration may be a useful test for early detection of protein‐losing enteropathy before decreases in serum albumin concentration can be detected.  相似文献   

18.
Objective: To perform blood gas analysis of the respiratory response to transdermal fentanyl in dogs which have experienced an open‐chest surgical procedure. Design: Prospective trial. Setting: Veterinary Teaching Hospital Surgical Research and Student Laboratory. Intervention: Dogs were purchased for a surgical laboratory. Students performed a cranial abdominal exploratory and diaphragmatic hernia repair. Sixteen dogs were divided into 2 groups. Dogs received transdermal fentanyl (group F), using an average dose of 4.8 µg/kg/hr, applied to the caudal‐lateral abdomen 22 hours before surgery, or intravenous buprenorphine (group B; 0.02 mg/kg) given 1 hour prior to anesthetic induction and every 6 hours postoperatively. All dogs received intravenous acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) preoperatively and every 6 hours postoperatively. Dogs were instrumented with carotid artery catheters. Measurements and main results: Arterial blood gas values were analyzed every 2 hours postoperatively. Plasma fentanyl levels were analyzed every 4 hours postoperatively. The mean carbon dioxide tension (PCO2) did not exceed 45 mmHg in either group. The range in mean PCO2 levels was 32.9 (± 3.4)?38.1 (± 3.9) in group B and 34.7 (± 3.25)?43.6 (± 5.5) in group F. At 2 time points, the mean PCO2 was significantly lower in group B compared with normal levels in group F. Hypoxemia occurred in both the groups. The range in mean oxygen tension (PO2) was 76.5 (± 18.3)?91.1 (± 16.3) in group B and 76.0 (± 10.8)?96.6 (± 7.6) in group F. There was no significant difference in PO2 between groups. Levels of fentanyl considered to be analgesic were maintained for the postoperative period. Conclusions: The use of a relatively high dose of transdermal fentanyl did not induce postoperative hypoventilation as evidenced by serial arterial blood gas analysis in this model.  相似文献   

19.
Abstract

AIMS: To investigate the prevalence of Campylobacter spp. and C. jejuni in dog faecal material collected from dog walkways in the city of Palmerston North, New Zealand, and to characterise the C. jejuni isolates by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and porA and flaA antigen gene typing.

METHODS: A total of 355 fresh samples of dogs faeces were collected from bins provided for the disposal of dog faeces in 10 walkways in Palmerston North, New Zealand, between August 2008–July 2009. Presumptive Campylobacter colonies, cultured on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate plates, were screened for genus Campylobacter and C. jejuni by PCR. The C. jejuni isolates were subsequently characterised by MLST and porA and flaA typing, and C. jejuni sequence types (ST) were assigned.

RESULTS: Of the 355 samples collected, 72 (20 (95% CI=16–25)%) were positive for Campylobacter spp. and 22 (6 (95% CI=4–9)%) were positive for C. jejuni. Of the 22 C. jejuni isolates, 19 were fully typed by MLST. Ten isolates were assigned to the clonal complex ST-45 and three to ST-52. The allelic combinations of ST-45/flaA 21/porA 44 (n=3), ST-45/flaA 22/porA 53 (n=3) and ST-52/ flaA 57/porA 905 (n=3) were most frequent.

CONCLUSIONS: The successful isolation of C. jejuni from canine faecal samples collected from faecal bins provides evidence that Campylobacter spp. may survive outside the host for at least several hours despite requiring fastidious growth conditions in culture. The results show that dogs carry C. jejuni genotypes (ST-45, ST-50, ST-52 and ST-696) that have been reported in human clinical cases.

CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although these results do not provide any evidence either for the direction of infection or for dogs being a potential risk factor for human campylobacteriosis, dog owners are advised to practice good hygiene with respect to their pets to reduce potential exposure to infection.  相似文献   

20.
Twenty-nine dogs undergoing a variety of surgical procedures were assigned randomly to one of two groups. All animals were premedicated with acepromazine (0–05 mg/kg) intramuscularly. Induction of anaesthesia was achieved with thiopentone sodium, or propofol in the case of sight hounds, and maintained with halothane in an oxygen/nitrous oxide mixture using a non-rebreathing circuit. Dogs in group 1 were given flunixin (1 mg/kg made up to 5 ml with 0–9 per cent saline) slowly intravenously 10 minutes before the halothane was switched off. Group 2 dogs received papaveretum (0–2 mg/kg made up to 5 ml with saline] administered as before. Using a visual analogue scale, the dogs were scored for sedation and for pain by trained theatre staff who were unaware of the analgesic used. Scoring was at 15, 30, 60, 120 , 240 and 360 minutes after analgesic administration. Seven dogs were withdrawn from the trial (three from the papaveretum group and four from the group which received flunixin) because analgesia was deemed unsatisfactory and these animals were given pethidine (3 mg/kg intramuscularly) which produced adequate analgesia within 15 minutes in all cases. Clinically, flunixin proved to be as effective a postoperative analgesic as papaveretum for up to six hours and was associated with less sedation, Pain scores were significantly different at two and four hours with flunixin providing more analgesia than papaveretum and at the four hour time point, flunixin was associated with significantly less sedation than papaveretum. From this study it was concluded that flunixin has a place in the treatment of acute post surgical pain, either alone or in combination with opioid analgesics where pain is refractory to treatment with clinical doses of opioids alone.  相似文献   

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