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1.
五脉山黧豆开花动态及有性繁育系统的研究 总被引：13，自引：3，他引：10
观测了五脉山黧豆的开花动态,并用杂交指数(OCI)、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)方法测定了其有性繁育系统类型。结果表明,五脉山黧豆的花期持续45 d左右,盛花期为6月下旬左右。开花的日动态呈明显的双峰现象,2峰分别在8:00-11:00和14:00-15:00时出现。五脉山黧豆的杂交指数(OCI)=3,繁育系统为自交亲和,有时需要传粉者;花粉-胚珠比(P/O)=2 286.21,为兼性异交。得出其繁育类型为混交繁育系统,即自交和异交并存。五脉山黧豆的传粉系统不完善和虫害是结实率低的主要原因。 相似文献
2.
钝裂银莲花花部综合特征及其繁育系统 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
钝裂银莲花(Anemone obtusiloba)是青藏高原东部常见的一种优势毒杂草,也是一种重要的草原退化指示植物,目前对其繁殖特性研究甚少.通过野外定位观察,运用TTC法、联苯胺-过氧化氢法、花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、杂交指数、人工授粉和套袋试验等方法,首次对该物种的花部特征及繁育系统进行了研究.结果表明:该物种单花花期为4～5 d,花雌雄异熟,雌蕊先熟,单花花粉活力和柱头可授期之间也存在一段时间的重叠,钝裂银莲花最佳授粉时间为一天中的12:00-14:00左右;按照杂交指数,其繁育系统属于异交、部分自交亲和,需要传粉者;P/O约为86,判断繁育系统类型为兼性自交;套袋试验显示,钝裂银莲花自然条件下存在无融合生殖现象,繁育系统为自交、异交亲和,以自交为主,但有时也需要传粉者;由此推断,该物种的繁育类型为混交的交配系统,即自交和异交并存,但倾向于自交.在长期的环境选择压力下,钝裂银莲花倾向于自交,可能是对不利环境条件的一种适应进化策略. 相似文献
3.
针对药用植物唐古特瑞香(Daphne tangutica Maxim)野生植株花多果少、坐果率低的问题,以唐古特瑞香野生种群为试验对象,观察其开花物候、花器官形态变化、花粉活力、柱头可授性等特征,并结合花粉-胚珠比(P/O)、杂交指数(OCI)的测定,访花者行为观察,揭示其繁育系统类型及坐果率低的限制因素。结果表明：唐古特瑞香为两性花,顶生或腋生头状花序,花期5—6月,群体开花持续17～22 d,单花序花期8～11 d,单花花期7～9 d;雌蕊先于雄蕊成熟,单花待开时柱头可授性最强,盛开时花粉活力最强;P/O和OCI的判定以及访花者观察显示其以异交为主,部分自交亲和,多数需要如中华蜜蜂(Apis cerana)、三条熊蜂(Bombus trifasciatus)、灰熊蜂(Bombus grahami)等有效传粉者。柱头可授性与花粉活力的最强时期不遇,细长的花冠管需要有效传粉者授粉,盛花期散粉量不高,异交竞争力弱和自交亲和度低,以及有效访花昆虫的数量和种类少等因素可能是造成唐古特瑞香开花量大坐果率低的主要原因。本研究结果为今后规模化、优质化人工繁育唐古特瑞香及祖师麻药材产量提升提供理论依... 相似文献
4.
为了进一步探讨九种交配组合鳢的生长、消化酶等指标,试验选取乌鳢、斑鳢及杂交鳢[斑鳢(♀)×乌鳢(♂)]彼此之间交配繁殖的F1代来研究,其中G1代表斑鳢(♀)×斑鳢(♂)的F1代,G2代表斑鳢(♀)×乌鳢(♂)的F1代,G3代表斑鳢(♀)×杂交鳢(♂)的F1代,G4代表乌鳢(♀)×斑鳢(♂)的F1代,G5代表乌鳢(♀)×乌鳢(♂)的F1代,G6代表乌鳢(♀)×杂交鳢(♂)的F1代,G7代表杂交鳢(♀)×斑鳢(♂)的F1代,G8代表杂交鳢(♀)×乌鳢(♂)的F1代,G9代表杂交鳢(♀)×杂交鳢(♂)的F1代。结果显示:成活率以G1最高,G1、G4和G5的饵料系数显著低于其它组(P0.05),但G5的总增重和特定生长率低于其它组;试验分析了前肠、后肠、胃、肝胰脏和幽门盲囊中淀粉酶、胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活性,在不同的组织中,淀粉酶活力和胰蛋白酶活力较高的组均为G1、G2和G5,胃蛋白酶活性较高的为G1、G2和G5。G1、G2和G5在不同的组织中都有较高的脂肪酶活性。综上所述,G1、G2和G4在本研究条件下有较大的生长和消化性能优势,可以为确定主养品种提供一定的参考。 相似文献
5.
几种高大禾草热值和灰分动态变化研究 总被引：7，自引：1，他引：6
对3种C3类植物(芦竹、菅、芦苇)与5种C4类植物(五节芒、芒、岗柴、斑茅、南荻)不同器官热值和灰分含量的月变化进行了研究,并探讨了其应用前景,为禾草类能源植物筛选评价提供科学依据。结果表明,1)8种高大禾草灰分含量存在差异,且具明显的季节性变化;C3类植物平均灰分含量分别为:芦竹(7.17±1.09)%、菅(6.33±0.60)%、芦苇(7.89±1.09)%;C4类植物平均灰分含量分别为:五节芒(4.92±1.38)%、芒(6.27±0.94)%、岗柴(6.99±1.13)%、斑茅(5.13±0.88)%、南荻(5.10±0.82)%。2)C3类植物中芦竹干重热值较高,C4类植物中五节芒、芒、斑茅、南荻的干重热值比较接近,无显著差异,岗柴干重热值最低。3)芦竹的干重热值与灰分含量有显著线性相关(P＜0.05),五节芒、芦苇的干重热值与灰分含量有极显著线性相关(P＜0.01),而菅、芒、岗柴、斑茅、南荻的干重热值与灰分含量无相关性(P＞0.05)。4)C3类植物平均去灰分热值分别为:芦竹(19.01±0.27)kJ/g、菅(18.58±0.31)kJ/g、芦苇(18.72±0.23)kJ/g;C4类植物平均去灰分热值分别为:五节芒(18.52±0.32)kJ/g、芒(18.69±0.47)kJ/g、岗柴(18.54±0.33)kJ/g、斑茅(18.48±0.41)kJ/g、南荻(18.49±0.37)kJ/g,灰分含量不同,导致去灰分热值与干重热值的月变化趋势不同。 相似文献
6.
采用SRAP标记分析了12个源于四川境内长江主要支流(岷江、青衣江和沱江)流域野生斑茅居群的遗传多样性和遗传结构,结果表明:18对SRAP引物共扩增205条带,其中多态性条带153条,占总条带数的74.63％,平均8.5条;研究区域斑茅具有丰富的遗传多样性,遗传多样性指标水平较高(PPB=74.63％、h=0.2278、I=0.3454);研究区域内斑茅居群具有一定程度的遗传分化(Gst=0.2129),居群内部的遗传变异大于居群间的遗传变异;基因流估计值(Nm)为1.8481;按Nei's遗传距离将12个斑茅居群分为四类,来自同一流域的材料优先聚为一类.通过对斑茅遗传多样性、遗传结构及聚类结果的分析,推测斑茅是一种异花授粉的广布种,说明河流影响斑茅居群间基因的交流. 相似文献
7.
运用序列相关扩增多态性(SRAP)和微卫星标记(SSR)技术对6个多花黑麦草亲本品种及其9个杂交F2代组合80份材料进行遗传分析。筛选出具有多态性的15对SRAP引物、16对SSR引物,SRAP标记平均每对引物扩增出16.7条带,多态性位点百分率为68.88％。SSR标记平均每对引物扩增出14.75条带,多态性位点百分率为58.05％。通过聚类树状图分析得出结论,杂交F2代内同一组合基本聚为一类,长江2号×剑宝和长江2号×阿伯德组合除外;父本和母本与其杂交F2代遗传距离与聚类结果基本一致。同时还发现SRAP标记对杂交F2代及亲代聚类分析可靠性高于SSR标记。 相似文献
8.
本文在全球气候变化的背景下,利用开顶式生长室(OTC, open top chamber)于2011与2012年进行模拟增温,同时实施降水量增加的处理,研究增温与增水处理及其交互作用对内蒙古典型草原优势植物克氏针茅光合作用的影响。于2012年生长季使用Li-6400对克氏针茅叶片的各光合作用特征参数进行测量。结果表明,增温明显降低克氏针茅的叶片光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Gs),并存在明显季节变化趋势。在7月与9月增温分别使Pn降低17%和27%,使Gs分别降低24%和32%。同时增温降低克氏针茅蒸腾速率(Tr)、叶绿素含量、核酮糖-1,5-二磷酸(RuBP)羧化的最大速率(Vcmax)、RuBP再生能力的最大速率(Jmax)、表观量子效率(AQE)与最大光合速率(Pnmax),但使水分利用效率(WUE)增加16.5%。降水增加对高温条件下的光合作用具有补偿效应。降水增加促进了克氏针茅的Pn、Gs、Tr、叶绿素含量、Vcmax、Jmax、AQE与Pnmax,但对WUE影响不明显。温度水分对克氏针茅光合作用与WUE的影响,是由气孔开合与非气孔因素共同引起的。增温与增水条件下克氏针茅气孔导度在光合速率与蒸腾速率间存在权衡。温度与降水增加显著影响克氏针茅叶片各光合特性参数,但二者交互作用对植物光合作用无显著影响。 相似文献
9.
为了全面了解杜泊羊与湖羊级进杂交效果，试验选择纯种杜泊羊作为父本，分别与湖羊(杜×湖杂交组，后代记为杜湖F1代)、杜湖F1代(杜×F1代杂交组，后代记为杜湖F2代)、杜湖F2代(杜×F2代杂交组，后代记为杜湖F3代)进行杂交，以湖羊纯繁组、杜泊羊纯繁组为对照，观察各组后代羔羊体型外貌，测定各组母羊的繁殖性能(包括产羔数、产活羔数、产双羔数、产多羔数、产羔率、羔羊成活率、产双羔率、产多羔率)及后代羔羊的生产性能(羔羊初生重及1,2,3,6月龄体重和1～6月龄平均日增重，6月龄羔羊体长、体高和胸围体尺指标)、屠宰性能[宰前体重、胴体重、屠宰率、眼肌面积、胴体脂肪含量(GR值)]、免疫指标[免疫球蛋白(Ig)A、IgM、IgG、白细胞介素(IL)和干扰素(IFN)]、肉品质(pH45 min值、pH24h值、肉色、大理石纹、失水率、熟肉率、剪切力)和羊肉胴体感官评定(胴体特点、胴体重量、肥度、肉脂硬度、肌肉发育程度、肉脂色泽、适宜烹饪方式)。结果表明：随着杂交代数的增加，羔羊体型外貌明显趋向杜泊羊。杜×F1代杂交组、杜×F2代杂交组和杜泊羊纯繁组母... 相似文献
10.
以我国西部野生二倍体化学诱导所获同源四倍体鸭茅为母本,与野生四倍体鸭茅杂交,获得杂交四倍体。对比观测杂交后代形态、发育及重要农艺性状与亲本的差异。结果表明,1)杂交F1代的全生育期平均为208 d,比父本短39d,比母本长29 d;2)杂交F1种子萌芽后第4周的平均株高为15.1cm,比母本高65.9%,比父本高13.5%,F2的苗期生长与F1相似;3)杂交F2代播种当年干物质产量平均为12.12g/株,显著低于父本但高于母本(P<0.01);4)杂交F1代个体间在苗期生长、分蘖、再生、干物质产量、繁殖及抗病性等方面均存在较大差异,部分杂交后代的干物质产量与父本差异不显著(P>0.05),但苗期生长速度、繁殖特性、抗病性均强于双亲,有较大的育种选择价值;5)杂交F1代具有双亲的形态学特征,分蘖特性和物候发育介于双亲之间,易于识别,育种实践中可以通过自然杂交方式成功获得杂交后代。 相似文献
11.
选择青藏高原东缘同一生境类型下具有不同交配系统特点和不同传粉者丰度的3种龙胆科植物湿生扁蕾(Gentianopsis paludosa)(自花授粉)、祁连獐牙菜(Swertia przewalskii)(高昆虫访问异花授粉)和线叶龙胆(Gentiana farreri)(低昆虫访问异花授粉)为对象,研究其资源分配特征。结果表明,1)3种植物的花粉胚珠比例(P/O)存在显著差异(P0.05),湿生扁蕾的P/O显著低于另外两种异花授粉植物的(P0.05),祁连獐牙菜的P/O显著低于线叶龙胆的(P0.05);2)3种植物的繁殖分配比例存在差异,湿生扁蕾的繁殖分配比例显著高于另外两种异花授粉植物的(P0.05),线叶龙胆的繁殖分配比例显著高于祁连獐牙菜的(P0.05);3)在繁殖分配比例与个体大小关系上,湿生扁蕾与其个体大小不存在显著相关关系(P0.05),而另外两种异花授粉植物则与其各自个体大小之间存在显著负相关关系(P0.05)。研究表明,交配系统类型和传粉者丰度与植物的资源分配模式有关,尽管3种植物的繁殖绝对投入量都与其个体大小显著正相关(P0.05),但自花授粉植物相对于异花授粉植物具有较高的繁殖分配比例,并且这种较高的繁殖分配比例不受个体大小影响,这种高繁殖投入的资源分配模式可能与自花授粉植物具有繁殖保障,从而降低其繁殖代价有关。 相似文献
12.
本研究采用定点观测与人工辅助授粉的方法,对种植8年的喜盐鸢尾（Iris halophila）花部特征、开花物候、花粉形态与活力、柱头可授性、交配系统与访花昆虫进行了观察与研究,旨在为喜盐鸢尾引种驯化与品种培育提供科学依据。结果表明：喜盐鸢尾5—6月开花,部分雌雄异熟;花粉活力开花当天最强,随后降低,与开花前后的天数呈现出显著的负相关关系（P<0.05）;柱头可授性比例开花第2 d最高,随后降低,与开花前后的天数呈现出显著的正相关关系（P<0.05）;雌雄异位,开花过程中雄蕊向上弯曲,柱头向下弯曲。花粉/胚珠比2 175.47,杂交指数为5,喜盐鸢尾的交配系统以异交为主,需要传粉者;自然状态下存在花粉限制,部分自交亲和,不存在无融合生殖,条蜂（Anthophora sp.）为潜在传粉者。 相似文献
13.
该研究旨在通过定点观察与人工授粉等方法,为黄菖蒲生殖生物学与杂交育种提供理论依据。对引种多年的黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)的花器官特征、开花动态、花粉形态及活力、柱头可授性、繁育习性与访花昆虫进行了观察与研究,结果表明,黄菖蒲在南京地区为4月下—5月上开花,雌雄异熟;花粉活力与柱头可授性均为开花当天最强,随后下降;雌雄异位,开花过程中柱头向下弯曲,雄蕊始终短于柱头;花粉/胚珠比380.4,杂交指数为5。黄菖蒲的繁育习性为异交为主,部分自交亲和,需要传粉者,自然状态下存在花粉限制,不存在无融合生殖现象,黑纹食蚜蝇为潜在传粉者。 相似文献
14.
T. Nomura 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》1999,116(5):351-361
Increased rate of inbreeding in selection programmes may have an important effect on mid- and long-term selection response and reproductive performance through reduction in genetic variance and inbreeding depression. Selection on an inherited trait inflates the rate of inbreeding and reduces the effective population size (R obertson 1961; S antiago and C aballero 1995). This can be particularly important in selection based on index with information from relatives (L ush 1947) or best liner unbiased prediction (BLUP) with an animal model (H enderson 1984). In recent years, various methods have been proposed to reduce the rates of inbreeding in selection programmes while keeping genetic gains at the same level. These methods assume various selection and mating strategies. G rundy et al. (1994) showed that the use of biased heritability estimates for BLUP evaluation is one of the simplest and most efficient methods. A direct reduction in the weight on family mean in index selection (T oro and P erez -E nciso 1990), selection for weighted ancestral Mendelian sampling estimates (W oolliams and T hompson 1994; G rundy et al. 1998) and limited use of selected parents (T oro and N ieto 1984; W ei 1995) have also been shown to be efficient methods. Other methods include nonrandom matings of selected parents, such as factorial mating designs (W oolliams 1989), minimum coancestry mating (T oro et al. 1988) and compensatory mating (S antiago and C aballero 1995). Simultaneous optimization of the selection of candidates and their mating allocations has been also considered through mate selection with linear programming techniques (T oro and P erez -E nciso 1990). Among these methods, compensatory mating is a very simple and efficient method (G rundy et al. 1994; S antiago and C aballero 1995; C aballero et al. 1996). This mating system was derived from the theoretical consideration on effective population size under selection (S antiago and C aballero 1995). Although S antiago and C aballero (1995) considered that implementation of this mating could counteract the cumulative effect of selection on the effective population size, the theoretical basis has been little studied. In this paper, the author gives the theoretical basis of compensatory mating. A modification to enhance the effect of compensatory mating is also proposed and the efficiency is examined by stochastic simulation. 相似文献
15.
M D MacNeil D D Dearborn L V Cundiff C A Dinkel K E Gregory 《Journal of animal science》1989,67(4):895-901
Effects of inbreeding and heterosis and the difference between them were estimated by comparing linecross (L), topcross (T), inbred (I) and control line (C) Hereford females for reproductive and preweaning growth traits of their progeny. Inbred females (average inbreeding coefficient = 26.5%) originated from four single-sire inbred lines. Control females (average inbreeding coefficient = 6.9%) were produced by a four-sire, 60-cow line. Linecross females were produced from all possible reciprocal crosses of the I lines. Topcross females were produced by mating I bulls to C cows. Differences in pregnancy rate among these lines were not detected. Effects of maternal heterosis were positive for both prenatal and postnatal survival. The weaning rate by L females exceeded the weaning rate by I females as a result. Prenatal survival was reduced in calves from I females relative to those from C females, resulting in corresponding differences in birth and weaning rates. Differences in the magnitudes of maternal heterosis and inbreeding effects were not detected, except for birth weight. For birth weight the effect of maternal inbreeding was of greater magnitude than the effect of maternal heterosis. Within the I and C lines regressions of pregnancy rate, prenatal survival, birth rate, postnatal survival, weaning rate, weaning weight/cow exposed, birth weight and weaning weight on the inbreeding coefficients of the cows indicated significant inbreeding depression on all traits except pregnancy rate and postnatal survival. 相似文献
16.
J.P. Gutiérrez I. Cervantes & F. Goyache 《Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie》2009,126(4):327-332
Computation of inbreeding rate (Δ F ) must consider that inbreeding is delayed with one generation with respect to the idealized population when addressed using individual inbreeding coefficients. The expression relating inbreeding in generation t with inbreeding rate F t = 1 – (1– ΔF ) t should be more correctly written in real animal populations as F t = 1 – (1– ΔF ) t −1 , as changes in allele frequencies occur in the equivalent co-ancestries in the previous generation. This simple approach is tested on simulated and real pedigrees thus demonstrating that: (i) the adjusted individual increase in inbreeding becomes stable in populations under random mating while the unadjusted parameter does not; (ii) regression of the unadjusted parameter over generations in pedigrees under random mating is highly significant while after correction it is not significant; and (iii) the variance of the adjusted parameter is reduced with the generations. 相似文献
17.
基因组选配（genomic mating,GM）是利用基因组信息进行优化的选种选配,可以有效控制群体近交水平的同时实现最大化的遗传进展。但基因组选配是对群体中所有个体进行选配,这与实际的育种工作有点相悖。本研究模拟了遗传力为0.5的9 000头个体的基础群数据,每个世代根据GEBV选择30头公畜、900头母畜作为种用个体,而后使用基因组选配、同质选配、异质选配、随机交配4种不同的选配方案。其中基因组选配中分别选取遗传进展最大的解、家系间方差最大的解、近交最小的解所对应的交配方案进行选育。每种方案选育5个世代,比较其后代群体的平均GEBV、每世代的遗传进展、近交系数、遗传方差,并重复5次取平均值。结果表明,3种基因组选配方案的ΔG均显著高于随机交配和异质选配（P<0.01）,而且,选取遗传进展最大的基因组选配方案的ΔG比同质选配还高出4.3%。3种基因组选配的方案的ΔF比同质选配低22.2%~94.1%,而且选取近交最小的基因组选配方案ΔF比异质选配低11.8%。同质选配的遗传方差迅速降低,在第5世代显著低于除基因组选配中选择遗传进展最大的方案以外的所有方案（P<0.05）,3种基因组选配方案的遗传方差比同质选配高10.8%~32.2%。这表明基因组选配不仅可以获得比同质选配更高的遗传进展,同时有效的降低了近交水平,并且减缓了遗传方差降低速度,保证了一定的遗传变异。基因组选配作为一种有效的可持续育种方法,在畜禽育种中开展十分有必要。 相似文献
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19.
Tetsuro NOMURA Shigeki YAMAGUCHI Fumio MUKAI Aya YAMAMOTO 《Animal Science Journal》2002,73(6):435-443
Minimum coancestry mating (MC) is a simple mating system to reduce inbreeding in populations, in which matings are allocated so as to minimize the average inbreeding coefficient of progeny. This system was compared with random mating (RM) in simulated broiler lines. The population structure and genetic parameters were determined on the basis of an existing broiler line. Comparison of mating systems was made under two selection methods. The first method (DIS) was based on selection index for achieving desired genetic gains. In the second method (LPS), a combination of the family index and linear programming technique was applied to obtain the desired genetic gains. The selected traits were body weight at 6 weeks of both sexes and age at sexual maturity of hen. Four schemes by all the possible combinations of selection and mating methods (DIS + RM, DIS + MC, LPS + RM and LPS + MC) were compared in terms of genetic gains and inbreeding during 15 generations of selection and mating. The results obtained are summarized as follows: (i) the four schemes produced similar genetic gains averaged over replicates; (ii) the variations of genetic gains under LPS + RM and LPS + MC schemes were much smaller than under DIS + RM and DIS + MC schemes; (iii) irrespective of the selection methods, MC reduced the average inbreeding coefficients to about 80% of RM and; (iv) the inbreeding coefficients of individuals in the schemes with RM were distributed in a wide range, while the inbreeding coefficients in the schemes with MC showed a high uniformity. From these results, the LPS + MC scheme was recommended as a selection and mating strategy in closed broiler lines. 相似文献