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1.
Relative feed value (RFV) was evaluated relative to in situ degradation parameters of grass and legume forages. Early-cut alfalfa (n = 20), late-cut alfalfa (n = 26), cool-season grass (n = 11), warm-season grass (n = 4), and grass-legume (n = 20) samples were collected from duplicate hay bales submitted to the 2002 and 2003 Missouri State Fair Hay Contests. Subsamples were incubated in the rumen of 2 lactating Holstein cows for 0, 6 or 8, 12, 24, and 48 h to determine in situ degradation of DM, ADF, NDF, CP, and hemicellulose over time. Degradation data were fit to a variety of candidate models to estimate degradation parameters. Correlation coefficients between degradation parameter estimates [sorted according to forage (early-cut alfalfa, late-cut alfalfa, grass, or grass-legume)] and RFV were determined. For further comparison, correlations between NDF degradation parameter estimates and digestible DMI were determined with data from a previous study. Degradation data were best fit to a single, gamma 2-distributed pool model without a lag phase. Relative feed value was significantly correlated (P < 0.05) with potentially digestible DM and CP for early-cut alfalfa, potentially digestible DM for late-cut alfalfa, and potentially digestible DM, NDF, and hemicellulose for grass-legume. The percentage of significant correlations (10.7%) across the entire data set was low and no correlations were significant for grass. Relative feed value did not account for the variation in degradation parameters, especially for grasses. A further correlation analysis, which compared digestible DMI with degradation parameter estimates reported from another data set, revealed that digestible DMI and degradation parameter estimates were related for grass but not for alfalfa forages. These results suggest that RFV is limited by its failure to include degradation parameters.  相似文献   

2.
Six steers (BW = 436 +/- 15 kg) were assigned randomly to alfalfa, bromegrass, or prairie hay diets in a replicated 3 x 3 Latin square design to evaluate the efficacy of different internal markers for estimating OM digestibility (OMD). Internal markers used to estimate OMD included ADL, alkaline peroxide lignin (APL), AIA, and indigestible ADF (IADF), which consisted of a 144-h in vitro incubation (IADFWOUT), indigestible ADF with acid/pepsin pretreatment of feed and orts samples (IADFFEED), or acid/pepsin pretreatment of feed, orts, and fecal samples (IADFALL). Marker-derived estimates of OMD were compared with OMD measured by total fecal collection (TFC). For the alfalfa diet, all marker estimates differed (P less than .05) from the TFC measurement; however, lignin-based procedures (ADL and APL) and IADF with acid/pepsin pretreatment (IADFFEED, IADFALL) were numerically closest to TFC values. Estimates of bromegrass and prairie hay OMD by ADL, APL, and AIA ratio were not different (P greater than .05) from TFC measurement, although AIA seemed to provide the most accurate estimate for prairie hay. All indigestible ADF procedures yielded estimates of forage OMD that differed (P less than .05) from TFC for all forages; acid/pepsin pretreatment of samples (IADFFEED and IADFALL) improved accuracy of the OMD estimates in all forages. Likewise, recovery of indigestible ADF was consistently least among the markers evaluated. These results indicate that APL ratio performed similarly to ADL ratio in estimating forage OMD, that AIA estimated grass OMD very accurately, and that estimation of OMD by indigestible ADF ratio was improved when the procedure was accompanied by an acid/pepsin pretreatment of samples.  相似文献   

3.
旨在探究香蕉叶单宁对奶牛瘤胃降解特性的影响和评价香蕉叶的饲喂价值。样品分别为苜蓿干草组(100%的苜蓿干草)、苜蓿干草和香蕉叶混合组(50%苜蓿干草+50%香蕉叶)、香蕉叶组(100%香蕉叶)、苜蓿干草组(100%的苜蓿干草)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)、苜蓿干草和香蕉叶混合组(50%苜蓿干草+50%香蕉叶)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)、香蕉叶组(100%香蕉叶)+6%聚乙二醇(6% PEG)。测定样品中的营养成分含量,使用3头安装了瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛进行半体内试验,用尼龙袋法测定上述样品在瘤胃内0、2、4、8、12、24、48、72 h的干物质(DM)、粗蛋白质(CP)、中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)的降解率,得到各营养物质的动态降解参数。结果表明,相较于苜蓿干草,香蕉叶干物质和粗蛋白的快速降解部分、慢速降解部分、慢速降解部分的降解速率、有效降解率是显著低于苜蓿干草的(P<0.001),香蕉叶和苜蓿的NDF的有效降解率没有显著差异。添加了PEG后,香蕉叶和香蕉叶苜蓿混合组的快速降解部分和有效降解率显著高于未添加PEG的两组(P<0.001)。结果表明香蕉叶中的单宁会抑制香蕉叶的瘤胃降解率,因此在使用香蕉叶调制反刍动物的饲料时需要控制单宁的含量。  相似文献   

4.
试验旨在综合评价从山东省17个市采集的羊常用粗饲料原料的营养价值。试验测定了109个样本10种常用原料的常规营养成分及总能(GE),应用两级离体消化法测定干物质消化率(IVDMD),以计算消化能(DE)和代谢能(ME),并根据预测干物质随意采食量(DMI),进而计算出分级指数(GI)。结果表明,不同粗饲料间的常规养分的差异不能准确地评价饲料营养价值;以NDF、ADF所得GI综合评价粗饲料中营养价值得到苜蓿>冬牧70>地瓜秧>羊草>花生秧>青贮玉米秸>玉米秸>水稻秸>豆秸>麦秸;IVDMD与NDF、ADF均呈显著负相关,而与CP呈显著正相关;DE与NDF、ADF相关性较强,且均呈负相关。  相似文献   

5.
体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜常用粗饲料组合效应   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用体外产气法评价青海高原反刍家畜的3种常用粗饲料青贮玉米（Zea mays）秸秆、苜蓿（Medicago sativa）青干草和燕麦（Arrhenatherum elatius）青干草按0∶100、25∶75、50∶50、75∶25和100∶0的比例两两组合时的发酵特性。结果表明,理论最大产气量、48 h产气量分别与中性洗涤可溶物/粗蛋白（NDS/CP）（P＜0.001）、有机物（OM）（P＜0.01）,中性洗涤可溶物（NDS）（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与酸性洗涤纤维（ADF）（P＜0.001）、中性洗涤纤维（NDF）（P＜0.05）和粗蛋白（CP）（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系;产气速率常数分别与OM（P＜0.001）、NDS（P＜0.001）和NDS/CP（P＜0.01）呈正相关关系,分别与ADF、NDF均呈极显著负相关关系（P＜0.001）;产气延滞时间与ADF（P＜0.01）和NDF（P＜0.05）呈正相关关系,分别与OM（P＜0.01）、NDS（P＜0.05）和NDS/CP（P＜0.05）呈负相关关系,说明了组合牧草体外发酵产气程度主要受非结构性碳水化合物与粗蛋白比例的影响。3种粗饲料两两组合搭配时,青贮玉米秸秆与苜蓿青干草以25∶75比例、青贮玉米秸秆与燕麦青干草以50∶50比例、苜蓿青干草与燕麦青干草以25∶75或50∶50比例组合时较为合适,且随着发酵时间的延长,各组合均呈现组合效应量逐渐减弱的变化趋势。  相似文献   

6.
The objectives of this study were to determine the relative effect of feeding corn silage (CS), fermented whole-crop wheat (FWCW), and urea-treated processed whole-crop wheat (UPWCW) compared with grass silage (GS), each supplemented with concentrates, on forage intake, ruminal fermentation, microbial protein synthesis, some plasma metabolites, and ruminal and total tract digestibility in cattle. Four ruminally fistulated steers with a mean BW of 509 kg (SD 6.3) were used in a 4 x 4 Latin square-designed experiment with each period lasting 21 d. The omasal sampling technique in combination with a triple marker method was used to measure nutrient flows to the omasum with Co-EDTA, Yb acetate, and indigestible NDF as liquid, small particle, and large particle phase markers, respectively. Microbial N flow was assessed from purine base concentrations. Steers fed CS, FWCW, and UPWCW consumed 2.7, 2.4, and 2.6 kg/d more (P < 0.05) forage and total DMI, respectively, than those fed GS-based diets. Rumen pH (P = 0.07) and lactic acid (P = 0.11) concentration did not differ between the forages. Rumen concentration of NH(3)-N was greatest for UPWCW and least for CS (P < 0.001). Total VFA concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) for CS than GS and UPWCW, with FWCW being intermediate. Acetate-to-propionate ratio (P < 0.05) was greater (P < 0.05) for UPWCW than the other forages, which did not differ. Apparent ruminal digestion of OM (P < 0.05) was less for CS, FWCW, and UPWCW than GS. Ruminal NDF digestibility was greater (P < 0.01) for GS than the other forages, which did not differ (P > or = 0.06). Total tract NDF digestibility was less (P < 0.05) for UPWCW than the other forages, with GS being greatest and CS and FWCW being intermediate. Starch intake was less (P < 0.001) for GS than the other forages, but there was no effect of forage on omasal starch flow (P = 0.23) or ruminal digestibility (P = 0.88). Flow of non-NH(3)-N and microbial N was greater (P < 0.05) for CS, FWCW, and UPWCW than GS. Efficiency of microbial N synthesis was greater (P < 0.05) for FWCW than GS and CS, with UPWCW being intermediate. Plasma beta-hydroxybutyrate concentrations were greatest with CS and least for GS (P < 0.001), whereas concentrations of plasma urea were least for CS and greatest for UPWCW (P < 0.001). In conclusion, feeding alternative forages to GS can significantly increase feed DMI and alter rumen fermentation and site of nutrient digestion when offered to cattle supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate daily.  相似文献   

7.
Optimizing the amino acid (AA) profile of rumen undegradable protein (RUP) can positively affect the amount of milk protein. This study was conducted to improve knowledge regarding the AA profile of rumen undegradable protein from corn stover, rice straw and alfalfa hay as well as the total mixed ratio diets (TMR) based on one of them as forage source [forage‐to‐concentrate ratio of 45:55 (30% of corn stover (CS), 30% of rice straw (RS), 23% of alfalfa hay (AH) and dry matter basis)]. The other ingredients in the three TMR diets were similar. The RUP of all the forages and diets was estimated by incubation for 16 hr in the rumen of three ruminally cannulated lactating cows. All residues were corrected for microbial colonization, which was necessary in determining the AA composition of RUP from feed samples using in situ method. Compared with their original AA composition, the AA pattern of forages and forage‐based diets changed drastically after rumen exposure. In addition, the extent of ruminal degradation of analysed AA was not constant among the forages. The greatest individual AA degradability of alfalfa hay and corn stover was Pro, but was His of rice straw. A remarkable difference was observed between microbial attachment corrected and uncorrected AA profiles of RUP, except for alfalfa hay and His in the three forages and TMR diets. The ruminal AA degradability of cereal straws was altered compared with alfalfa hay but not for the TMR diets. In summary, the AA composition of forages and TMR‐based diets changed significantly after ruminal exposure, indicating that the original AA profiles of the feed cannot represent its AA composition of RUP. The AA profile of RUP and ruminal AA degradability for corn stover and rice straw contributed to missing information in the field.  相似文献   

8.
本试验以优良中筋小麦“扬麦14”为试验材料,在小麦整个生育期提高CO2浓度和温度,分为4组:空白组,升温组,CO2组,升温和CO2混合组,空白组小麦生长平均温度10.5 ℃,CO2浓度413 μmol/mol,升温组温度高于空白组2 ℃,CO2组浓度500 μmol/mol,升温和CO2混合组同时提高温度与CO2浓度,收割时采集麦秸用于体内消化试验。用3头装有永久性瘤胃瘘管的荷斯坦奶牛,采用尼龙袋法评定温度和CO2浓度升高环境下小麦秸瘤胃的降解特性。结果显示,与空白组相比,升温组DM快速降解部分显著升高(P<0.05),ADF降解率与ADF慢速降解部分显著降低(P<0.05);CO2组DM,OM,NDF及ADF降解率均显著降低(P<0.05),且DM,OM与NDF有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05);混合组DM,OM,NDF及ADF降解率均显著降低(P<0.05),DM,OM及ADF慢速降解部分显著降低(P<0.05),DM,OM与NDF有效降解率显著降低(P<0.05)。不同处理后麦秸DM,OM,NDF与ADF瘤胃内降解率从高到低为空白组、升温组、CO2组和混合组。综合以上结果表明,温度和CO2浓度升高降低了麦秸DM,OM,NDF及ADF瘤胃内降解率,导致麦秸营养价值降低,温度升高对降解率影响最小,其次为CO2浓度升高,温度和CO2浓度同时升高对麦秸营养价值的影响最为显著。  相似文献   

9.
为研究不同饲草对反刍动物甲烷(CH4)排放量的影响,利用虚拟仪器技术设计的体外发酵产气自动记录系统,结合气相色谱仪,测定了奶牛业常用饲草体外发酵72 h后的发酵指标。结果表明:发酵72 h后,供试饲草的CH4产量介于56.85～74.63 mL.g-1DMloss,最高的为玉米(Zea mays L.)秸秆,最低的为苜蓿(Medicagosativa L.)干草Ⅰ。体外发酵程度由高到低依次为青贮玉米、苜蓿干草Ⅰ、苜蓿干草Ⅱ、羊草(Leymus chinensis T.)干草、苜蓿茎秆、玉米秸秆。各饲草的产气动态均呈指数函数变化,趋势相似,在0～24 h内累计产气量迅速增加,24～36 h内增长速率渐缓,36 h以后速率趋于平缓。各饲草的CH4产量与其中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量成显著正相关(P<0.05),与其粗蛋白(CP)含量成极显著负相关(P<0.01);通过逐步回归分析,建立常规养分含量与CH4产量的回归模型:PCH4=60.02-0.91×CP+0.44×ADF(R2=0.96)。综上表明,饲草的CH4产量与其品质有关,优质饲草体外发酵程度高,CH4产量低,从而提高饲料利用率、减少温室效应,而劣质饲草则相反。  相似文献   

10.
Three independent experiments were conducted each using 16 ruminally fistulated beef steers fed bermudagrass (8.2% CP, 71% NDF; Exp. 1), bromegrass (5.9% CP, 65% NDF; Exp. 2), or forage sorghum (4.3% CP, 60% NDF; Exp. 3) hays to evaluate the effects of increasing level of supplemental degradable intake protein (DIP) on forage utilization. In each experiment, steers were blocked by weight and assigned to one of four treatments, and hay was offered to each steer at 130% of average voluntary intake for the preceding 5-d period. Supplemental DIP (sodium caseinate) was placed in the rumen at 0700, immediately before feeding forage. Levels of DIP supplementation were .041, .082, and .124% BW; the control received no supplemental DIP. Following a 10-d adaptation, intake and total fecal output were measured for 7 d. In Exp. 1, neither forage OM intake (FOMI) nor fiber (NDF) digestion were influenced (P > or = .20) by increasing level of DIP supplementation. The DIP supplied by the bermudagrass hay was estimated to be 8.2% of the total digestible OM intake (TDOMI) for control steers. In Exp. 2, increasing level of supplemental DIP did not affect (P > or = .26) FOMI but tended to increase total OM intake linearly (TOMI; P = .10). The tendency for a rise in TOMI coupled with a slight numeric increase in digestion resulted in an increase (linear; P = .06) in TDOMI. In the treatment group in which the maximum TDOMI was observed (supplemental DIP treatment of .082% BW), total DIP intake constituted approximately 9.8% of the TDOMI. In Exp. 3, FOMI, TOMI, organic matter digestion (OMD), and TDOMI were improved (P < .01) by increasing amounts of supplemental DIP. Although there was some evidence of a tendency for a decrease in the magnitude of change in TDOMI in response to increasing DIP supplementation, a clear plateau was not achieved with the levels of supplement provided. When the highest level of supplemental DIP was fed, DIP constituted approximately 12.8% of the TDOMI. In conclusion, significant variation was observed among forage in the amount of DIP needed to maximize intake and digestion when expressed in relationship to the digestible OM.  相似文献   

11.
对5种粗饲料,8个时间点黏附于饲料颗粒上的瘤胃微生物的羧甲基纤维素酶活的动态变化进行研究。用4只羊,分7批进行尼龙袋试验,与早晨饲喂后2h一次性投入瘤胃腹囊处,时间点取0,6,12,24,36,48,60,72h8个点。结果:对于不同饲料的瘤胃微生物(PAM)羧甲基纤维素酶活来讲,随着时间的推移,羧甲基纤维素酶活均有一个峰值出现,只是出现时间的先后顺序不一,峰值大小不一。试验中峰值出现的先后顺序为:苜蓿、披碱草、玉米秸、麦秸和谷秸(最后两者相等),时间分别为24,36,48和60h。峰值大小顺序为麦秸、玉米秸、谷秸、苜蓿、披碱草。不同饲料的平均羧甲基纤维素酶活差异显著(P<0.05),由高到低的顺序为麦秸、玉米秸、披碱草、谷秸、苜蓿。试验表明不同粗饲料对PAM羧甲基纤维素酶活有显著影响。  相似文献   

12.
The effect of supplementation with different levels of cracked corn on the sites of OM, total dietary fiber (TDF), ADF, and starch digestion in steers fed fresh alfalfa indoors was determined. Six Angus steers (338 +/- 19 kg) fitted with cannulas in the rumen, duodenum, and ileum consumed 1) alfalfa (20.4% CP, 41.6% NDF) ad libitum (AALF); 2), 3), and 4) AALF supplemented (S) with .4, .8, or 1.2%, respectively, of BW of corn; or 5) alfalfa restricted at the average level of forage intake of S steers (RALF), in a 5 x 5 Latin square design. Total OM intake was lower (P < .01) in steers fed RALF than in those fed AALF but level of forage intake did not affect sites of OM, TDF, or starch digestion (P > .05). Forage OM intake decreased (P < .01) linearly (8,496 to 5,840 g/d) but total OM intake increased (P = .03) linearly (8,496 to 9,344 g/d) as corn increased from .4 to 1.2% BW. Ruminal apparent and true OM disappearance was not affected, but OM disappearing in the small intestine increased (P < .01) linearly with increasing levels of corn. Total tract OM digestibility (71.2 to 76.2%) and the proportion of OM intake that was digested in the small intestine (15.4 to 24.5%) increased (P < .01) linearly as corn increased. The TDF and ADF intakes decreased (P < .01) linearly as level of corn increased. Total tract TDF and ADF digestibilities were not different among treatments (average 62.9 and 57.8%, respectively). Starch intake and starch digested in the rumen and small and large intestine increased (P < .01) linearly with increasing corn level. Ruminal pH and VFA concentrations decreased and increased (P < .01), respectively, with increasing corn. Supplementation with corn increased OM intake, decreased forage OM intake, and increased the proportion of OM that was digested in the small intestine, but fiber digestion was not affected.  相似文献   

13.
In an experiment to determine the effects of mastication and microbial contamination on in situ forage disappearance, samples of masticated (M) or nonmasticated alfalfa hay (AH), orchardgrass hay (OGH) and bermudagrass hay (BGH) were incubated in the rumen of two steers for 6, 12, 24, 48 and 96 h. Using diaminopimelic acid as a marker, microbial DM and CP contamination ranged from 10.3 to 22.3% and 46.3 to 95.3% of residual DM and CP, respectively. Percentage contamination was influenced by both time of incubation and forage treatment (P less than .001). Corrected DM and CP disappearances (DMD and CPD) were higher than apparent disappearances (P less than .001). Maximal NDF and ADF disappearances (NDFD and ADFD) obtained at 96 h were 58.2, 52.4; 62.7, 62.3 and 56.7, 52.6% for AH, OGH and BGH, respectively. Lag times (h) for corrected DMD and CPD were shorter (at least P less than .05) than for apparent disappearances, except for corrected CPD of AH. There were no differences (P greater than .10) in lag time of NDFD or ADFD among forages. Rates of disappearance (%/h) of corrected DMD and CPD were faster (at least P less than .01) than for apparent disappearances. The total quantity of microbial CP (mg CP/g DM) associated with residues varied with time depending on forage type (P less than .001). There was a significant relationship between the quantity of microbial CP contamination and the extent of disappearance. Masticated forages followed trends similar to those of nonmasticated forages, but the effect of mastication was not consistent. Results support the need for microbial correction of in situ forage residues.  相似文献   

14.
Southern crabgrass (Digitaria ciliaris [Retz.] Koel.) is often viewed as an undesirable weed, largely because it encroaches upon field and forage crops, gardens, and lawns. However, visual observations of livestock grazing mixed-species pastures suggest that cattle seem to prefer crabgrass to many other summer forages. The objectives of this study were to assess the nutritive value of crabgrass sampled weekly between July 11, and August 22, 2001, and then to determine ruminal in situ disappearance kinetics of DM and NDF for these crabgrass forages. A secondary objective was to compare these kinetic estimates with those of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon [L.] Pers.), and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) control hays. All forages were evaluated in situ using five (383 +/- 22.7 kg) ruminally cannulated crossbred (Gelbvieh x Angus x Brangus) steers. Whole-plant crabgrass exhibited more rapid (P < or = 0.002) ruminal disappearance rates of DM (overall range = 0.069 to 0.084 h(-1)) than did bermudagrass (0.054 h(-1)) and orchardgrass (0.060 h(-1)) hays, but disappearance rates were slower (P < 0.001) for crabgrass than for alfalfa hay (0.143 h(-1)). Effective ruminal disappearance of DM was greater (P < 0.001) for crabgrass (overall range = 69.3 to 75.4%) than for all the control hays. Similarly, disappearance rates of NDF for crabgrass (overall range = 0.069 to 0.086 h(-1)) were more rapid (P < 0.001) than observed for bermudagrass and orchardgrass hays; however, NDF in alfalfa disappeared at a faster (P < 0.001) rate (0.107 h(-1)) than crabgrass. These results indicate that crabgrass offers greater effective ruminal degradability of DM and NDF than orchardgrass or alfalfa of moderate quality. More importantly, it potentially offers faster and more extensive ruminal disappearance than perennial warm-season grasses typically found throughout the southeastern United States, and it should likely support improved performance by ruminant livestock in this region.  相似文献   

15.
Three digestion experiments and one growth experiment were conducted to determine site, extent and ruminal rate of forage digestion and rate and efficiency of gain by cattle offered alfalfa haylage supplemented with corn or dry corn gluten feed (CGF). In Exp. 1, eight steers were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets with substitution of corn for 0, 20, 40 or 60% of haylage in a 4 X 4 latin square. Increasing dietary corn substitution increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion by steers but decreased (P less than .05) rate of in situ alfalfa DM digestion. In Exp. 2, five heifers were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets with increasing dietary levels of CGF in a 5 X 5 latin square. Increasing dietary CGF increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion by heifers. In Exp. 3 and 4, cattle were fed alfalfa haylage-based diets containing either 20 or 60% corn or CGF. In Exp. 3, supplementation increased (P less than .05) OM and NDF digestion but level X supplement source interaction (P less than .05) occurred, with added CGF increasing OM and NDF digestion more than added corn. In Exp. 4, supplementation improved (P less than .05) DM intake, daily gain and feed efficiency. Dry matter intake and daily gain were greater (P less than .05) for 60% supplementation than for 20% supplementation. Overall, whereas increasing the level of dietary supplement increased (P less than .05) OM, NDF and ADF digestion, only corn addition decreased (P less than .05) rate of in situ alfalfa DM digestion. Daily gains and feed efficiencies were similar in cattle fed either corn or CGF with alfalfa haylage.  相似文献   

16.
Sixteen ruminally cannulated, English-crossbred heifers (378 ± 28.4 kg) grazing small-grain pasture (SGP) were used in a completely randomized design to evaluate effects of supplementing different amounts of corn dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS; 0, 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6% of BW; as-fed basis) on forage intake, digestibility, and rumen fermentation characteristics. The experiment was conducted from April 6 through April 20, 2007. Heifers grazed in a single SGP with supplements offered individually, once daily at 0700 h. Forage and total OM, CP, and NDF intake were not affected (P ≥ 0.21) by DDGS amount. Digestibility of NDF and ether extract (EE) increased linearly (P < 0.001) when heifers consumed more DDGS. Intake of DM (kg/d and g/kg of BW), ruminal volume (L), fluid dilution rate (%/h), fluid flow rate (L/h) turnover time (h), and particle dilution rate (SGP and DDGS) were not affected (P ≥ 0.32) by increasing DDGS supplementation amount. In situ DDGS CP kinetic parameters were not affected (P ≥ 0.25) by increasing DDGS supplementation amount. Forage masticate in situ soluble CP fraction and CP effective degradability increased quadratically (P = 0.01) with increasing DDGS supplementation amount. However, amount of DDGS did not affect forage masticate CP slowly degradable fraction (%; P = 0.39) or degradation rate (%/h; P = 0.63). Rate of in situ disappearance (%/h) for DDGS DM (P = 0.94), forage masticate DM (P = 0.89), and NDF (P = 0.89) were not affected by DDGS supplementation amount, nor was rumen undegradable intake protein (% of CP) for DDGS (P = 0.28) and forage masticate samples (P = 0.93). Ruminal concentration of VFA and ammonia and ruminal pH were not affected (P ≥ 0.21) by increasing DDGS amount. Results indicated that DDGS can be used in SGP supplements without negatively affecting forage intake, digestibility, or ruminal fermentation.  相似文献   

17.
This experiment was carried out to study the effect of a directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzyme on intake and digestion of DM, OM, protein, NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose of alfalfa and ryegrass hay by sheep. Four diets were randomly assigned to four ruminally cannulated lambs using a 4 x 4 Latin square design, repeated in time, with a factorial arrangement (2 x 2) of diets: 1) alfalfa hay; 2) alfalfa hay + exogenous fibrolytic enzymes (enzyme); 3) ryegrass hay; and 4) ryegrass hay + enzyme. Lambs consumed more DM and OM from alfalfa than from ryegrass hay (P < 0.001). The ADF intake was not different between the hays, but NDF intake was lower for alfalfa (P < 0.001). For both hays, the enzyme increased intake of DM (P < 0.01), as well as OM and CP (P < 0.05); however, NDF and ADF intake were not changed. Alfalfa hay had higher apparent digestibility of DM, OM, and CP (P < 0.001), but lower digestibility for NDF, ADF, and hemicellulose. The enzyme increased apparent digestibility of CP, hemicellulose (P < 0.05), and NDF (P < 0.10) for alfalfa. Also, for both hays, the enzyme improved N balance because lambs retained more N (P < 0.05). The enzyme increased (P < 0.05) total VFA concentration (3 and 6 h) for both hays. Results from this trial indicate that directly fed exogenous fibrolytic enzymes may change ruminal fermentation, intake, and digestibility of forages with different nutritive value.  相似文献   

18.
Indigestible components, including indigestible dry matter (iDM) and indigestible neutral detergent fiber (iNDF), play an integral role as internal markers for determining ruminal kinetics and digestibility estimations. However, the accuracy of internal markers is dependent upon the incubation technique utilized as bag type (BT) and incubation length (IL) can be significant sources of error. Previous studies have primarily focused on iDM and iNDF as digestibility markers, but few studies have compared digestibility estimates to those of acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA). Therefore, our objective was to investigate the effect of BT (F57, F58, and Dacron) and IL (288 and 576 h) on iDM and iNDF residues, DM and NDF digestibilities, and fecal recoveries when using in situ incubations. Additionally, we evaluated the accuracy of digestibility estimates when using iDM, iNDF, and ADIA. For iDM and iNDF, feed residues demonstrated a BT × IL interaction (P < 0.01). However, fecal residues were only influenced by the main effects of BT and IL (P < 0.01), with the F58 BT and 288-h IL having the greatest residues for both iDM and iNDF. The variation in residues was greatly reduced when using iNDF compared with iDM. Fecal recovery estimates most closely approximated 100% recovery when utilizing ADIA and iDM using the F57 × 576 h incubation method (P < 0.01), although recovery was overestimated for all incubation combinations. Fecal NDF recovery estimates better represented the excretion profiles when the F57 × 576 h combination was used with iDM as the internal marker (P < 0.01). Estimates of DM and NDF digestibility were the most accurate when utilizing ADIA (P < 0.01) relative to all other treatments. Our results indicate that the proper methodological application is specific to the purpose of the inferences. When evaluating fecal recoveries and digestibility, ADIA or iDM with F57 at 576-h in situ incubation provides the greatest accuracy.  相似文献   

19.
Nine ruminally cannulated mixed-breed steers were used in a split-plot design to evaluate effects of fat supplementation and forage maturity on intake, digestibility, and ruminal fermentation. Treatment was the main plot, and stage of forage maturity was the subplot. Treatments were supplements containing mineral pack (M) offered at 114 g/d; M plus fiber as soybean hulls-wheat middlings (MF) offered at 0.50% BW; and MF plus tallow (MFT) offered at 0.625% BW. Stages of wheat maturity were mid-March (MAR) and early April (APR). Steers grazed in a single wheat pasture with supplements offered individually at 0700 h daily. There were supplement type x forage maturity interactions (P < 0.05) for forage OM, CP, and NDF intakes. During MAR, forage OM, CP, and NDF intakes were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplementation. During APR, forage OM, CP, and NDF intakes differed (MF = M > MFT, P < 0.05). There was also supplement type x forage maturity interaction (P = 0.04) for forage OM digestibility. The OM digestibility differed during MAR (M = MF > MFT, P < 0.05) and during APR (MF > M > MFT, P < 0.05). Crude protein digestibility was affected by supplement type (M > MF > MFT, P < 0.05) and stage of forage maturity (MAR > APR, P < 0.01). Rates of DM and NDF ruminal disappearance were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplement or forage maturity. Supplementation increased (P < 0.05) ruminal propionate concentration (19.7, 21.4, and 25.1 +/- 0.49 mol/100 mol for M, MF, and MFT, respectively). Tallow can be used in supplements for cattle grazing wheat pasture to increase energy intake without negatively affecting forage intake or ruminal fermentation, particularly if used in the early stage of wheat maturity.  相似文献   

20.
Spring application of a plant growth regulator, mefluidide, to tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) pastures grazed from May to September reduced (P less than .05) available DM and digestible OM per hectare by 51 and 41%, respectively, compared to untreated pastures. However, seasonal averages for N, Ca and P content and in vitro OM disappearance (OMD) were greater (P less than .05) and NDF was lower (P less than .05) in tall fescue from mefluidide-treated pastures than in untreated pastures. Compared to hand-clipped samples, esophageal extrusa of tall fescue was 63% higher (P less than .05) in N (2.7 vs 1.7%) and 26% lower (P less than .05) in NDF (52.6 vs 69.9%) than hand-clipped tall fescue samples, regardless of treatment. Extrusa and hand-clipped herbage samples were similar (P greater than .10) in OMD during May and September, but OMD of extrusa was greater (P less than .05) during June, July and August compared to clipped samples. As a consequence of preventing stem elongation and seedhead formation earlier in the growing season, mefluidide treatment of tall fescue maintained forage quality at a higher level during midsummer.  相似文献   

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