共查询到20条相似文献，搜索用时 93 毫秒
1.
2.
近年来,由于抗菌药物的广泛使用,细菌耐药性不断加强,而且很多细菌已由单药耐药发展到多重耐药。动物机体长期与药物接触,造成耐药菌不断增多,耐药性也不断增强。抗菌药物残留于动物性食品中,同样使人也长期与药物接触,导致人体内耐药菌的增加。如今,不管是在动物体内,还是在人体内,细菌的耐药性已经达到了较严重的程度。为此,加强和控制不合理应用抗生素和滥用抗生素现象,避免或减少细菌耐药性问题。 相似文献
3.
目前,猪的抗菌促长剂应用较多的有金霉素、土霉素、喹乙醇、杆菌肽锌等。尤其是喹乙醇为“前国内应用最为普遍的抗菌促长剂,它具有促进动物生长、抑制和杀灭细菌等作用。然而长期应用这类抗生素,不仅引起细菌产生耐药性,而且耐药性的细菌通过耐药因子转移,使耐药性得以扩散,从而降低了其他抗菌药物的预防和治疗效果。因此,为避免产生耐药性,常需多种抗菌素轮换使用。赛乐兴作为猪的生长促进剂在欧共体各国已广泛应用。其有效成分为盐霉素钠,属典型的离子载体抗生素,有杀灭细菌(尤其是引 相似文献
4.
正微生态制剂是利用动物体内或养殖中的有益微生物,通过特殊工艺制成的活菌制剂,它是一类能有效促进动物生长、提高饲料利用率和调节肠道微生态平衡的饲料添加剂。抗生素的长期使用和滥用导致细菌产生耐药性,抗生素在畜产品中的残留是饲用抗生素应用中存在的一大问题,它影响畜产品的质量和风味。欧盟禁止使用抗生素,现在多数畜禽养殖户选用抗菌肽、酶制剂类、微生态类、酸化剂、酵母类、核苷酸类等产品来替代抗生素。在畜禽养殖 相似文献
5.
6.
随着饲料业、养殖业抗生素的不断应用,细菌的耐药性越来越突出,越来越严重。兽医治疗细菌性疾病过程中没有充分考虑穿梭或交叉用药,而使耐药菌株不断出现,此外,饲料中尤其是高档饲料中,添加大量高档抗生素以达到预防疾病的目的,导致动物长期低剂量采食抗生素,使体内大量细菌产生耐药性并不断向环境中排放,造成环境中耐药菌数量大幅度上升,由耐药菌引发的疾病也显著增加。有的甚至加至治疗量,导致一旦猪群发生细菌性疫病即到很难找到有效治疗药物的地步。由于耐药菌株的不断增加,而导致抗生素疗效下降,细菌病危害加重。专家指出,细菌对抗生素的耐药率逐年上升,居高不下,而且耐药菌产生之快、传播之迅速、耐药率与耐药水平之高是以前少有的。如果说以前抗生素的神奇功效令我们对许多传染病信心百倍的话,那么进入90年代已经出现了令我们手足无措的困境。特别是近两年,医学和兽医临床上又出现了超强耐药、多重耐药性病原菌,危害更加严重,几乎到了无药可用的地步。因此,病原菌对抗生素的耐药性问题已成为影响人、畜健康的重要因素,已是迫切需要解决的问题之一。 相似文献
7.
饲料中添加抗菌剂,实际上等于给动物持续低剂量口服用药,动物机体胃肠道长期与药物接触,造成肠道耐药菌不断增多.耐药性也不断增强.人们不仅在动物和人体中分离到相同的耐药细菌,而且发现动物源细菌和人体细菌,甚至不同菌种中携带有相同的耐药基因.存在于动物体内的耐药性细菌有可能随动物产品进入厨房和餐桌,进而传递给人,或将耐药基因传递给人病原菌.有些细菌是人畜共患病原菌,一旦在动物体产生了耐药性,此类细菌再感染人时,抗生素治疗效果会大大降低,甚至失败.因此,动物细菌耐药性给人们的生活和健康造成很大的威胁,其与人类食品安全和人类健康的关系日益引起人们的关注. 相似文献
8.
细菌耐药性又称抗药性,一般是指细菌与药物多次接触后,对药物的敏感性下降甚至消失,致使药物对耐药菌的疗效降低或无效。耐药菌出现后,很快在不同地域、同种与异种细菌之间进行传递,使未曾使用过该种药物的个体或地区出现耐药菌株且耐药率呈现逐年上升的趋势。而且,随着药物种类的增加,耐药菌的耐药谱也越来越广。尤其目前人医和兽医临床上又出现了超耐药、多重耐药性病原菌,危害更加严重,几乎到了无药可用的地步。大量的实验证实,抗生素治疗中可以引起GNR的Lps释放,作用于单核巨噬细胞介导多种炎症因子释放,如:TNF-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1、IL-6、IL-8、前列腺素、凝血素、干扰素、血小板基激活因子等。这些因子适量时可激活免疫系统,产生杀灭微生物的有益作用。过量时可引起肌体严重病理反应,表现为发热、低血压、心动过速、休克、MOF及死亡。专家指出,随着抗生素在养殖业生产中的广泛使用,导致多重耐药性的产生与内毒素的释放以及畜禽体内的残留,不仅直接影响动物产品的安全与卫生、畜牧业的生产与经济,而且极大的威胁着人类的身体健康与生存环境。本文以细菌耐药性的现状与抗生素治疗导致细菌内毒素的释放及畜禽体内残留现象进行综述,并探讨解决上述问题的对策。本文旨在希望有关人员了解抗生素知识并合理使用抗生素。 相似文献
9.
《中国预防兽医学报》2021,(3)
正据统计,全球畜禽饲用抗生素在2010年超过了6 300万千克~([1])。过去的半个多世纪里在人类选择性使用抗生素的压力下,导致细菌耐药基因的快速转移和耐药菌株的急剧增加。为了减轻和控制细菌耐药性的产生和传播,一种有效的方法就是从基因水平上解析细菌产生耐药性以及耐药性传播的分子机制。由于细菌自身染色体天然存在的耐药基因, 相似文献
10.
11.
van den Bogaard AE 《Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde》2001,126(18):590-595
Antibiotic use not only selects for resistance in pathogenic bacteria, but also in the commensal flora of exposed individuals. Veterinary surgeons regularly prescribe antibiotics for food animals to treat bacterial infections just as doctors do for human patients. In addition, however, animal feeds contain added antibiotics not for therapy but for economic reasons: to enhance the growth rate of these animals. Several of the antibiotics used as growth promoters are analogues of and fully cross resistant with important antibiotics used in human medicine. As a result of this high exposure to antibiotics, the prevalence of resistant bacteria in the faecal flora of these animals is high. These resistant bacteria can be directly and indirectly, via foods of animal origin, transferred to humans and either colonize the human intestinal tract or exchange their resistance genes with commensal bacteria of humans. As the intestinal flora functions as a reservoir of resistance genes for pathogenic bacteria and because many bacterial species of the intestinal flora are potential pathogens, the efficacy of antibiotic therapy in human medicine may be jeopardized. 相似文献
12.
The Health Council of the Netherlands has issued a report on the risk of development of resistance among bacteria as result of the use of antibiotics as growth promotors in livestock farming. The committee appointed by the Health Council conclude that the use of antimicrobial growth promotors contributes to the problem of resistance among human pathogens. The conclusions are based on evidence regarding the development of resistance in livestock as the result of the use of antimicrobial growth promotors, the possibility of colonisation/infection of humans with resistant bacteria from the intestinal flora of productive livestock, and the transfer of resistance genes from livestock bacteria to human pathogenic microorganisms. Effective measures for the limitation of the public health risk should focus on termination of the use of antimicrobial growth promotors that confer resistance to (related) antibiotics currently used (or which will be available) to treat patients suffering from bacterial infections. In addition, the committee advised ending the use of antimicrobial growth promotors in 3 years. 相似文献
13.
14.
Two different groups of bacteria carrying genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics may be transmitted from animals to humans via food products: a.) obligate infectious agents (enteric pathogens, e.g. Salmonella enterica spp., Campylobacter spp., EHEC) and b) facultative pathogenic species (e.g. E. coli, enterococci). Thus far, it is unknown whether genes encoding for resistance to antibiotics from these bacteria may be transferred to bacteria in normal flora of the host. The transfers of genes encoding for resistance to vancomycin from animal sources to the mucosa of humans has been suggested. Thus, there is a threat that these plasmid-encoded resistance genes may also be transferred to other gram-positive organisms present in the human flora. Vancomycin is the antibiotic in reserve for treatment of infections caused by oxacillin (methicillin) resistant strains of S. aureus and by strains of pneumococcus resistant to penicillin. 相似文献
15.
Friedman DB Kanwat CP Headrick ML Patterson NJ Neely JC Smith LU 《Zoonoses and public health》2007,54(9-10):366-375
Inappropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals contributes to decreased antimicrobial susceptibility in bacteria of medical importance. Resistant bacteria being transferred from animals to humans are causing public health concern. In-person interviews were conducted with 20 dairy farmers in rural counties of South Carolina to determine farmers' knowledge and attitudes about prudent antibiotic use among livestock. Four focus groups (n = 22) were also conducted to ascertain farmers' specific information needs about proper antibiotic use. Survey results showed that participants (100%) typically determined a need for antibiotic treatment using symptom assessment and reported following some form of operating procedures regarding administration of antibiotics. Few farmers (32%) had actual written antibiotic protocols. Preferred information sources about antibiotics were veterinarians (100%) and other dairy farmers (50%). Most farmers (86%) were not concerned that overuse of antibiotics in animals could result in antibiotic resistance among farm workers. Qualitative analysis of focus groups revealed significant barriers to following proper antibiotic procedures including limited finances and lack of time. The need for bilingual educational resources for Hispanic/Latino dairy workers was expressed. Desired formats for educational materials were posters, flowcharts, videos, and seminars. Education of South Carolina dairy farmers by veterinarians and public health professionals on the appropriate use of antibiotics in dairy cattle is needed to ensure antibiotic effectiveness in both animals and humans. 相似文献
16.
Cytokine therapy: a natural alternative for disease control 总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12
Lowenthal JW O'Neil TE David A Strom G Andrew ME 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,72(1-2):183-188
Disease control in food production animals is normally mediated through the use of vaccines, chemicals and antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics and chemicals in livestock has resulted in environmental and human health concerns, particularly with regard to the emergence of drug-resistant bacteria in the food chain. In fact, the World Health Organisation (WHO) has now urged meat producers to use environmentally-friendly alternative methods to control disease. Cytokines, as natural mediators of the immune response, offer exciting alternatives to conventional therapeutics. The utilisation of cytokines is becoming more feasible with the recent cloning of a number of cytokine genes. Since the chicken's immune system is similar to that of mammals, they offer an attractive model system with which to study the effectiveness of cytokine therapy in the control of disease in intensive livestock. In this report we will review our recent studies on the therapeutic potential of chicken interferon gamma (ChIFN-gamma) as a vaccine adjuvant and a growth promoter. 相似文献
17.
氯霉素残留的危害及其检测方法 总被引：22，自引：0，他引：22
氯霉素属广谱抗生素 ,曾在畜牧业中广为应用。但氯霉素有较强的副作用和毒性作用 ,如果氯霉素在食用动物中残留 ,可通过食物链传给人类 ,长期微量摄入氯霉素 ,不仅使人体肠道正常菌群失调 ,而且还会引起多种疾病 ,对人类的健康造成危害。世界上许多国家禁止此药用于生产食品动物 ,并规定了在畜产品中氯霉素不得检出。对于氯霉素的残留 ,存在多种检测方法 ,不同的检测方法具有不同的检出限。检测限问题已成为关注的焦点 ,发达国家对检出限的要求越来越严格 相似文献
18.
Angulo FJ Nargund VN Chiller TC 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(8-9):374-379
Several lines of evidence indicate that the use of anti-microbial agents in food animals is associated with anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans. The use of anti-microbial agents in food animals is most clearly associated with anti-microbial resistance among Salmonella and Campylobacter isolated from humans, but also appears likely among enterococci, Escherichia coli and other bacteria. Evidence is also accumulating that the anti-microbial resistance among bacteria isolated from humans could be the result of using anti-microbial agents in food animals and is leading to human health consequences. These human health consequences include: (i) infections that would not have otherwise occurred and (ii) increased frequency of treatment failures and increased severity of infection. Increased severity of infection includes longer duration of illness, increased frequency of bloodstream infections, increased hospitalization and increased mortality. Continued work and research efforts will provide more evidence to explain the connection between the use of anti-microbial agents in food animals and anti-microbial-resistant infections in humans. One particular focus, which would solidify this connection, is to understand the factors that dictate spread of resistance determinants, especially resistant genes. With continued efforts on the part of the medical, veterinary and public health community, such research may contribute to more precise guidelines on the use of anti-microbials in food animals. 相似文献
19.
Spread of resistant bacteria and resistance genes from animals to humans--the public health consequences 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Mølbak K 《Journal of veterinary medicine. B, Infectious diseases and veterinary public health》2004,51(8-9):364-369
The paper reviews the lines of evidence which link the use of antimicrobial drugs for food animals with the emergence of antimicrobial drug resistance in bacteria pathogenic to humans, with a particular focus on the public health aspects. Deductions from the epidemiology of food-borne infections, ecological studies, outbreak investigations, typing studies and direct epidemiological observations show that resistant bacteria are transferred from food animals to man. In addition to transfer in the food chain, exchange of mobile genetic elements among commensal and pathogenic bacteria contributes to the emergence of drug resistance. There is growing evidence that this has measurable consequences for human public health. One consequence is increased transmission supported by unrelated use of anti-microbials in humans. Other consequences are related to reduced efficacy of early empirical treatment, limitations in the choices for treatment after confirmed microbiological diagnosis, and finally a possible coselection of virulence traits. Recent epidemiological studies have measured these consequences in terms of excess mortality associated with resistance, increased duration of illness, and increased risk of invasive illness or hospitalization following infections with resistant Salmonella. 相似文献
20.
近年来,因持续饲喂或滥用抗生素而引起的耐药性、药物残留和食品安全等问题日益严重,尤其是多重耐药和泛耐药菌的出现严重威胁着人类的健康。因此,寻找一种安全、高效的抗生素替代品是保障动物源食品安全、提高动物健康水平,及促进社会发展的必然需求。噬菌体是一类能够侵染细菌、真菌、放线菌等微生物的病毒总称,与传统抗生素相比,噬菌体具有存在广泛、特异性强、安全和研发成本低等优势。人类关于噬菌体的研究报道由来已久,但是随着抗生素和化学抗菌药物的大量出现,噬菌体在欧美等发达国家的研究一度中断,直至20世纪80年代,由于多重耐药菌的出现,人类又重新重视噬菌体的研究,随着现代生物技术的发展,噬菌体已广泛应用到人类疫病防控、动植物病原菌清除及保障食品安全等方面,已成为人类对抗细菌性感染的利器。作者简述了噬菌体生物学特性、噬菌体疗法优缺点,以及防控猪、鸡的大肠杆菌、沙门氏菌、弯曲杆菌等常见细菌性感染方面的研究,以期为动物生产应用提供理论依据。 相似文献