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1.
This study was designed to determine the susceptibility in vitro and infectivity of 1 field isolate of Mycobacterium avium sbsp paratuberculosis after exposure to monensin sodium and tilmicosin phosphate. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (0.39 microg monensin sodium/mL; 1.60 microg tilmicosin phosphate/mL) were determined in quintuplicate. Organisms were then incubated with 3 different concentrations of each medication for 3 different lengths of time, then washed and resuspended in sterile physiologic saline and injected intraperitoneally into mice that were genetically susceptible to infection. Mice were euthanatized 50 d later and the number of hepatic granulomas was used as the indicator of infectivity. Neither time of incubation nor concentration of medication had any effect on the infectivity of the organisms. Monensin sodium significantly reduced the number of hepatic granulomas in genetically susceptible mice while tilmicosin phosphate did not. Antimycobacterial activity of monensin sodium suggests that the role of monensin in the control of bovine paratuberculosis should be evaluated further.  相似文献   

2.
To assess the rabbit as a model for the study of paratuberculosis infection, two groups of newborn rabbits were orally inoculated at one to two days of age with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis (ATCC 19698 or field strain 22206) and compared to uninoculated controls. Nine of thirteen rabbits (69%) inoculated with ATCC 19698, and all three rabbits inoculated with 22206, experienced episodes of intermittent diarrhea starting four months after inoculation. Multifocal granulomas containing acid-fast organisms were observed in the sacculus rotundus and vermiform appendix of the cecum in three of nine rabbits (all with diarrhea) that had been inoculated with ATCC 19698. Although M. paratuberculosis was not recovered from inoculated rabbits when fecal cultures were incubated three months in vitro, a slow-growing mycobactin-dependent form of Mycobacterium was recovered from feces and ileal tissue after incubation for 11-15 months. Reduced feed intake, body weight loss and reduced abdominal fat at necropsy, were not observed. Epithelial transport function across the distal ileum in vitro was not altered nine months subsequent to inoculation. Diarrhea and the histological lesions indicate that the rabbit may be a useful model for the study of paratuberculosis infection.  相似文献   

3.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate lasalocid as a coccidiostat in Holstein calves and to compare lasalocid with monensin and decoquinate. In experiment 1, calves in 3 groups (6 calves/group) were each inoculated with 500,000 sporulated oocysts, 88% of which were Eimeria bovis and 12% were E zuernii. Calves in each group were given lasalocid-medicated feed at 0.50 (group 3), 0.75 (group 4), or 1 mg/kg (group 5) of body weight/day for 45 days. Two control groups (6 calves/group) were also evaluated; calves in control group 2 were inoculated and nontreated, and calves in control group 1 were noninoculated and nontreated. At 0.50, 0.75, or 1 mg/kg/day, lasalocid was equally effective in preventing induced coccidiosis (E bovis and E zuernii) in calves. Compared with inoculated nontreated controls, treated calves had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in feces and had fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis from days 16 to 30 after inoculation. Experiment 2 was conducted to compare the effectiveness of monensin, lasalocid, and decoquinate for the prevention of experimentally induced coccidiosis. Calves (n = 48) were allotted into 4 groups (12 calves/group); each was inoculated orally with 275,000 sporulated oocysts, predominantly E bovis and E zuernii, and each was given nonmedicated feed (group 6) or feed medicated with 33 mg of lasalocid (group 7), decoquinate (group 8), or monensin (group 9)/kg of feed for 46 days. Calves given medicated rations had significantly (P less than 0.05) fewer oocysts in their feces and fewer clinical signs of coccidiosis than did calves given nonmedicated rations.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

4.
A paired feeding experiment was conducted to investigate if reduced food intake is a reason for the body weight loss previously observed in severe combined immunodeficient beige (SCID bg) mice infected with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. Mice were paired on the basis of age, litter and sex. One of each pair was injected intraperitoneally with 10(5) viable M. paratuberculosis organisms. The remainder served as uninfected pairfed mates. Each uninfected mouse was restricted to the amount of food (per gram body weight) that its infected paired mate ate in the previous 24 hour period starting at four weeks postinfection until 12 weeks postinfection when the mice were necropsied. The mean body weights of the two groups were not significantly different (p < 0.05) at the start of the experiment (infected 27.6 +/- 2.1 g, pairfed 27.3 +/- 3.4 g) but the pairfed group weighed less after 12 weeks of restricted food intake. Mycobacterium paratuberculosis was isolated from the spleen, liver, gut and fecal pellets of the infected but not the uninfected mice. Acid-fast bacilli were seen histologically in the liver, spleen and intestines of the infected mice only. Analysis of carcass compositions indicated that both infected and pairfed mice lost dry matter. Despite the loss in dry matter, the infected mice appeared to have maintained their body weights due to an increased retention of body water (presumably due to edema of inflammation). These results suggest that infection of SCID bg mice with M. paratuberculosis causes a reduction in their food intake (presumably due to reduced appetite) which, in turn, contributes to a loss in dry matter. We suggest that this loss in dry matter is one of the initial events that eventually lead to cachexia, and that it precedes the body weight loss that inevitably occurs in SCID bg mice chronically affected with M. paratuberculosis.  相似文献   

5.
The susceptibility of young chickens to infection with an isolate of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis which had been recovered from diseased tissues of a patient with Crohn's disease was determined. Two-week-old Leghorn-Cochin chicks were inoculated with strain Linda. Six birds received 10(7) organisms orally, six intraperitoneally, and five intracardially. Six uninoculated birds served as contact controls. Birds from each group were necropsied at two-week intervals. Focal granulomatous lesions occurred in two of six chickens which were inoculated orally, in six of six inoculated intraperitoneally, in three of five inoculated intracardially, but in none of six controls. Of the 11 birds with lesions, acid-fast bacilli were demonstrated in five. Immunoperoxidase reactivity paralleled the presence of acid-fast bacilli.  相似文献   

6.
Healthy turkeys receiving 80 ppm monensin in their feed were injected at 26, 40 and 61 days of age with tiamulin at dosages of 12.5 and 25 mg/kg body weight. The aim of the study was to develop a regime for medicating with tiamulin turkeys receiving monensin in their feed, and which would circumvent the known toxicity created by the simultaneous administration of the two drugs. One injection of 12.5 mg/kg tiamulin up to the age of 61 days or 2 injections of 12.5 mg/kg tiamulin up to 40 days of age caused no mortality or adverse reaction.  相似文献   

7.
Newborn Holstein male calves were purchased within 3 days after birth and were removed from the local farms to the Dixon Springs Agricultural Research Center. They were hand-fed for 7 weeks and then weaned to a prepared feed. Eight groups, each of 4 calves, were housed in separate pens. In each of 4 pens (pens 2 to 5), 1 calf was inoculated with sporulated oocysts of Eimeria bovis (and was not medicated); 1 calf was inoculated and given feed with added monensin at the dosage level of 10 g/906 kg of feed; and 2 calves were inoculated and given medicated feed with added monensin at the dosage level of 20 g/906 kg or 30 g/906 kg. In the 4 other pens (6 to 9), the calves were inoculated with E zuernii and otherwise were given feed without or with added monensin as in pens 2 through 5. Another group of 5 calves (all kept in 1 pen), served as noninoculated, nonmedicated controls. At 14 days after inoculations with E bovis, the single calves in each of the 4 pens that were given the nonmedicated feed began to show clinical signs of coccidiosis and discharged increasing numbers of oocysts. The other inoculated calves (given monensin) had fewer clinical signs and discharged fewer oocysts in the feces as the level of medication in the feed increased. The calves inoculated with E zuernii developed only moderately severe infections when compared with those inoculated with E bovis. Inoculated (with E bovis) nonmedicated calves had severe reductions in feed consumption and weight, and 3 of 4 died.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

8.
Probable paratuberculosis in a Sicilian ass   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A presumptive diagnosis of paratuberculosis was made in a Sicilian ass on the basis of a history of chronic diarrhea and weight loss, pasture exposure to a heifer with paratuberculosis confirmed by bacterial culture of feces, postmortem identification of granulomatous inflammation of the intestine containing acid-fast organisms, the absence of acid-fast organisms in extraenteric tissues, and the absence of exposure to tuberculosis. The literature on paratuberculosis in equids is reviewed. The potential for cross-species transmission is emphasized. Justification for consideration of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis infection in the differential diagnoses of equine granulomatous enteritis is discussed.  相似文献   

9.
苦豆子总碱对小鼠急性毒性试验研究   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
采用改良寇氏法测定苦豆子总碱提取物对小鼠腹腔注射的急性毒性,评价其安全性,为临床安全用药提供依据。给试验组小鼠灌服不同浓度的苦豆子总碱提取物,观察给药后小鼠的临床表现与死亡情况,采用改良寇氏公式计算LD50及LD50的95%可信限,结果表明,苦豆子总碱经腹腔注射的LD50为559.24 mg/kg,95%可信限为471.95-663.59 mg/kg。试验结果提示,苦豆子总碱的毒性较低,临床用药安全可靠。  相似文献   

10.
Studies were carried out to investigate the effects of monensin and tiamulin, and the simultaneous administration of both compounds on microsomal enzymes in rats. In Phase I of the experiments the effects of monensin and tiamulin were studied separately (monensin 10, 30, and 50 mg/kg or tiamulin 40, 120, and 200 mg/kg body weight, respectively), while in Phase II the two compounds were administered simultaneously (monesin 10 mg/kg and tiamulin 40 mg/kg b.w., respectively). When monensin was administered by itself, it exerted no significant effect on microsomal liver enzymes. In a few cases, slight inhibition of certain enzyme activities was seen. Tiamulin provoked a dose-dependent hepatic enzyme induction. The combined administration of monensin and tiamulin at low doses (10 and 40 mg/kg, respectively) resulted in marked elevation of P450-related enzyme activities. The enzyme induction was more pronounced in females than in males. The results suggest that the simultaneous administration of tiamulin may influence the biotransformation of monensin, possibly increasing the amount of reactive metabolite(s) of the ionophore antibiotic.  相似文献   

11.
The detection of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis organisms in bovine faeces by isolation was compared with that by the microscopical examination of Ziehl-Neelsen stained faecal smears for the presence of clumps of acid-fast M. paratuberculosis organisms. Faeces were obtained from cattle naturally or experimentally infected with M. paratuberculosis as well as from uninfected cattle. Microscopical examination was an unreliable method for the detection of M. paratuberculosis organisms, since the organisms were only detected in 99 (=55.9%) of 177 culturally positive faecal samples. 1111 addition, clumps of acid-fast organisms indistinguishable from M. paratuberculosis were also observed iin three of 18 samples from cattle free from Johne's disease and in 18 of 37 culturally negative samples from paratuberculous cattle. When M. paratuberculosis organisms were added to faeces from an uninfected cow, results showed that isolation attempts should be positive when 15 or more M. paratuberculosis organisms per gram of faeces are present.  相似文献   

12.
Thirty-two male Swiss ICR mice were injected intraperitoneally with 300 mg 2-bromoethylamine hydrobromide/kg body weight, anesthetized, and perfused with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde solution at 5, 15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 minutes after treatment. Eight control mice were injected intraperitoneally with sterile diluent, and one was perfused at each of the same time periods as the treated mice. Proximal tubule epithelial alterations progressed over time from increased secondary lysosome and myeloid body formation to cellular and mitochondrial swelling and eventually cell necrosis. The glomerular, peritubular, and vasa recta capillaries had endothelial cell swelling and desquamation and platelet aggregation. Bromoethylamine nephrotoxicosis in the male Swiss ICR mouse is an ischemic necrosis of the proximal tubules and papilla initiated by endothelial cell damage and makes an excellent model of chemically induced damage to endothelial cells and tubular necrosis.  相似文献   

13.
The effects of ionophores on liver weight and function were determined in finishing steers (n = 24; avg weight 440 kg). Steers were group-fed one of three treatments (control, lasalocid or monensin at 33 mg/kg feed) for 46 d prior to slaughter. Three days prior to slaughter, blood was collected for the determination of serum Ca and Mg. At slaughter, the liver was removed, weighed, sampled, frozen in liquid nitrogen and subsequently analyzed for concentrations of carbohydrate metabolites and minerals. Liver weight (5.9 kg) was unaffected by treatment. Serum and hepatic Ca and Mg were not affected by ionophore treatment. Hepatic glycogen levels in steers fed ionophores were unaffected by treatment. Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate was 21% lower (P less than .10) in hepatic tissue of steers fed ionophores, whereas dihydroxyacetone phosphate was 15 to 37% greater in hepatic tissue of steers fed monensin (P less than .20) or lasalocid (P less than .10). Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate was elevated more extensively by lasalocid than by monensin with increases of 72 (P less than .05) and 132% (P less than .001), respectively, over controls. Glycerol 3-phosphate levels were 37% (P less than .05) and 12% (NS) greater with these ionophores. Hepatic levels of pyruvate were elevated 12 (NS) to 36% (P less than .17) for monensin and lasalocid. Fructose 2,6-bisphosphate levels were 25% lower (P less than .25) in hepatic tissue of steers fed ionophores than in hepatic tissue from control steers. Other metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism in hepatic tissue were not altered appreciably. Changes in levels of intermediary metabolites of carbohydrate metabolism suggest alterations in hepatic carbohydrate metabolism favoring gluconeogenesis in steers fed ionophores.  相似文献   

14.
Comparative toxicology of monensin sodium in laboratory animals   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  
The toxicology of monensin has been studied in several laboratory animal species. There was considerable species variation in acute oral LD50 values. The consistent signs of acute toxicity were: anorexia, hypoactivity, skeletal muscle weakness, ataxia, diarrhea, decreased weight gain and delayed deaths. The 3-mo study in rats fed diets containing 0, 50, 150 or 500 ppm monensin resulted in no effects at the lowest dose level, slight reduction of body weight gain in the middle-dose group and severe depression in body weight gain, skeletal and cardiac lesions, and deaths in the highest dose group. The 3-mo study in dogs given daily oral doses of 0, 5, 15 or 50 mg/kg monensin resulted in no effects at the lowest dose level. Dogs in the 15 and 50 mg/kg groups developed, during test wk 1 to 4, anorexia, weakness, ataxia, labored respiration, body weight loss, increased serum muscle enzyme values, severe skeletal muscle degeneration and necrosis with less severe heart lesions and deaths. Mice fed diets containing 0, 37.5, 75, 150 or 300 ppm monensin for 3 mo had reduced body weight gain in all test groups but no other physical signs. Serum creatine phosphokinase (CPK) values were increased in mice in the two highest dose groups and minimal heart lesions were found in the highest dose group. Dogs given daily oral doses of 0, 1.25, 2.5, 5 or 7.5 mg/kg monensin for 1 yr survived with no evidence of toxicity in the two lowest dose groups.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

15.
Ten female beef calves weighing approximately 180 kg each were allotted to 2 groups of 5 each before they were given (orally) monensin (50 mg/kg of body weight). In group A, the calves were given (IM) a commercial selenium-vitamin E (Se-E) preparation (0.25 mg of Se and 17 IU of alpha-tocopherol/kg of body weight) at 72 and 24 hours before monensin was given. The calves in group B were injected at the 2 times with isotonic saline solution. Clinical signs of monensin toxicosis, including lethargy and recumbency, appeared on day 2 in the calves given the Se-E pretreatment, compared with the onset on day 1 in the saline solution-pretreated calves. All calves in the 2 groups died, but mean survival time was longer in group A (4.4 vs 2.2 days). Lesions of monensin toxicosis were myocardial necrosis, skeletal myonecrosis, pulmonary congestion, and rumenitis. The frequency and severity of the lesions were similar for both groups of calves. The results of the present study indicate that Se-E pretreatment modifies the development of monensin toxicosis in cattle.  相似文献   

16.
Modulation of acute monensin toxicosis in swine was evaluated in 2 studies. In study 1, 56 weanling male pigs were allotted to 14 groups of 4 each. Pigs in 7 groups were given tiamulin in the drinking water (to supply 7.7 mg/kg of body weight/day) for 3 days before and for 2 days after monensin administration. Monensin was given as a single oral dose (at 0, 7.5, 15, 25, 50, 75, or 100 mg/kg) to pigs in groups with or without tiamulin exposure. Prominent acute clinical signs of monensin toxicosis (hypermetria, hind limb ataxia, paresis, knuckling of hind limbs, and recumbency) developed by 2 to 6 hours after dosing in pigs given 15 or 25 mg of monensin/kg with tiamulin exposure, but not in pigs given the 15 or 25 mg of monensin/kg without tiamulin exposure. Also, the extent of monensin-induced skeletal muscle damage at 4 days after monensin dosing was enhanced in pigs given 7.5, 15, or 25 mg of monensin/kg and exposed to tiamulin. In study 2, 48 weanling male pigs were allotted to 8 groups of 6 each. Four groups of pigs were given 20 mg of monensin/kg orally, and 4 groups were given 100 mg of monensin/kg orally. For each monensin dose, a group was treated 24 hours before monensin administration with (i) selenium (Se)-vitamin E preparation, 0.25 mg of Se and 68 IU of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate (vitamin E)/kg, IM; (ii) vitamin E only, 68 IU of d-alpha-tocopheryl acetate/kg; (iii) Se only, 0.25 mg of Se/kg; or (iv) vehicle.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)  相似文献   

17.
In this study, a paratuberculosis (Johne's disease) model was developed by intragastrically dosing gnotobiotic athymic nude mice with Mycobacterium paratuberculosis. The mice infrequently shed bacilli from their intestinal tracts during the first 4 months after inoculation. Following this time, increasing numbers of M. paratuberculosis (greater than 4.0 log10 bacilli per fecal pellet by 40 weeks) were recovered from the feces of the 12 mice that remained in the isolator. A similar pattern of recovery of M. paratuberculosis was obtained from the ileum, cecum, colon, and liver. Histopathologic lesions and acid-fast bacilli were rare during the first 4 months of infection and then, with time, increased in prevalence and severity. Mice maintained for 7 months or longer exhibited severe granulomatous inflammation and large numbers of acid-fast bacilli in the gastrointestinal tract and liver (up to 10(8) log10 colony forming units per gram wet weight). Five mice maintained for 7 months or more developed clinical signs consistent with those seen in paratuberculosis (weight loss, chronic diarrhea); three of these mice eventually died or became moribund and were euthanatized. M. paratuberculosis monoassociated mice released increased levels of tumor necrosis factor activity into their sera, as compared to uninfected control mice, when they were injected with bacterial lipopolysaccharide. The clinical signs, fecal shedding of M. paratuberculosis, granuloma formation, and progressive bacillary multiplication observed with these mice are consistent with naturally occurring M. paratuberculosis infection of ruminants (Johne's disease). This model will be useful for future studies of immunoregulation and antimicrobial therapy of paratuberculosis.  相似文献   

18.
The antidotal efficacy of aqueous garlic extract, methylene blue, and velenium (Vitamin E + sodium selenite) was compared against experimental nitrate intoxication in rabbits. Forty-two, albino rabbits of identical age, gender, and body weight were randomly divided into 7 groups (A to G) and subjected to experimental treatments for a period of 40 days. Rabbits of group A were offered only normal feed and served as negative control, while, rabbits of group B constituted the positive control group and received feed supplemented with sodium nitrate at 400 mg/kg body weight. Sodium nitrate-containing feed and intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight were administered to group C. Rabbits of group D were given sodium nitrate-supplemented feed and aqueous garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight through oral route. Group E was treated with sodium nitrate-added feed, intraperitoneal injection of 1% methylene blue solution at 2 mg/kg body weight, and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg. Velenium (25 mg of Vitamin E + 2.2 mg of sodium selenite per ml) was intraperitoneally injected at 1 ml/kg body weight to rabbits of group F along with the provision of sodium nitrate-supplemented feed. In addition to being fed with sodium nitrate-containing feed, group G obtained intraperitoneal injection of velenium at 1 ml/kg body weight and oral administration of garlic extract at 500 mg/kg body weight. The efficacy of antidotes was assessed on the basis of changes in blood nitrite level, biochemical profile, and gross pathological lesions manifested by the treated rabbits. The combination of methylene blue and garlic extract was highly effective in treating nitrate toxicity followed by methylene blue, garlic extract, and velenium, respectively. Whereas, the concurrent administration of garlic extract and velenium was least efficacious in terms of antidotal efficacy. In conclusion, aqueous garlic extract can be effectively used either alone or in combination with methylene blue when treating rabbits diagnosed with nitrate toxicity.  相似文献   

19.
本试验旨在比较饲粮添加不同生物制剂对杜寒杂交肉羊生产性能、屠宰性能、组织器官发育及肉品质的影响。采用单因素试验设计,选取平均体重约为32 kg的杜寒杂交F1代肉羊160只,随机分为5组,每组4个重复,每个重复8只。对照组采用基础饲粮,试验组分别添加21 mg/kg莫能菌素、4×109CFU/kg地衣芽孢杆菌、3.2×109CFU/kg酿酒酵母菌、1.1 g/kg复合生物制剂(地衣芽孢杆菌≥6×109CFU/g、酿酒酵母菌≥4×109CFU/g、碱性蛋白酶≥1 000 U/g)。预试期10 d,正试期56 d,每2 d记录1次采食量,每20 d进行1次称重,当复合生物制剂组羊只的平均体重达到约50 kg时,每组选取10只羊进行屠宰,测定其屠宰性能、组织器官重量和肉品质指标。结果表明:1)复合生物制剂组平均日增重、屠宰率显著高于对照组(P0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组和复合生物制剂组料重比显著低于对照组(P0.05)。2)地衣芽孢杆菌组、酿酒酵母菌组、复合生物制剂组复胃重量均显著高于对照组(P0.05),复合生物制剂组复胃重量占宰前活重比例显著高于对照组和莫能菌素组(P0.05);地衣芽孢杆菌组、酿酒酵母菌组、复合生物制剂组小肠重量及其占宰前活重比例均显著高于对照组、莫能菌素组(P0.05)。3)酿酒酵母菌组肾脏重量占宰前活重比例显著高于对照组(P0.05),其他内脏器官重量占宰前活重比例在各组间无显著差异(P0.05)。4)各组肉品质指标差异不显著(P0.05)。综合得出,从作为饲料添加剂对肉羊生产性能作用效果来看,地衣芽孢杆菌、酿酒酵母菌、复合生物制剂可以替代莫能菌素,地衣芽孢杆菌好于酿酒酵母菌,复合生物制剂最佳。  相似文献   

20.
A feeding trial with naturally deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated oats included in feed mixtures at graded levels was conducted in growing pigs. The DON concentrations were 0, 0.7, 1.7, and 3.5 mg/kg of complete feed mixture givenad libitum to different groups. The data recorded were feed consumption, body weight gain, slaughter weight, biochemical and haematological data including serum immunoglobulin A, clinical condition and post-mortem pathology including histopathology.Significantly decreasing body weight gain throughout the experimental period, decreased slaughter weight and reduced feed utilization efficiency were observed for the group fed a diet containing 3.5 mg/kg of DON. At the same DON concentration, there were increased liver weights and decreased concentrations of serum protein and albumin, and a temporary fall in packed blood cell volume, serum calcium and serum phosphorus. For the groups fed diets containing 1.7 and 3.5 mg/kg of DON, a statistically significant, dose-related decrease in daily feed consumption was observed. No other effects on haematological, biochemical or immunological parameters were recorded. The carcass quality was not affected in any group.It was concluded that significant effects in growing pigs may be observed at a dietary DON concentration of 1.7 mg/kg, originating from naturally contaminated oats included in a diet that was otherwise adequate and contained only minor traces of other mycotoxins.Abbreviations ALAT alanine aminotransferase - ASAT aspartate aminotransferase - CFU colony-forming units - DON deoxynivalenol - 3-ac-DON 3-acetyl-deoxynivalenol - F.U. feed unit - FUS-X fusarenon-X - HPLC high-pressure liquid chromatography - IgA immunoglobulin A - NFSA nutrient-free sporulation agar - NIV nivalenol - PDA potato dextrose agar  相似文献   

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