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1.
<正> 引言在对放牧的反刍家畜采食习性的研究中,发现草地结构的差异对单口采食量的变化有很大影响。随着单口采食量的下降,采食口数有所增加,放牧时间延长。但这种变化并不稳定,而且单口采食量的减少很难获得补偿,很少有文献报道关于牛和绵羊对草地状况的变化在习性方面反应的比较研究。本文对此问题作了专门研究,比较了在整个放牧期间牛和绵羊对不同类型草地和草地结构变化的反应。 相似文献
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本研究对反刍家畜采食量的研究发展与现状进行了回顾与总结,采食量及其相关术语的定义主要基于饲草料或家畜,其测定方法和精确含义有差异;反刍家畜采食是由生物和非生物因素相互作用共同影响的复杂动态过程,采食量影响因子主要分为家畜的(胃肠蠕动力、选择性采食等)、饲草料的(粗纤维含量、抗营养成分等)和饲养条件的(草层结构、草地饮水点分布等)因素3个方面;采食量的测定方法有基于牧草测定的直接法和基于家畜测定的间接法,后者较多地应用于放牧家畜;预测方法有基于数学函数和生物学原理的模型法,基于消化试验的经验法和结合家畜属性的改进经验法。舍饲条件下可准确地测定和预测家畜的采食量,但对放牧家畜还没有精确的方法。通过测定与饲草水平密切相关的家畜尿液、血液或粪便中的代谢物水平将成为预测放牧家畜采食量的准确方法。 相似文献
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<正> 绪言作为测定放牧家畜采食量的一般方法可以列举出收割法,体重差法、不消化指示物质法等,此外,虽然还提出食道瘘管(Fistula)法和第一胃(rumen)瘘管法等可是测定值的精确程度和测定操作复杂程度等存在问题仍然是很多的。关于家畜的放牧活动,已经进行了许多研究,特别是了解到放牧时的采食行为,以及反刍行为,与采食量是有某些关系。然而,采食和反刍行为受着草地的植被,草的质量以及其他多种条件的影响,反刍行为与采食草之间存在的相互关系尚未进行过充分的探讨。 相似文献
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旨在研究高比例过瘤胃脂肪日粮对生长期呼伦贝尔羊采食量和采食行为的影响。试验选取12只平均体重为(20±1.9)kg的呼伦贝尔羊随机分配到对照组(CON)和高脂组(23.65%过瘤胃高脂日粮,HF),每组6只,并用摄像头连续记录各试验呼伦贝尔羊的行为活动。连续观察并记录试验羊正试期第83和84天的行为,包括：采食、反刍、饮水、站立、卧倒行为,计算每个行为活动在24 h内的总分钟数,并通过干物质、脂肪、粗蛋白采食量来计算每千克日粮采食时间、采食次数、干物质采食速度、脂肪采食速度、粗蛋白采食速度等指标。结果表明,日粮添加高比例过瘤胃脂肪显著降低生长呼伦贝尔羊精料采食量、干物质采食量和粗蛋白的采食量及采食速度(P<0.05),降低呼伦贝尔羊的采食次数、每日反刍时间、每千克日粮的反刍时间和饮水时间(P<0.05),增加粗脂肪采食量和采食速度(P<0.01)。综上表明,日粮添加高比例过瘤胃脂肪可能通过影响生长肉羊采食次数来降低精料采食量,并减少其饮水行为。 相似文献
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采食是动物-植物相互作用的重要途径,是维持生态系统物质和能量循环的主要过程。动物的生产水平和草地的可持续性取决于动物的采食量,明确放牧家畜采食量是草地管理的关键之一。目前,直接观测法、指示剂法、粪氮指数法和近红外光谱法等现有技术被广泛运用到采食量的测定中。直接观测法利用较低成本对采食量进行计算,但主观性较强;食道瘘管法能够把握采食量却忽略了动物福利;近红外光谱法和饱和链烷烃法在测定采食量的同时能够认识家畜的择食特征。为此,本文对现有常规测定方法进行综述,分析影响测定放牧家畜采食量的主要因素,并提出放牧行为与无人机技术相结合等新思路,为今后草原精准化管理提供技术支撑。 相似文献
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本文介绍了目前广泛运用于草地放牧研究中的食道瘘管法的发展、食道瘘管手术及护理、食道瘘管样的制取、食道瘘管样品用于放牧家畜采食的营养成分、植物成分、采食量和消化率方面的测定，以及与其它常用的方法——放牧前后样方测定法、扣笼与未扣笼双样方法和模拟家畜采食采摘法对放牧家畜采食的营养成分、植物成分、采食量和消化率测定的比较，认为代表放牧家畜真实采食日粮的食道疹管样在以上各项指标的测定中都优于其它测定方法所得到的样品，更能代表放牧家畜的实际采食习性。 相似文献
7.
<正> 放牧奶牛的采食置可以用测定牧草('t Mannerje,1978)或测定家畜来进行估算(Ragmond,1969;Corbett,1978)。在草地采样技术中,根据放牧前和放牧后取样的差异法,对提供有效的牧草采食量测定,具有最大的潜力;但只有当放牧期较短和家畜密度相当高时才能体现出来(Pigden和 Miason,1969)。用未消化产物的比率法测定家畜估算采食量(Ragmond,1969; 相似文献
8.
放牧家畜的采食量是人们了解放牧系统动力学的关键之一。研究已查明，了解了放牧家畜的采食量和采食成分就能明晰家畜的营养状况，预测其生产性能，从而为草地管理决策提供目标，为优化资源利用提供基础数据。然而，估测放牧家畜的采食量及其组分是困难的，也是昂贵的。虽然那些改进的技术和方法有效地增强了人们获取家畜牧食行为数据的能力，但是测定放牧动物的采食量、采食成分和养分消化率一直以来都是营养学研究的挑战，方法众多，却各有利弊。因此，本研究针对目前估测放牧家畜采食量和采食成分的常用方法，如模拟采食法、牧前牧后差额法、酸不溶灰分法、三结合法、植物蜡层指示剂法和近红外光谱技术法，对它们的利弊和准确性进行讨论，并探析未来发展趋向，为今后的研究提供资料。 相似文献
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放牧家畜采食量是评价草地生态系统转化效率和动物生产力的主要参数,受草地植被生长情况、环境条件、放牧方式、家畜生理特征及其瘤胃内环境等因素影响。放牧家畜采食量的准确测定一直以来都是食性研究的难点和热点问题,关系到动物营养状态的评估、补饲策略的制定以及食性理论的探索。传统采食量估测方法大多基于观察法或放牧前后牧草生物量差值法,这些方法对动物的干扰较小,但是受技术本身和适用范围的限制,如未能估测单个动物的采食量,很难适用于大范围的采食量估测。链烷烃技术和近红外技术的出现为准确测定采食量提供了前所未有的机遇,不仅能克服传统测定方法的缺点,还在准确率、适用范围（圈养动物和放牧动物）等方面优势较为明显,但由于粪便回收率和数据库完整性等因素的影响,目前应用于生物多样性较高草地的放牧动物采食量估测尚有难度。在简要总结不同方法的原理和影响因素基础上,综述了差值法、内标法、链烷烃法和近红外法在放牧家畜采食量测定方面取得的最新进展及存在的问题,并建议多种方法结合可以准确测定放牧家畜采食量,以期为制定合理的草地生态系统管理策略和实现草地可持续生态服务功能提供新思路和启发。 相似文献
10.
2006年7~10月在科尔沁草地研究了不同放牧制度下科尔沁牛的牧食行为。结果表明:科尔沁牛的采食选择性很强,不仅表现在牧草的种类上,还表现在牧草的生长季节上,主要选择那些易消化的植物种类或部位,在两种放牧制度的食谱中狗尾草所占的比例均高于45%。植物种群采食后的平均留茬高度在不同放牧制度和不同月份具有不同的表现,轮牧条件下表现为10月份7月份8月份9月份;自由放牧条件下表现为10月份9月份8月份7月份。不同放牧制度下的采食速率、采食习性、排泄行为不同,轮牧条件下采食时间和采食路线短,采食速率和采食量高,反刍?卧息和站立时间均较长,排粪和排尿次数少。 相似文献
11.
In late December 1985, 1485 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1985 and 44% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 137,300 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1210 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 36 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number diagnosed in 1985 as 1247 (0.91%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island, Newfoundland and Saskatchewan but most (1126) of the cases were in Ontario. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. From Quebec, 91 cases were reported mostly from and around Montreal. From Manitoba, 19 cases were reported from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 28% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 78% had a history of not having left Canada. 相似文献
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In late November 1988, 1581 small and mixed animal clinics and institutional veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1988, and 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 181,577 dogs were blood-tested for heartworm disease and 367 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 60 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1988 as 441 (0.24%). 相似文献
13.
In late December 1984, 1853 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1984 and 35% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 97,794 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 1417 dogs (1.45% of those tested) were found with heartworm. Another 34 dogs were amicrofilaremic, but were diagnosed as having heartworm disease, to give the total number diagnosed in 1984 as 1451 (1.48%). Heartworm was reported from all provinces except Prince Edward Island and Newfoundland but most (1310) of the cases were in Ontario. In Quebec, 126 cases were reported mostly from west of Montreal. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 27% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 72% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection. 相似文献
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In late November 1989, 1732 clinics and institutional veterinarians were sent a questionnaire to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis, and 51.7% responded. Of 247,716 dogs tested, 394 had D. immitis microfilariae and 51 were amicrofilaremic for a total of 445 cases and heartworm prevalence of 0.17%. Most (408) of these dogs had no preventive medication and the prevalence among dogs tested and unprotected was 1.01%. That prevalence was considerably higher in endemic areas. Thirty-seven dogs with heartworm had preventive medication. Heartworm was most frequent in companion dogs over three years of age maintained outdoors in rural areas. About 75% of the cases had never left Canada, 26% had clinical signs and 125 were not treated. Heartworm was reported from British Columbia, Manitoba, Ontario, Quebec, Nova Scotia and Newfoundland, but 383 cases were in Ontario. South-western Ontario was the primary focus of infection. There were 33 cases in Quebec and 24 in Manitoba, mainly found in and around Metropolitan Montreal and Winnipeg respectively. 相似文献
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In late November 1987, 1246 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1987, and 50% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 165,428 dogs were blood tested for heartworm disease and 511 dogs were found with D. immitis microfilariae. Another 78 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease to give the total number of cases diagnosed in 1987 as 589 (0.35%). 相似文献
17.
In late December 1986, 1224 institutional veterinarians and small and mixed animal clinics across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of Dirofilaria immitis in Canada in 1986; 46% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 150,989 dogs were blood-tested for microfilariae and 869 dogs were found with heartworm. Another 65 dogs were amicrofilaremic but diagnosed with heartworm disease and one was found with heartworm at necropsy to give the total number diagnosed in 1986 as 935 (0.62%). Heartworm was reported from Manitoba, New Brunswick, Ontario and Quebec, but most (810) of the cases were from Ontario. South-western Ontario continued to be the primary focus of the infection in Canada. There were 103 cases reported from Quebec, mostly from and around Montreal, and 21 cases from Manitoba, from Winnipeg and surrounding areas. Heartworm was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 33% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 81% had a history of not having left Canada. 相似文献
19.
In late December 1983, 2 800 veterinarians across Canada were sent a questionnaire in order to assess the status of heartworm disease in Canada in 1983 and 26% of them responded. Veterinarians reported that 59 504 dogs were blood-tested to check for microfilariae and 771 dogs (1.30% of those tested) were found with Dirofilaria immitis. Heartworm disease was diagnosed in all provinces except New Brunswick and Newfoundland but most (733) of the cases were in Ontario. Heartworm disease was found most frequently in companion dogs over three years of age maintained mainly outdoors in rural areas. About 31% of the cases were observed with clinical signs of heartworm disease and 64% had a history of not having left Canada. Southwestern Ontario continues to be the focus of the infection and most of the dogs there had not left the province previously. 相似文献
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