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1.
The brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER) was recorded from 20 dogs, 10 exhibiting vestibular deficit, and 10 presented with a history of seizures. Two dogs exhibited both types of signs. Abnormalities of the BAER, prolonged interwave latency, were seen in 8 of the 10 animals with vestibular problems, and in 7 of the 10 animals with seizure history. Several different diagnosis were associated with BAER abnormalities in both groups of animals. In 55.5% of the cases exhibiting abnormalities of the BAER, postmortem evidence of brainstem pathology was not detected. The electroencephalogram (EEG) was normal in three instances of abnormalities of the BAER. The BAER was normal in three dogs with abnormalities of the EEG. The BAER is presented as a useful diagnostic tool for brain lesions in animals with vestibular deficit and seizure history, but appears most useful when used in conjuction with the EEG. Correlations of abnormalities of the BAER and clinical course of disease are discussed.Publication No. 1707, School of Veterinary Medicine, Auburn University, AL 36849  相似文献   

2.
Toxicity of aminoglycoside antibiotics.   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  
In cats, aminoclycosides cause vestibular damage followed in a few days by renal damage. The reverse is true in the dog, except that streptomycin causes vestibular damage prior to renal damage. To avoid toxicities, therapeutic doses of aminoglycosides should not be given longer than a week and they should be given cautiously in animals with renal impairment. Failure of the kidneys to eliminate aminoglycosides will result in very high blood levels, even with therapeutic doses, that can cause further renal and vestibular damage. The oral administration of aminoglycosides is seldom dangerous when normal therapeutic doses are employed. Although it is remote, the possibility exists that animals with renal impairment and intestinal obstruction may become intoxicated. Kanamycin is less nephrotoxic to dogs than neomycin and it is less destructive to the auditory nerve than vestibular damage than streptomycin. Gentamicin in cats is twice as toxic to the vestibular apparatus as streptomycin and more toxic to the cochlea than streptomycin or dihydrostreptomycin. Neomycin is more toxic than kanamycin, gentamicin, and streptomycin to both cats and dogs. Amikacin causes renal damage in dogs similar to other aminoglycosides. It also causes vestibular damage.  相似文献   

3.
Two previously healthy 14-year-old horses developed right-sided unilateral vestibular signs after they had possibly been struck by lightning. Repeated radiographic and endoscopic evaluations did not reveal any significant changes. A brainstem auditory evoked response test indicated a subtle left to right interaural latency difference of waves I, III and V in the more severely affected pony, but its central conduction time remained normal.  相似文献   

4.
Dilated cardiomyopathy is a primary disease of the heart muscle that has been reported in Holstein-Friesian cattle worldwide in the past 20 years. Nine cases of the condition were compared in terms of their clinical and pathological characteristics with nine unaffected animals matched for age, sex and breed. Their clinical signs included right-sided heart failure with severe subcutaneous oedema, ascites and/or hydrothorax and distended jugular veins. There were no characteristic biochemical or haematological changes. Postmortem, the affected hearts were enlarged with all the chambers dilated and walls of variable thickness. In most cases the kidneys were pale with a pitted surface. Histologically there was marked perimysial and endomysial fibrosis, extensive loss of cardiomyocytes by coagulative or colliquative necrosis, increased variation in the cross-sectional area of the myocardial fibres, and multifocal disarray and vacuolation of myocytes. Scanning electron microscopy showed that in all cases there was a mild myocardial inflammatory infiltrate, either diffuse or multifocal, which was identified by immunohistochemical labelling as T cells.  相似文献   

5.
The aims of this study were twofold: to develop and test an animal-based protocol for the assessment of the physical and emotional elements of the welfare of laying hens on free-range units and to investigate the effects of different approaches to housing and management on the welfare of the birds. The protocol was tested on 25 free-range units for laying hens, each of which was visited on four occasions by one of five trained observers; further information about husbandry, health and productivity was gathered from interviews with the farmers. Measures of the birds' attitude included arousal, noise, flight distance and response to a novel object, measures of their activity included feather pecking, aggression and use of range, and measures of their physical welfare included mortality, body condition and egg quality. Increased arousal was associated with increased flight distance, greater reluctance to approach a novel object and higher levels of feather pecking and feather loss, but the correlation between pecking and feather loss was low. The birds maintained body condition throughout the period of lay. Neither body condition, feather pecking nor feather loss was affected by the extent of beak trimming. Estimated losses (deaths and culls) ranged from 1.8 to 21.4 per cent (median 6.95 per cent). Few birds showed signs of ill health, limb lesions or red mite infestation. No feature of building design had a significant effect on mortality, but there were consistent differences in the birds' attitude, behaviour and performance attributable to the type of floor and the presence or absence of perches, which suggested that the welfare of the hens was inferior when they were housed on plastic floors with no perches.  相似文献   

6.
Ovine GM-1 gangliosidosis is an inherited lysosomal storage disease. Nine lambs affected with the disease were studied to characterize clinical signs and to determine if there were any pathognomonic clinicopathologic abnormalities. Evaluation included physical, ophthalmic, and neurologic examinations, complete blood counts, serum enzyme and electrolyte analyses, urinalyses, cerebrospinal fluid analyses, blood gas analyses, roentgenograms, electromyograms, and electrocardiograms. Two affected lambs had clinicopathologic tests performed before and after the onset of clinical signs. The only consistent abnormalities recognized were nonspecific signs referable to the central nervous system; predominantly ataxia, conscious proprioceptive deficit most severe in the hind limbs, blindness, and recumbency. Lambs continued to eat and drink, though at diminished levels and with loss of body condition. It was concluded that there are no pathognomonic clinicopathologic abnormalities associated with ovine GM-1 gangliosidosis, and antemortem diagnosis requires enzyme assay of leukocytes or cultured fibroblasts, or lectin histochemistry of tissues obtained by biopsy. Lysosomal storage diseases should be considered among the differential diagnoses in young animals presenting with early neonatal death or with nonspecific neurological signs, in concert with an absence of diagnostic clinicopathologic findings.  相似文献   

7.
Tacrolimus is a nonsteroidal alternative to treat noninfectious otitis externa (OE) in people. This 21‐day study investigated whether twice daily application (0.2 mL/dose) of sterile olive oil based 0.1% tacrolimus suspension in ears of atopic beagle dogs without OE was associated with adverse local reactions, development of OE, change in otic cytology, vestibular dysfunction, or hearing loss detected by brainstem auditory evoked response (BAER). The study was randomized, double‐blinded, and placebo‐controlled. Twenty‐two dogs matched for age and sex were randomized to tacrolimus or vehicle control treatment groups. Two investigators independently evaluated dogs for signs of adverse effects including OE the first 4 days of treatment, then every 3 days. A logistic regression model was fit for each investigator’s clinical scores (SAS, 9.2, 2008). Time (P = 0.0032) and group (P = 0.0167) were always significant for OE. Inter‐observer reliability of clinical scores was strong, measured using Kappa coefficients and proportion of agreement. All nine exclusions (7/10 control‐ and 2/12 tacrolimus‐treated dogs) were excluded for yeast OE. Inter‐observer agreement to exclude was 100%. All dogs not excluded had normal BAER assessments before treatment, weekly during treatment, and after 21 days of treatment. None showed vestibular abnormalities at these times. Tacrolimus blood concentrations (Abbott IMx Tacrolimus II) were below detection limits (3 ng/mL) at baseline and after 21 days of treatment. Results suggest otic application of olive oil based tacrolimus suspension to canine ears with intact tympanic membranes is unlikely to result in hearing loss or vestibular dysfunction but yeast OE is a possible risk.  相似文献   

8.
Abstract— The clinical, histopathological and ultrastructural features of a spayed female Siamese cat with a three-and-a-half year history of progressive cutaneous depigmentation are described. Clinically the condition was characterised by progressive leukoderma of the nose, pinna and footpad skin, and multifocal leukotrichia involving the whole body. Histopathological and ultrastructural studies confirmed the absence of melanocytes and melanin in the epidermis and hair follicles of affected areas. Immunohistochemical study revealed areas with absence of immune response to anti-vimentin antiserum, which was interpreted as a loss of dendritic cells, especially melanocytes. Diagnosis of vitiligo was based on the clinical signs and pathological features. This study adds a new case of this uncommon condition in the cat, and documents some previously non-reported features of feline vitiligo, such as the chronic progressive and generalised nature of the skin lesions, and its reversible character with partial lentiginous repigmentation on the pinna.  相似文献   

9.
Animal tuberculosis (aTB) is a zoonotic disease characterized by granulomatous lesions on affected tissues, occurring as a consequence of immunological response to infection. Mycobacterium bovis, the main causative agent of aTB, was investigated in Brazilian wild boars with 37.7 % (29/77) positivity. Among these animals, most had no macroscopic tuberculosis-like lesions (89.6 %; 26/29). The existence of co-infections, which may alter an individual's immune response to an immunological challenge, could influence the formation of tuberculosis lesions. Therefore, we investigated Metastrongylus sp. and aTB co-infection to seek an explanation for the absence of macroscopic lesions in aTB. Of the tested animals, 77.9 % (60/77) had Metastrongylus sp., however, there was no association between its occurrence and the pattern of aTB lesions. The absence of tuberculous lesions in infected animals is worrisome, especially to hunters who handle their carcasses, potentially assuming that the animal is healthy. Studies evaluating other possibilities that can explain the absence of lesions in infected animals should be carried out to better understand these findings.  相似文献   

10.
Brain stem auditory-evoked response (BAER) is a noninvasive technique used for detecting neurophysiological abnormalities of the brain stem along the auditory pathway. Brain stem auditory-evoked response recordings were obtained from subcutaneous skin electrodes from two control sheep and 22 other sheep fed high sulfur (S) diets with low or high concentration of thiamine (B1), copper (Cu), and molybdenum (Mo). At least four peaks (I,II,III,IV) of varied amplitude were observed in all animals. Neurophysiological abnormalities due to decreased conductivity and/or excitability of nerve fibers along the auditory pathway were found on the BAER recordings of sheep fed high S diet. Abnormalities of peaks and interpeak latencies within BAER recordings were related to histopathological observations of brain stem lesions. Lesions in the areas of the cochlear nuclei and lateral lemniscus were seen in conjunction with altered BAER components. However, abnormalities in BAER recordings and lesions in the brain stem also occurred in the absence of overt clinical signs. Analysis of interpeak latencies between peaks I and IV revealed significant differences among dietary groups. Sheep given diets low in Cu, Mo, and B1 were affected most. Factorial analysis indicated B1 and interactions among Cu, Mo, and B1 as significant factors influencing interpeak latencies.  相似文献   

11.
Background: Facial and vestibulocochlear nerve dysfunction occurs commonly in horses with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO); however, auditory dysfunction has not been thoroughly assessed.
Objective: To determine if auditory abnormalities occur in horses with THO.
Animals: Eleven diseased and 8 control horses.
Methods: This is a prospective study in which brainstem auditory-evoked responses (BAER) were recorded in 11 horses diagnosed with THO through neurologic, endoscopic, radiographic, or computed tomographic examinations. BAER findings were compared with those recorded from 8 adult control horses.
Results: All horses with THO were found to have BAER abnormalities that included complete unilateral BAER loss (82%, n = 9/11), partial unilateral BAER loss (18%, n = 2/11) on the most affected side, and contralateral partial BAER loss (46%, n = 5/11). Nine horses had bilateral THO based on diagnostic imaging findings; of these, 5 (56%) horses also had bilateral BAER abnormalities. The complete absence of BAER in affected horses was most consistent with peripheral sensorineural hearing loss. There was a significant association between complete BAER loss and neurologic and diagnostic abnormalities.
Conclusions and Clinical Importance: Auditory abnormalities such as complete or partial BAER loss are common in horses with THO. The BAER test is an objective diagnostic tool that can aid along with other diagnostic modalities in the assessment, management, and follow-up of horses with THO. Furthermore, BAER studies may help to elucidate the pathophysiology of THO in horses.  相似文献   

12.
Clinically healthy mixed breed dogs (n = 20) were used to determine if a Tris (tromethamine)-buffered test solution, Otinide (Trademark of Dermcare-Vet Pty-Ltd, Australia), containing disodium ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA; 1.21 g/L) and polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB; 0.22 g/L) caused ototoxicity or vestibular dysfunction. The dogs were randomly assigned to either a control group (group A, n = 10) receiving saline, or a treatment group (group B, n = 10) receiving the test solution. Phase 1 of the study consisted of applying 5.0 mL of saline to both ears of the control group (group A) and 5 mL of test solution to both ears of the test group (group B), for 21 days. A bilateral myringotomy was then performed on each dog under deep sedation. Phase 2 of the study then consisted of applying 2.0 mL of the saline to both ears of the control group (group A) and 2.0 mL of the test solution to both ears of the test group (group B), for 14 days. Throughout the study, dogs were examined for clinical health, and underwent otoscopic, vestibular and auditory examinations. The auditory examinations included brainstem auditory evoked potential (BAEP) threshold and supra-threshold assessments using both click and 8 kHz tone burst stimuli. The absence of vestibular signs and effects on the BAEP attributable to the test solution suggested the test solution could be applied safely to dogs, including those with a damaged tympanic membrane.  相似文献   

13.
Dogs with chronic pain have a compromised quality of life. Repeatable and accurate sensory assessments form a means by which the hypersensitivity likely to reflect chronic pain may be quantified. These assessments can be applied to individuals to identify those that may benefit from improved analgesic relief. In this study four sensory assessments were evaluated in dogs presenting with a naturally occurring chronic painful condition (cranial cruciate ligament rupture, CCLR) and were compared with healthy control animals of similar age and weight. Inter-digital von Frey filament and thermal sensitivity tests revealed that the affected hind limb of dogs with CCLR was significantly more sensitive than the opposing limb. Static weight bearing and gait parameter scores were also reduced in the affected hind limb compared to the opposing hind limb of dogs with CCLR; no such differences were found between the hind limbs of healthy (control) dogs. The quantitative sensory tests permitted the differentiation of limbs affected by CCLR from healthy limbs. Dogs presenting with CCLR demonstrate objectively quantitative sensory sensitivities, which may require additional consideration in case management.  相似文献   

14.
To study the mechanisms by which certain West African taurine cattle are able to resist trypanosomiasis, the disease course and several immune parameters were examined in eleven Baoulé and five Zebu cattle after infection with tsetse-transmitted T. congolense (clone 1180 of stock Serengeti/71/STIB/212). All animals showed a similar onset of parasitemia but subsequently a continuum of disease was observed ranging from four Baoulé which were mildly susceptible (controlled parasitemia by week 10 post-infection and had little anemia) to two Baoulé and two Zebu which were highly susceptible (unable to control parasitemia, severe anemia leading to death or drug treatment in extremis). The remaining five Baoulé and three Zebu showed intermediate susceptibility. Although the most resistant animals were of the Baoulé breed, there was a spectrum of susceptibility which crossed the two breeds. Neutralizing antibody to metacyclic trypanosome antigens was detectable by day 18 in four of the mildly susceptible and three of the highly susceptible individuals but such antibodies were delayed in the remaining one severely susceptible animal. Neutralizing antibodies to antigenic variants of the first peak of blood trypanosomes were of significantly higher titre and appeared earlier in the four mildly susceptible as opposed to the highly susceptible animals. No differences in lymphocyte in vitro mitogen responses were observed in these animals except shortly before death in those severely affected. In vitro lymphocyte responses to allogeneic cells did appear to correlate with disease severity, in that animals with mild disease showed little immunosuppression of this response whilst in severely affected individuals the response was almost ablated.  相似文献   

15.
Whole-year free ranging of beef cattle and sheep is a low-cost keeping system, but during winter special regard is required because the insulating effect of barns is missed. Because of various reactions of adaptation to cold climate, beef cattle and sheep are able to cope with out-wintering. But reactions have to be supported by an animal friendly keeping system to prevent heat loss which could lead to cold stress. In addition to demand that only healthy animals with sufficient body fat should be wintered outdoors, animals must have experience with winter climate and area. Because of heat loss from wind and the observation that suckler cows avoided lying on cold and wet floor, a straw-bedded and wind protected lying area for all animals has to be provided. Suckler cows did not require a roofed shelter as investigations for 10 years in a low mountain range called Solling with an average annual precipitation of 850 to 900 mm showed. In all weather conditions cows were able to maintain homeothermy. Besides, fertility performance of out-wintered suckler cows was not negatively affected by keeping system. However, health condition of cows was positively influenced by out-wintering because of the absence of respiratory diseases and infections with ectoparasites. In addition, not only hardy breeds but also beef breeds were suitable for out-wintering which means that the low cost out-wintering could be combined with the production of meaty carcasses. However, in predestined areas magnesium supply of cows could be inadequate and in autumn stress associated with weaning or poor weather conditions could lead to hypomagnesaemia. Because of a low cold tolerance of newborn lambs, out-wintered lambing ewes required a roofed shelter with a straw-bedded floor and with 3 side walls. Only ewes with good mothering abilities should be wintered outdoors because the reliable adoption of lamb/lambs after birth, an early dry licking and a clear presentation of the udder increased vigour and as a result cold tolerance of newborn lambs.  相似文献   

16.
Cerebellar degeneration (abiotrophy) (CD) is a spontaneous and accelerated degeneration of one or several mature cerebellar neuronal cell populations and has been described in many domestic animals, especially in dogs, with numerous breed-related cases. In cats, CD is mentioned as a rare sporadic entity. Late onset CDs are exceptionally uncommon and only two cases are reported in young adults, both aged 18 months. This report describes clinical and pathological findings of a late onset feline CD in a 9-year-old male Persian cat. The cat was presented with a history of progressive ataxia lasting 2 years. Neurological examination revealed severe neurological deficits such as generalised and severe ataxia, hypermetria in all four limbs, and bilateral absence of menace response. The lesion was diffusely localised in cerebellum. On gross pathology, the cerebellum appeared of normal size and shape and kidneys were characterised by mild hyperaemia. Histologically, lesions were limited to the cerebellum and kidneys. In the cerebellum, all cerebellar folia of both hemispheres and the vermis were affected. Changes were characterised by severe and diffuse loss of Purkinje cells, loss of cellularity in the granular layer, mild astrogliosis associated with moderate hypertrophy of Bergmann's glia. Immunohistochemistry for feline parvovirus antigen revealed a negative result. Renal lesions consisted of chronic fibrosis associated with chronic interstitial nephritis. CD is a rare disease and occurs commonly in puppies or young animals, who are clinically normal at birth and usually develop neurological signs within a few weeks or months after birth. This report represents the first case of CD in a middle-aged cat.  相似文献   

17.
The neuropathology of 20 German shepherd dogs and five German shepherd dog crosses with chronic degenerative radiculomyelopathy were analysed by conventional techniques, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy. There were previously unrecognised changes in brain nuclei. In the spinal cord, both motor and sensory tracts were involved, principally in their more distal regions. Wallerian degeneration affected the corticorubrospinal pathways in the lateral columns and the ventral funiculi, predominantly in the caudal thoracic and lumbar segments, although more cranial involvement was also observed. The dorsal columns were affected in the caudal lumbar region and the cervical fasciculus gracilis. The regional distribution was variable between cases. Within the brain, abnormalities, including chromatolysis, gliosis and neuronal loss were observed in the red nucleus, lateral vestibular nucleus and, occasionally, in the dentate nucleus. The changes in brain nuclei were compared with those found in dogs at various times after a focal spinal injury. The neuronal changes in the brain may be related to the primary site of damage, and possible aetiological mechanisms are discussed.  相似文献   

18.
The need to evaluate sensory function in the dog is discussed. A group of techniques that use innate behaviors (species-typical behaviors) and are effective in the evaluation of sensory function of domestic animals are described. Techniques to measure olfactory, gustatory, auditory, and visual function are included.  相似文献   

19.
绵羊实验性黄花棘豆中毒的病理观察   总被引：4，自引：2，他引：2  
用发病区的黄花棘豆草对10只绵羊进行了人工饲喂试验。饲喂这种毒草经一定时间后,全部被试动物陆续发生了和自然病例相同的临床症状,主要表现沉郁和神经功能异常。对中枢神经系统用病理方法检查揭示,脑干神经核里的神经细胞和小脑浦肯野氏细胞发生了极严重的空泡变性,淋巴结和脾的网状内皮细胞以及肝、肾实质细胞也发现同样的病变。显然,动物的神经和免疫功能受损。作者认为,病初或中毒轻微时,与生命有关的细胞成分还不会发生死亡,所以在停止饲喂毒草,并及时给予治疗后,有可能使病情好转或痊愈。  相似文献   

20.
Equine grass sickness (EGS) is a neurodegenerative disease affecting grazing equids of which a single case of the chronic clinical presentation has previously been reported in a Przewalski's horse (Equus ferus [caballus] przewalskii). A group of 8 Przewalski's horses were moved to a new enclosure, recently vacated by a group of 4 Eastern kiang (Equus kiang holdereri) that showed no evidence of disease. After 23 days the first Przewalski's horse showed clinical signs of acute EGS including flank sweating, belly kicking, rapid loss of body condition, cessation of faecal passage, nasogastric reflux and mouthing water. It was subjected to euthanasia within 48 h due to lack of therapeutic response. Within 24 h of this first case developing clinical signs, a further 5 Przewalski's horses showed similar clinical signs of acute EGS and were subjected to euthanasia. Post mortem examinations confirmed acute EGS, with all animals demonstrating typical chromatolysis, cytoplasmic hypereosinophilia, cellular swelling, vacuolation, pyknosis and loss of nuclei in approximately 90% of neurones in the cranial cervical and cranial mesenteric ganglia and myenteric and submucosal plexi of the ileum. Two Przewalski's horses within the group showed no clinical signs of disease. No single pathogen was identified as the causal agent, but the epidemiological pattern of the outbreak was typical for that previously reported for acute EGS in domestic equids. All affected animals and the 2 surviving Przewalski's horses had low antibody titres to Clostridium botulinum type C. This is the first report of acute EGS in a herd of Przewalski's horses.  相似文献   

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