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1.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the association between respiratory tract infection with bovine coronavirus (BCV), treatment for respiratory tract disease, pulmonary lesions at slaughter, and average daily gain in cattle in feedlots. ANIMALS: 837 calves in feedlots in Ohio and Texas. PROCEDURE: Nasal swab specimens were obtained from cattle at arrival in a feedlot (day 0) and at various times during the initial 28 days after arrival. Specimens were tested for BCV, using an antigen-capture ELISA. Serum samples were obtained at arrival and again 28 days after arrival and tested for antibodies to BCV, using an antibody-detection ELISA. Information was collected regarding treatment for cattle with respiratory tract disease and average daily gain during the feeding period. Pulmonary lesions were evaluated at slaughter. RESULTS: Cattle shedding BCV from the nasal cavity and developing an antibody response against BCV were 1.6 times more likely to require treatment for respiratory tract disease than cattle that did not shed the virus or develop an immune response against BCV. Additionally, cattle that shed BCV from the nasal cavity were 2.2 times more likely to have pulmonary lesions at slaughter than cattle that did not shed the virus. The BCV shedding or seroconversion status did not affect average daily gain. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Bovine coronavirus infects feedlot cattle and is associated with an increased risk for cattle developing respiratory tract disease and pulmonary lesions. Development of appropriate control measures could help reduce the incidence of respiratory tract disease.  相似文献   

2.
The presence and severity of lung lesions recorded post-mortem is commonly used as an indicator to assess the prevalence of respiratory problems in batches of bovines. In the context of a welfare monitoring based on on-farm measures, the recording of clinical signs on calves at the farm would be more convenient than the recording of lung lesions at slaughter. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between clinical respiratory signs at farm and post-mortem analyses of lung lesions observed at slaughter in veal calves. If clinical signs were a good predictor of lung lesions it could be possible to integrate only those measures in a welfare monitoring system. One-hundred-and-seventy-four batches of calves were observed 3 times: at 3 and 13 weeks after arrival of the calves at the unit and at 2 weeks before slaughter. For each batch a maximum of 300 calves was observed and the proportions of calves showing abnormal breathing, nasal discharge and coughing were recorded. Post-mortem inspection was carried out on a sample of lungs belonging to calves from the observed batches. Each examined lung was classified according to a 4-point scale for pneumonia from healthy lung (score 0) to severe lesions (score 3). The clinical signs recorded infra vitam were significantly correlated with moderate and severe lung lesions for observations at 13 weeks and 2 weeks before slaughter and the level of the correlation was highly variable (r(sp) from 0.16 to 0.40). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were created and the area under the curves showed that batches with a high proportion of lungs with moderate or severe lesions could not be accurately detected by the three clinical signs of respiratory disorders. These results suggest that both clinical signs and post-mortem inspection of lung lesions must be included in a welfare monitoring schemes for veal calves.  相似文献   

3.
Growth, morbidity, and slaughter data from 2,036 calves in 2 South African feedlots were used to estimate the effect of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) and of lung lesion type and extent on growth during the early (processing to d 35) and late (d 35 to slaughter) finishing periods. Calves were weighed at processing (d 5 after arrival), on d 35, and at slaughter after a mean of 137 d on feed. All calves were monitored twice daily and were treated for BRD if rectal temperature was > 40 degrees C or if other specific signs of BRD were present. After slaughter, the occurrence and extent of parenchymal bronchopneumonic lesions and pleural adhesions were recorded. Subclinical BRD (never treated but with lung lesions at slaughter) occurred in 29.7% and clinical BRD in 22.6% of calves. Lung lesions were present in 43% of calves at slaughter; 8.6% had parenchymal lesions and 38.8% had pleural adhesions. Using a combined case definition (treated for BRD and/or lung lesions present at slaughter), the incidence of BRD was 52.5%. During the early finishing period, clinical BRD reduced ADG by 216 g (P < 0.001), subclinical BRD reduced ADG by 91 g (P < 0.001), and the combined effect of BRD was a 143 g reduction in ADG (P < 0.001). After d 35, animals treated for BRD tended to grow faster than those with subclinical BRD (P = 0.11), indicating that treatment was generally successful in reducing economic losses. The extent of bronchopneumonic lesions at slaughter was not associated with reduced growth during the early finishing period (P = 0.27), but extensive lesions reduced ADG by 88 g during the late period (P = 0.02). In contrast, the extent of pleural adhesions was not associated with reduced growth rate during the late finishing period (P = 0.37) but was strongly associated with reduced ADG before d 35; there was a 101 g reduction (P < 0.001) and a 220 g reduction (P = 0.01) for adhesions involving < 50% and > 50% of the pleural surfaces, respectively. Thus, although the presence of bronchopneumonic lesions and pleural adhesions at slaughter were both associated with reductions in overall ADG, they were indicative of production losses having occurred at different times during the finishing period. The overall effect of BRD was a 24 g reduction in ADG (P = 0.02) and a 5.1 d increase in days on feed (P < 0.001). The hidden cost of reduced growth rate due to BRD amounted to $3.41 per calf with clinical or subclinical BRD, or $1.79 per animal entering the feedlot.  相似文献   

4.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate eating and drinking behaviors and their association with bovine respiratory disease complex (BRDC) and to evaluate methods of diagnosing BRDC. ANIMALS: 170 newly arrived calves at a feedlot. PROCEDURE: Eating and drinking behaviors of calves were recorded at a feedlot. Calves with clinical signs of BRDC were removed from their pen and classified retrospectively as sick or not sick on the basis of results of physical and hematologic examinations. Pulmonary lesions of all calves were assessed at slaughter. RESULTS: Calves that were sick had significantly greater frequency and duration of drinking 4 to 5 days after arrival than calves that were not sick. Sick calves had significantly lower frequency and duration of eating and drinking 11 to 27 days after arrival but had significantly greater frequency of eating 28 to 57 days after arrival than calves that were not sick. Calves at slaughter that had a higher percentage of lung tissue with pneumonic lesions had significantly lower frequency and duration of eating 11 to 27 days after arrival but had significantly higher frequency and duration of eating 28 to 57 days after arrival. Agreement for calves being sick and having severe pulmonary lesions at slaughter was adequate. Agreement for calves being removed and having pulmonary lesions at slaughter was low. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Eating and drinking behaviors were associated with signs of BRDC, but there was not an obvious predictive association between signs of BRDC in calves and eating and drinking behaviors. Fair to poor agreement was observed between antemortem and postmortem disease classification.  相似文献   

5.
Sheep lungs obtained at slaughter from 4 herds from Central Norway were subjected to a macroscopical examination. Gross pulmonary findings included normal lungs, fibrous pleurisy, verminous nodules, atelectasis and consolidations of lobular and lobar extensions. A selection of lungs representing the various gross findings was subjected to microbiological and histological examinations. Pleurisy was associated wtih pneumonic consolidations and extension of lesions. Verminous nodules indicative of Muellerius spp. migrations occurred irrespective of gross pulmonary lesions or microbiological findings. A subacute or chronic pneumonia of a mixed proliferative exudative type was demonstrated in consolidated tissue. An association was found between the isolation of Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae and the presence of pneumonic lesions and between the number of organisms and extension of lesions. Histological findings highly indicative of this organism were proliferative changes in the bronchiolar and bronchial epithelium and intrapulmonary lymphoid tissue. The intensity of these changes was correlated to the number of mycoplasma organisms present. Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae is suggested to be of primary etiological significance regarding subacute or chronic pneumonia in lambs at slaughter.  相似文献   

6.
A total of 8,711 sheep in 3 distinct age/sex groups were examined to determine for occurrence and extent of caseous lymphadenitis after slaughter at a major Western Australian abattoir. An adaptation of current mean inspection procedures to provide a numerical weighted evaluation according to number, site, and size of lesions was used to determine extent of involvement. Frequency in slaughter populations was estimated to be 3.4 +/- 0.6% for lambs, 41.8 +/- 3.9% for mixed-age rams, and 53.7 +/- 1.5% for adult ewes at 95% confidence intervals. The results confirmed that frequency increased with age, but also revealed increases in extent of involvement and occurrence of visceral lesions, particularly in association with lesions of the body. Nevertheless, lesions occurred more frequently in the body than in the viscera. However, the mean visceral involvement was greater than mean body involvement in all groups, and the ratio was found to be more or less constant. Visceral involvement was found to be more extensive in rams than in ewes. Difficulties associated with complexity of current inspection procedures were also recorded. The relevance of these findings to pathogenesis and postmortem disposition after slaughter is discussed. It is suggested that current postmortem inspection criteria should be reevaluated.  相似文献   

7.
An 8-year-old Hungarian warmblood gelding used for show jumping was evaluated because of poor performance and chronic weight loss. On admission, oral and gastroesophageal ulcerations and malabsorption were detected. Results of thoracic radiography, ultrasonography, bronchoalveolar lavage cytology, and positive polymerase chain reaction for equine herpesvirus 5 raised the possible diagnosis of equine multinodular pulmonary fibrosis. However, abdominal ultrasonography revealed inhomogeneous spleen with many different sized well-demarcated hypoechoic areas, which suggested further differential diagnoses such as tuberculosis, neoplasias, immune mediated diseases, systemic granulomatous disease (SGD), or toxicoses. The horse was euthanized at the owner's request because of the poor condition and possible grave prognosis. Histopathology findings were characteristic of SGD, which is a rare disorder of horses characterized by skin lesions, weight loss, and granulomatous inflammation of multiple organ systems. The lack of skin lesions in this case is an unusual finding. Systemic granulomatous disease is hypothesized to be induced by multiple conventional antigens that are not cleared from affected tissues. Equine herpesvirus 5 might have triggered the granulomatous reactions in this particular case.  相似文献   

8.
The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between the existence of lung lesions in pigs at slaughter and the concentration of the serum acute phase proteins (APP), haptoglobin (Hp), pig-major acute protein (Pig-MAP) and C-reactive protein (CRP). A total of 24 pig farms were selected out of a larger farm database previously screened to study risk factors associated with pleuritis and cranio-ventral pulmonary consolidation (CVPC) lesions at slaughter-aged pigs in Spain. The farms were classified as “pleuritis negative (P−) or positive (P+)” and as “CVPC negative (M−) or positive (M+)” and divided into four groups according to a 2X2 factorial design (P−M−, P−M+, P+M−, P+M+). Also at slaughter, blood from 20 randomly selected pigs from each farm was collected. Obtained serum samples were used to measure acute phase proteins. All APP concentrations were significantly higher for M+ farms than for M− ones. However, only Hp and Pig-MAP showed significantly higher concentrations for P+ farms than for P− ones. Pig-MAP was the most sensitive biomarker since it was able to clearly discriminate between P−/P+ and M−/M+ groups (p < 0.001 in both cases). Hp was an excellent marker for pleuritis and good for CVPC lesions. CRP was able to discriminate for CVPC lesions but not for pleuritis. The present results indicate that Pig-MAP and, possibly Hp, may be used as potential markers to characterise and discriminate respiratory lesions in swine herds at slaughter.  相似文献   

9.
The influence of atrophic rhinitis (AR) and pneumonia on growth performance was assessed in a conventional farrow-to-finish pig farm affected by both diseases. All tested pigs (n = 138) were individually weighed at birth, at weaning, at moving to the growing/finishing unit, and at slaughtering. The extent (grade) of turbinate atrophy and lung consolidation attributable to pneumonia was determined in each pig at slaughter. A negative correlation was found between birth weight and the prevalence of nasal lesions at slaughter, suggesting that pigs born with smaller weight may be more susceptible to AR. The growth performance of the pigs also showed a negative correlation with the degree of turbinate atrophy. In the nursery period, the average daily gain (ADG) of pigs with moderate/severe turbinate atrophy was 13.3% lower than that of animals with healthy snouts. In the finishing period, pigs with mild AR lesions had an ADG reduction of 6.2%, while pigs with severe AR lesions had a significant, 9.4% reduction in ADG as compared to the AR-free pigs. The extent of weight gain reduction over the whole life cycle was very similar (approximately 6%) in the pigs having either AR or pneumonia alone. In those pigs where both respiratory diseases were present, their effects seemed to be added up (11.5%); however, nasal lesion scores and percentage of lung consolidation did not show statistically apparent interactive effects on growth performance.  相似文献   

10.
A total of 578 slaughter pigs from 2 Danish conventional farrow-to-finish operations (Herds A and B) were followed from an age of 14 days to slaughter. Pigs were weighed at 3 weeks intervals and at slaughter and an extended post mortem examination of the plucks was done. Comparison of growth rates in pigs with and without specific types of lesions by the t-test and those with multiple lesions with regression models demonstrated that Mycoplasma-like pneumonia, complicated pneumonia, anterio-ventral pleuritis, fissures and atrophic rhinitis significantly reduced mean daily gain and increased the time required to reach slaughter weight. The total impact of the lesions in Herd A was an estimated reduction in mean daily gain of 27 grams and a 2 day increase in the interval from 14 days of age until slaughter (MDG14). Decreases in MDG14 in Herd B were more substantial, 98 grams and 16.7 days. Reductions in mean daily gains during the interval from the fourth weighing until slaughter were 31 grams in Herd A and 137 grams in Herd B. Chronic dorso-caudal and parietal pleuritis, without other lesions present, had no significant adverse effects on growth rates in either herd. Interactions between lesions did not significantly alter the estimates. The R2 values obtained for the regression models showed that the presence, absence or extent of lesions at slaughter explained only 13-27% of the variations in growth rates in the 2 herds.  相似文献   

11.
In this study diagnostic certainty of ultrasonography and rectal palpation concerning the detection of follicles and C.I. was compared by evaluation of the findings obtained with ultrasonography in waterbath and dissection of the ovaries after slaughter. Clinical examinations were performed on a total of 30 cows (transrectally and ultrasonographically, 5.0 mhz, linear) in slaughterhouse. In the laboratory ovaries were evaluated after slaughter both macroscopically and by ultrasonography in waterbath. Diagnostic reliabilities of these methods were compared. No difference between the methods was determined concerning the longitudinal measurements of corpora lutea (19.96 +/- 4.83 mm, 20.41 +/- 5.41 mm, 21.45 +/- 5.26 mm by ultrasonography, waterbath and macroscopy respectively). By means of determining the correct identification of corpora lutea, the error rate was 24.1% and 17.2% for rectal palpation and ultrasonography respectively. The comparison of rectal palpation and macroscopy showed that three small corpora lutea and two corpora lutea with small cavity were determined wrongly as small follicles and two corpora lutea were determined whereas they were not present actually. With ultrasonography four small C.I. could not be detected and one C.I. with cavity was wrongly determined as follicle. It was noticed that follicles bigger than 10 mm (F2 = 10-15 mm, F3 = 16-20 mm) could be determined more accurately by means of ultrasonography than by rectal palpation (with ultrasonography: F2 = 90.48%, F3 = 100.0%; with rectal palpation, F2 = 61.9%, F3 = 200.0%). The correlation of the findings of rectal palpation or ultrasonography and blood progesterone levels was 86.2% and 89.7% respectively. This accordance was 96.6% for progesterone levels and waterbath and macroscopic findings.  相似文献   

12.
In a field trial, 9174 lambs from seven commercial sheep flocks with a history of subclinical pneumonia were either vaccinated with Ovipast Plus (Intervet) or given a placebo by systematic random allocation; they were vaccinated twice at an interval of four to six weeks and grazed on pasture in the same paddocks. They were weighed at the first vaccination, 11 and 23 weeks later, and one to three days before they were slaughtered. The extent of the pneumonic lesions in their lungs was scored visually postmortem. A subset of pneumonic lung samples was examined bacteriologically and histopathologically. There were no statistically significant differences between the pneumonic lesions at slaughter or the mean average daily weight gains of the vaccinated and placebo-treated lambs between 11 and 23 weeks or between first vaccination and slaughter. The vaccinated lambs had a lower mean daily gain between first vaccination and 11 weeks. The extent of pneumonic lesions at slaughter was negatively correlated with the mean daily gain between first vaccination and slaughter. There were no significant differences between the frequency of isolation of Mannheimia (Pasteurella) haemolytica and Pasteurella trehalosi or the histopathological classification of disease between pneumonic lung samples from the placebo-treated and vaccinated lambs.  相似文献   

13.
Although it is generally recognised that tuberculous lesions are present in lymph nodes associated with the respiratory tract in approximately 90 per cent of reactors with confirmed infection, lung lesions are found in only 1 to 2 per cent of such cases during abattoir examination. When lung lesions are not detected, it has been claimed that such cattle are non-excretors and thus unimportant in the epidemiology of the disease. In this study the lungs of 55 reactor cattle were sliced into sections approximately 0.5 cm thick. Tuberculous lesions were evident in over 70 per cent of lungs from reactors with concurrent lesions in lymph nodes of the respiratory system. Further, M bovis was isolated from single samples of nasal and, or, tracheal mucus taken at slaughter in 19 per cent of confirmed cases. Several of these reactors had a clear tuberculin test less than six months previously indicating recent infection. This study confirms the continued importance of the infected bovine in the epidemiology and current eradication of bovine tuberculosis. It is suggested that all tuberculous cattle with lesions in respiratory lymph nodes, rather than being regarded as non-excretors, should be considered as possible excretors and thus important sources of infection for other cattle both within and between herds.  相似文献   

14.
Pneumonia in swine has been studied mainly at slaughter or necropsy. However, when performing slaughter or postmortem examinations, assessment of the true prevalence or lifetime extent of pneumonia is at best speculative. Radiography was used to evaluate lungs from pigs 21 to 150 days old. Follow-up slaughter examination was performed on pigs 180 days old. Individual percentage of pneumonia observed over the life of each pig and at slaughter were added to yield lifetime pneumonia scores. A significant (P = 0.0001) negative effect of lifetime pneumonia on growth rate was found. By comparison, slaughter examination proved to be a poor indicator of lifetime pneumonia; lesions were found to progress and regress dynamically throughout the life of pigs.  相似文献   

15.
A field trial was conducted to study Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (Mh) infection dynamics by nested polymerase chain reaction (nPCR) and serology in pigs of a farm affected by enzootic pneumonia (EP). Moreover, correlation of Mh detection at different respiratory tract sites with presence of EP gross and microscopic lung lesions was assessed. These parameters were studied and compared between vaccinated (two doses at 1 and 3 weeks of age versus one dose at 6 weeks of age) and non-vaccinated pigs. Animals were monitored from birth to slaughter by nPCR from nasal swabs and by serology. From 3 to 22 weeks of age, an average of three pigs per treatment and per batch were necropsied (n = 302). The remaining pigs were sent to the slaughter (n = 103). Nasal, bronchial and tonsillar swabs were taken from the necropsied/slaughtered pigs; gross and microscopic EP-suggestive lung lesions were also assessed. Single and double vaccination resulted in earlier seroconversion and higher percentage of Mh seropositive pigs compared to control group. At slaughter, double vaccinated pigs showed lower percentage of EP-compatible gross lung lesions and lower Mh prevalence at upper respiratory tract sites (nasal cavity and tonsil) than control pigs.  相似文献   

16.
To establish the relationship between serum levels of three acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (Hp), C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and the occurrence and severity of lesions at slaughter, a study was carried out using 70 fattening pigs from a finishing unit. Pigs were divided into three groups: Group 1 (25 pigs with clinical signs of disease), Group 2 (25 apparently healthy pigs with lesions at slaughter) and Group 3 (20 apparently healthy pigs with no lesions at slaughter). Serum levels of CRP, SAA and Hp were significantly higher in pigs with clinical signs of disease than in apparently healthy animals. Additionally, in apparently healthy pigs, serum levels of Hp and CRP were significantly higher in animals with lesions than those without lesions. The extent and severity of lung lesions were related to serum levels of Hp.  相似文献   

17.
Host determinants of pneumonia in slaughter weight swine   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
A prospective cohort study was undertaken in a farrow-to-farrow swine herd to describe patterns of pneumonia, and to identify host risk factors associated with the extent of pneumonic lesions in 2 weight groups of slaughter swine. The risk of coughing and pneumonic lesions increased with increasing age of pigs within the herd (P less than 0.0001). The age-specific prevalence of pneumonic lesions was low (2.7%) in pigs less than 16 weeks old at slaughter, but increased rapidly when pigs were between 16 and 22 weeks old (8.6 to 67.9%). After 22 weeks, the prevalence remained relatively constant at about 80%. Associations between possible risk factors and pneumonia were investigated by use of multiple-regression models. Age at weaning (less than 24 days) and birth weight (less than 1 kg) exerted small, but significant (P less than 0.002), effects on the extent of pneumonic lesions in pigs slaughtered at 30 to 50 kg live weight. For pigs slaughtered at 90 to 110 kg, pneumonic lesions were more extensive (P = 0.007) in pigs sired by Yorkshire boars than pigs sired by non-Yorkshire sires (Duroc, Hampshire, Chester White, or American Spotted). Other host factor variables including weaning weight and clinical diseases (atrophic rhinitis, diarrhea, and arthritis) were not associated with pneumonia extent in either weight group. Higher pneumonia percentages were also associated with reduced growth rates in the grower/finisher phase. Pigs sired by Yorkshire boars grew significantly (P less than 0.0001) more slowly from entry into shed 2 (mean, 38 kg) until about the time of exit (mean, 92 kg) than pigs sired by other breeds (747 g/d and 795 g/d, respectively).  相似文献   

18.
The relationship between the extent of seropositivity for Aujeszky's disease virus (ADV), Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (App.) serotype 2 and porcine influenza (PI) viruses serotype H1N1 and H3N2 in pigs on the one hand and the health status of the pigs and some farm and management conditions in the herds on the other hand was studied in 45 pig finishing herds, all members of one integration group. The health status was assessed by the extent of clinical signs, the use of veterinary drugs and the prevalence of pathological lesions in pigs at slaughter. There was no relationship between the extent of seropositivity on the one hand and clinical signs and use of veterinary drugs on the other hand. However, there was a positive relationship between the extent of seropositivity and the percentage of pigs with lesions of the respiratory tract at slaughter. Furthermore, the study indicates that the variation in seropositivity between pigs herds is associated with management related factors that particularly influence the possibility of the spreading of viruses. A sero-epidemiological investigation in 14 pig herds with recurrent pneumonia problems revealed a high percentage of seropositive pigs per herd. Furthermore, in a large number of herds, pigs were simultaneously seropositive for ADV and App. serotype 2, for ADV and PI serotype H1N1 or for ADV and PI serotype H3N2.  相似文献   

19.
The results of radiography and ultrasonography were compared on 56 horses and cows with lower respiratory tract disease. Ultrasonography was more sensitive than radiography for the detection of small pleural effusions and consolidations in large animals. The side of the thorax affected and the character of the pleural fluid and lung in large animals with pleural effusion can be evaluated ultrasonographically. The periphery of the lung must be affected to characterize pulmonary lesions ultrasonographically. Radiography is the best technique to characterize lesions deep within the lung when the periphery of the lung is normal.  相似文献   

20.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common endocrinopathy of cats and humans. Although few studies have examined the effects of DM on the pulmonary system, changes in pulmonary function and immunology in humans with type I and II diabetes, and pulmonary lesions in a murine diabetic model have been documented. Our objective was to determine whether pulmonary lesions occurred in cats with DM. Medical records and necropsy evaluations of 42 cats with DM were compared with those of 45 age-matched, nondiabetic cats for the presence of clinical evidence of respiratory disease and pulmonary histopathological findings at the time of necropsy. No statistical difference was noted in the presence of clinical evidence of respiratory disease between cats with diabetes and control cats. Nevertheless, there was a significant association between the presence of abnormal pulmonary histopathology and DM (P = .018, odds ratio = 3 inclusive of all cats; P = .005, odds ratio = 5 when non-DM cats with overt clinical evidence of respiratory disease were excluded). Pulmonary abnormalities detected by histopathological examination in cats with diabetes included congestion and edema, histiocytosis, pneumonia, smooth muscle hypertrophy, fibrosis, mineralization, neoplasia, and type II pneumocyte hyperplasia. The observed association between DM and pulmonary lesions in cats, independent of clinical evidence of respiratory disease, emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the respiratory tract in sick cats with diabetes.  相似文献   

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