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1.
The occurrence of multidrug‐resistant zoonotic bacteria in animals has been increasing worldwide. Working in close contact with livestock increases the risk of carriage of these bacteria. We investigated the occurrence of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) and plasmidic AmpC beta‐lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL/pAmpC‐PE) and livestock‐associated methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (LA‐MRSA) in Finnish veterinarians (n = 320). In addition to microbiological samples, background information was collected. Bacterial whole genome sequencing was performed to deduce sequence types (STs), spa types and resistance genes of the isolates. In total, 3.0% (9/297) of the veterinarians carried ESBL producing Escherichia coli, with one ESBL producing E. coli isolate producing also AmpC. Seven different STs, sequences of several different plasmid groups as well as several different blaESBL/pAmpC genes existed in different combinations. No carbapenemase or colistin resistance genes were detected. MRSA was detected in 0.3% (1/320) of the samples. The strain belonged to LA‐MRSA clonal complex (CC) 398 (ST398, spa type 011, lacking Panton‐Valentine leukocidin genes). In conclusion, this study shows low carriage of multidrug‐resistant zoonotic bacteria in Finnish veterinarians. However, finding LA‐MRSA for the first time in a sample from a veterinarian in a country with prudent use of animal antimicrobials and regarding the recent rise of LA‐MRSA on Finnish pig farms, a strong recommendation to protect people working in close contact with animals carrying LA‐MRSA CC398 is given. Further studies are needed to explain why the prevalence of LA‐MRSA in veterinarians is lower in Finland than in other European countries.  相似文献   

2.
Antibiotic resistance mediated by bacterial production of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase (ESBL) is a global threat to public health. ESBL resistance is most commonly hospital‐acquired; however, infections acquired outside of hospital settings have raised concerns over the role of livestock and wildlife in the zoonotic spread of ESBL‐producing bacteria. Only limited data are available on the circulation of ESBL‐producing bacteria in animals. Here, we report ESBL‐producing Escherichia coli in wild common vampire bats Desmodus rotundus and livestock near Lima, Peru. Molecular analyses revealed that most of this resistance resulted from the expression of blaCTX‐M‐15 genes carried by plasmids, which are disseminating worldwide in hospital settings and have also been observed in healthy children of Peru. Multilocus sequence typing showed a diverse pool of E. coli strains carrying this resistance that were not always host species‐specific, suggesting sharing of strains between species or infection from a common source. This study shows widespread ESBL resistance in wild and domestic animals, supporting animal communities as a potential source of resistance. Future work is needed to elucidate the role of bats in the dissemination of antibiotic‐resistant strains of public health importance and to understand the origin of the observed resistance.  相似文献   

3.
In order to estimate the prevalence of AmpC‐ and ESBL β‐lactamase‐producing Enterobacteriaceae in the faecal flora of a healthy domestic canine population, faecal samples were obtained from healthy dogs receiving routine parasitology screening at the Ohio State University Veterinary Medical Center, between January 2013 and April 2013. Samples were screened for the presence of AmpC and ESBL β‐lactamase phenotypes, and the clinically important genotypes, blaCMY and blaCTX‐M, were confirmed via conventional PCR. Minimum inhibitory concentrations were determined for isolates and plasmids were characterized. Two hundred and twelve canine faecal samples were screened, of which 30 harboured isolates carrying the AmpC blaCMY, representing 14.2% of the population (95% CI: 9.4–18.9%). Nine samples harboured isolates that carried the ESBL blaCTX‐M, representing 4.2% of the population (95% CI: 1.5–7.0%). Isolates containing blaCMY harboured multiple plasmid replicon types, while isolates containing blaCTX‐M harboured few plasmid replicon types. Our results suggest that domestic dogs may serve as a reservoir for extended‐spectrum cephalosporin resistance genes for other domestic animal populations as well as for their human companions. This represents a potential veterinary and public health risk that warrants further investigation and continued surveillance to ascertain the nature and extent of the risk. The high level of diversity of plasmid content among isolates harbouring blaCMY suggests broader dissemination relative to blaCTX‐M isolates.  相似文献   

4.
The increasing prevalence of antibiotic resistance among bacteria is one of the most intractable challenges in 21st‐century public health. Dipterans that associate with livestock, livestock waste products and cadavers have the potential to acquire livestock‐associated antibiotic‐resistant bacteria (LA‐ARB) and transmit them to humans. In this study, piglet cadavers were used to attract saprophage dipterans from the environment and those dipterans were sampled for the presence of LA‐ARB. In the first trial, culturable microbes resistant to both aminoglycoside and β‐lactam antibiotics were found in all cadavers and masses of dipteran larvae, and in three‐quarters of adult dipterans. In the second trial, over 130 culturable bacterial colonies resistant to β‐lactams were isolated from the cadavers, larval and adult dipterans. Over 100 of those colonies were coliform or metabolically similar bacteria. Adult dipterans carried β‐lactam resistant staphylococci, whereas those bacterial types were absent from larval dipterans and cadavers, suggesting they were picked up from elsewhere in the environment. This research indicates that LA‐ARB are ubiquitous in pig farms, and dipterans have the potential to carry medically important microbes. Further research is encouraged to determine the extent to which dipterans acquire microbes from animal agriculture relative to other environments.  相似文献   

5.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)-producing Gram-negative bacteria pose a serious threat to Public Health in human medicine as well as increasingly in the veterinary context worldwide. Several studies reported the transmission of zoonotic multidrug resistant bacteria between food-producing animals and humans, whilst the contribution of companion animals to this scenario is rather unknown. Within the last decades a change in the social role of companion animals has taken place, resulting in a very close contact between owners and their pets. As a consequence, humans may obtain antimicrobial resistant bacteria or the corresponding resistance genes not only from food-producing animals but also via close contact to their pets.This may give rise to bacterial infections with limited therapeutic options and an increased risk of treatment failure. As beta-lactams constitute one of the most important groups of antimicrobial agents in veterinary medicine, retaliatory actions in small animal and equine practices are urgently needed. This review addresses the increasing burden of extended-spectrum beta-lactam resistance among Enterobacteriaceae isolated from companion animals. It should emphasize the urgent need for the implementation of antibiotic stewardship as well as surveillance and monitoring programs of multi resistant bacteria in particular in view of new putative infection cycles between humans and their pets.  相似文献   

6.
The dissemination of Enterobacteriaceae expressing resistance to extended‐spectrum cephalosporins, which are therapeutically used in both human and veterinary medicine, is of critical concern. The normal commensal flora of food animals may serve as an important reservoir for the zoonotic food‐borne transmission of Enterobacteriaceae harbouring β‐lactam resistance. We hypothesized that the predominant AmpC and ESBL genes reported in US livestock and fresh retail meat products, blaCMY‐2 and blaCTX‐M, would also be predominant in human enteric flora. We recovered enteric flora from a convenience sample of patients included in a large tertiary medical centre's Clostridium difficile surveillance programme to screen for and estimate the frequency of carriage of AmpC and ESBL resistance genes. In‐ and outpatient diarrhoeic submissions (n = 692) received for C. difficile testing at the medical centre's clinical diagnostic laboratory from July to December, 2013, were included. Aliquoted to a transport swab, each submission was inoculated to MacConkey broth with cefotaxime, incubated at 37°C and then inoculated to MacConkey agars supplemented with cefoxitin and cefepime to select for the AmpC and ESBL phenotypes, with blaCMY and blaCTX‐M genotypes confirmed by PCR and sequencing. From the 692 diarrhoeic submissions, our selective culture yielded 184 isolates (26.6%) with reduced susceptibility to cefotaxime. Of these, 46 (6.7%) samples harboured commensal isolates carrying the AmpC blaCMY. Another 21 (3.0%) samples produced isolates harbouring the ESBL blaCTX‐M: 19 carrying CTX‐M‐15 and 2 with CTX‐M‐27. Our results indicate that β‐lactam resistance genes likely acquired through zoonotic food‐borne transmission are present in the enteric flora of this hospital‐associated population at lower levels than reported in livestock and fresh food products.  相似文献   

7.
ESBL/AmpC‐producing Escherichia coli is increasingly isolated from humans and animals worldwide. The occurrence of ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was studied in food‐producing animals in Finland, a country with a low and controlled use of antimicrobials in meat production chain. A total of 648 cattle, 531 pig, 495 broiler and 35 turkey faecal samples were collected from four Finnish slaughterhouses to determine the presence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL/AmpC)‐producing E. coli. In addition, 260 broiler and 15 turkey samples were screened for carbapenemase‐producing E. coli. Susceptibility to different class of cephalosporins and meropenem was determined with disc diffusion tests according to the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST). Determination of ESBL/AmpC production was performed with a combination disc diffusion test according to the recommendations of the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA). Plasmidic blaESBL/AmpC genes were characterized by polymerase chain reaction and sequencing. A collection of isolates producing AmpC enzyme but not carrying plasmidic blaAmpC was analysed by PCR and sequencing for possible chromosomal ampC promoter area mutations. Altogether ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was recovered from five cattle (0.8%), eight pig (1.5%) and 40 broiler samples (8.1%). No ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was found in turkey samples. Carbapenem resistance was not detected. Altogether ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli was found on 4 (2.0%), 3 (4.5%) and 14 (25%) cattle, pig and broiler farms, respectively. From cattle samples 3 (27%) blaCTX‐M‐1 and from broiler samples 13 (33%) blaCTX‐M‐1 and 22 (55%) blaCMY‐2 gene‐carrying isolates were detected. In pigs, no plasmidic blaESBL/AmpC gene‐carrying isolates were found. In all analysed isolates, the same mutations in the promoter region of chromosomal ampC were detected. The results showed low occurrence of ESBL/AmpC‐producing E. coli in Finnish food‐producing animals. In pigs, plasmidic blaESBL/AmpC‐carrying E. coli was not detected at all.  相似文献   

8.
Reasons for performing study: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial resistant bacteria such as antimicrobial‐resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing Escherichia coli represents a significant problem for human and veterinary medicine. Despite this, the risk factors for faecal carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK, particularly those in the wider community, have not been well described. Objectives: To characterise the risk factors for faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli amongst horses in the mainland UK. Methods: A cross‐sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with a faecal sample collected and self‐administered questionnaire completed by the horse owner. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli, with isolates confirmed as E. coli having their antimicrobial resistance profile determined. Multilevel, multivariable logistic regression models were used to investigate risk factors for the carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli in the sample population. Results: Faecal samples and completed questionnaires were obtained for 627 horses located on 475 premises. Recent hospitalisation, contact with specific types of nonequid animals, the type of premises, the surrounding land use, the reason for veterinary treatment received in the last 6 months and antimicrobial treatment in the previous 10 days were identified as risk factors for many of the antimicrobial‐resistance outcomes considered. Being stabled on the same yard as a recently hospitalised horse was identified as a risk factor for increased risk of carriage of ESBL‐producing E. coli. Conclusions and potential relevance: Increasing antimicrobial resistance may have significant health implications for the horse population of Great Britain. This form of epidemiological investigation highlights potential risk factors that may be controlled to limit the extent of the problem.  相似文献   

9.
Reasons for performing study: The increasing prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria such as methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli represents a significant problem. However, the carriage of such bacteria by horses in the UK has not been well characterised. Objectives: To estimate the prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA and faecal carriage of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli amongst horses in the general equine community of the mainland UK. Methods: A cross‐sectional study of horses recruited by 65 randomly selected equine veterinary practices was conducted, with nasal swabs and faecal samples collected. Faecal samples were cultured for antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli. Nasal swabs were cultured for staphylococcal species; methicillin‐resistant isolates identified as S. aureus were characterised by SCCmec and spa gene typing. Multilevel logistic regression models were used to calculate prevalence estimates with adjustment for clustering at practice and premises levels. Spatial variation in risk of antimicrobial resistance was also examined. Results: In total, 650 faecal samples and 678 nasal swabs were collected from 692 horses located on 525 premises. The prevalence of faecal carriage of E. coli with resistance to any antimicrobial was 69.5% (95% CI 65.9–73.1%) and the prevalence of extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL)‐producing E. coli was 6.3% (95% CI 4.1–9.6%). The prevalence of nasal carriage of MRSA was 0.6% (95% CI 0.2–1.5%). Spatial analysis indicated variation across the UK for risk of carriage of resistant and multidrug‐resistant (resistant to more than 3 antimicrobial classes) E. coli. Conclusions and potential relevance: Carriage of MRSA by horses in the community appears rare, but the prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant E. coli (including ESBL‐producing E. coli) is higher. A high prevalence of antimicrobial‐resistant bacteria could have significant health implications for the horse population of the UK.  相似文献   

10.
BackgroundKlebsiella spp. is an important conditional pathogen in humans and animals. However, due to the indiscriminate use of antibiotics, the incidence of antimicrobial resistance has increased.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate antimicrobial resistance in strains of Klebsiella strains and the phylogenetic relatedness of extended-spectrum cephalosporin (ESC)-resistance among Klebsiella strains isolated from clinically ill companion animals.MethodsA total of 336 clinical specimens were collected from animal hospitals. Identification of Klebsiella species, determination of minimum inhibitory concentrations, detection of ESC resistance genes, polymerase chain reaction-based replicon typing of plasmids by conjugation, and multilocus sequence typing were performed.ResultsForty-three Klebsiella strains were isolated and, subsequently, 28 were identified as K. pneumoniae, 11 as K. oxytoca, and 4 as K. aerogenes. Eleven strains were isolated from feces, followed by 10 from ear, 7 from the nasal cavity, 6 from urine, 5 from genitals, and 4 from skin. Klebsiella isolates showed more than 40% resistance to penicillin, cephalosporin, fluoroquinolone, and aminoglycoside. ESCresistance genes, CTX-M groups (CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15, and CTX-M-65), and AmpC (CMY-2 and DHA-1) were most common in the K. pneumoniae strains. Some K. pneumoniae carrying CTX-M or AmpC were transferred via IncFII plasmids. Two sequence types, ST709 and ST307, from K. pneumoniae were most common.ConclusionsIn conclusion, this is the first report on the prevalence, ESCresistance genotypes, and sequence types of Klebsiella strains isolated from clinically ill companion animals. The combination of infectious diseases and antimicrobial resistance by Klebsiella in companion animals suggest that, in clinical veterinary, antibiotic selection should be made carefully and in conjunction with the disease diagnosis.  相似文献   

11.
金黄色葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮的耐药抑制剂研究进展   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
金黄色葡萄球菌是引起人和动物感染的一种重要病原菌,它可以对氟喹诺酮等多种抗菌药物产生耐药性,严重影响临床治疗效果。NorA蛋白介导的药物主动外排成为葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药的重要机制,利血平等作为NorA外排蛋白抑制剂,可有效降低其耐药性的产生。CCCP等能量抑制剂可加强细菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的摄取量。文章从葡萄球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药机制、耐药抑制剂作用途径和能量抑制剂影响等方面,简要介绍金黄色葡萄球菌氟喹诺酮的耐药抑制剂研究进展。  相似文献   

12.
Increase in the number of small‐scale backyard poultry flocks in the USA has substantially increased human‐to‐live poultry contact, leading to increased public health risks of the transmission of multi‐drug resistant (MDR) zoonotic and food‐borne bacteria. The objective of this study was to detect the occurrence of Salmonella and MDR Gram‐negative bacteria (GNB) in the backyard poultry flock environment. A total of 34 backyard poultry flocks in Washington State (WA) were sampled. From each flock, one composite coop sample and three drag swabs from nest floor, waterer‐feeder, and a random site with visible faecal smearing, respectively, were collected. The samples were processed for isolation of Salmonella and other fermenting and non‐fermenting GNB under ceftiofur selection. Each isolate was identified to species level using MALDI‐TOFF and tested for resistance against 16 antibiotics belonging to eight antibiotic classes. Salmonella serovar 1,4,[5],12:i:‐ was isolated from one (3%) out of 34 flocks. Additionally, a total of 133 ceftiofur resistant (CefR) GNB including Escherichia coli (53), Acinetobacter spp. (45), Pseudomonas spp. (22), Achromobacter spp. (8), Bordetella trematum (1), Hafnia alvei (1), Ochrobactrum intermedium (1), Raoultella ornithinolytica (1), and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (1) were isolated. Of these, 110 (82%) isolates displayed MDR. Each flock was found positive for the presence of one or more CefR GNB. Several MDR E. coli (n = 15) were identified as extended‐spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) positive. Carbapenem resistance was detected in non‐fermenting GNB including Acinetobacter spp. (n = 20), Pseudomonas spp. (n = 11) and Stenotrophomonas maltophila (n = 1). ESBL positive E. coli and carbapenem resistant non‐fermenting GNB are widespread in the backyard poultry flock environment in WA State. These GNB are known to cause opportunistic infections, especially in immunocompromised hosts. Better understanding of the ecology and epidemiology of these GNB in the backyard poultry flock settings is needed to identify potential risks of transmission to people in proximity.  相似文献   

13.
Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to the continued successful use of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of bacterial infections. While the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from man has been studied extensively, less work has been undertaken in companion animals, particularly horses. Methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus has been identified as a cause of infections, with a low prevalence of nasal carriage by horses in the community but higher for hospitalised horses. Molecular characterisation has shown methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains either to be predominantly of types associated with horses or of sequence type ST398. Antimicrobial‐resistant Escherichia coli (including multidrug‐resistant and extended spectrum β‐lactamase‐producing isolates) have caused infections and been documented in faecal carriage by horses, with many significant resistance mechanisms identified. More sporadic reports and molecular characterisation exist for resistance in other bacteria such as enterococci, Salmonella, Acinetobacter and Pseudomonas species. Limited work has been undertaken evaluating risk factors and much of the epidemiology of antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from horses remains to be determined.  相似文献   

14.
Salmonella enterica is an important zoonotic agent and nosocomial infections and epidemics have occurred in animal facilities. The objective of this study was to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella in the environment in animal shelters. From 12 to 25 samples were taken from each shelter to represent environmental contamination. Samples were collected from surfaces in areas used by animals and in public access areas including animal receiving rooms, kennels, paediatric wards, treatment, visitation rooms, isolation, euthanasia, outdoor runs and play areas, reception rooms, animal transport vehicles, offices, break rooms and restrooms. Samples were tested for Salmonella and compared within shelters to identify high- and low-risk areas; and between shelters to identify differences in environmental contamination by geographical location, infection control policies, and shelter size characteristics. Twenty-eight per cent of sampled Colorado shelters had environmental Salmonella contamination. Two regions in the eastern 1/3 of the state had prevalences of 30% and 100%. Within-shelter sample prevalence ranged from 0 to 100%. Results of this study indicate that animal shelters can be frequently contaminated with Salmonella spp., a variety of Salmonella species may be present, contamination can be widespread within a facility and recovered isolates may harbour antibiotic resistance The findings from this study may influence and help focus educational policy on issues of infection control and zoonotic disease awareness in animal shelters.  相似文献   

15.
本研究旨在探索奶牛养殖环境中产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（extended-spectrum beta-lactamases，ESBL）耐药菌的流行特征。2020-2021年，采集6个内蒙古和宁夏牧场共160份牛奶、乳区皮肤拭子和环境来源的多种类型样本，分别进行了β-内酰胺酶检测、产ESBL耐药菌的分离鉴定、药敏试验以及菌株的全基因组测序。结果显示：24份奶样的检测结果显示，各牧场β-内酰胺酶阳性率为75%~100%。其中，5个牧场的153份样本共分离出6种产ESBL耐药菌，这些产ESBL耐药菌对阿莫西林（100%）、头孢噻肟（91.0%）和头孢他啶（78.2%）均具有较高耐药率；全基因组显示，14株产ESBL大肠杆菌携带多种耐药基因，以blaCTX-M（100%）携带率最高。通过对内酰胺酶阳性奶样进行分析，发现造成牧场奶样β-内酰胺酶阳性的主要菌株是产ESBL鲍曼不动杆菌，并且该耐药菌携带有blaCTX-M、blaTEM、blaOXA型β-内酰胺类耐药基因。本研究明确了内蒙古和宁夏牧场养殖环境中产ESBL耐药菌的流行特征，并对造成内蒙古1个牧场牛奶内酰胺酶阳性原因进行了追溯研究。  相似文献   

16.
To investigate public health implications of antibiotics to control post‐weaning scours, we surveyed 22 commercial pig herds in southeastern Australia. Fifty faecal samples per herd were collected from pre‐ and post‐weaned piglets. Presumptive Escherichia coli isolates were confirmed by MALDI‐TOF MS. Isolates (n = 325) were screened for susceptibility to 19 veterinary antibiotics using MIC broth microdilution. All 325 E. coli isolates underwent further testing against 27 antibiotics used in human medicine and were screened for ETEC adhesin and enterotoxin genes (F4 (K88), F5 (K99), F6 (987P), F18, F41, STa, STb, Stx2e and LT) by multiplex PCR. Isolates identified as phenotypically resistant to third‐generation cephalosporin (3GC) and aminoglycoside antibiotics were screened by multiplex PCR/reverse line blot to detect common β‐lactam and aminoglycosides resistance genes, confirmed by sequencing. Twenty (6.1%) of the E. coli isolates were resistant to 3GC antibiotics and 24 (7.4%) to the aminoglycoside antibiotic gentamicin. Genetic analysis revealed six different extended spectrum β‐lactamase (ESBL) genes (blaCTX‐M‐1, ‐14, ‐15, ‐27, blaSHV‐12 and blaCMY‐2‐like genes), four of which have not been previously reported in Australian pigs. Critically, the prevalence of 3GC resistance was higher in non‐pathogenic (non‐ETEC) isolates and those from clinically normal (non‐diarrhoeal) samples. This highlights the importance of non‐ETECE. coli as reservoirs of antimicrobial resistance genes in piglet pens. Antimicrobial resistance surveillance in pig production focused on diagnostic specimens from clinically‐affected animals might be potentially misleading. We recommend that surveillance for emerging antimicrobial resistance such as to 3GC antibiotics should include clinically healthy pigs.  相似文献   

17.
The major influences on the amplification and spread of antibiotic-resistant bacteria are the therapeutic use of antibiotics in human medicine and their use in livestock for therapy, prophylaxis and growth promotion. The use of veterinary antibiotics has many benefits to the livestock industries ensuring animal health and welfare, but use at subtherapeutic levels also exerts great selective pressure on emergence of resistant bacteria. The possible effect on human health is a problem of current debate. This study involved sampling pig carcasses, pig meat and assessing the level of resistance in zoonotic enteric bacteria of concern to human health. In South Australian pigs, thermophilic Campylobacter species showed widespread resistance (60-100%) to tylosin, erythromycin, lincomycin, ampicillin and tetracycline. No resistance was seen to ciprofloxacin. The enterococci demonstrated little resistance (0-30%) to vancomycin or virginiamycin, but the overall results from the antibiotic sensitivity testing of the enterococci have demonstrated how widespread their resistance has become. Escherichia coli strains showed widespread resistance to tetracycline and moderately common resistance (30-60%) to ampicillin and sulphadiazine. Resistance to more than one antibiotic was common. Pigs from New South Wales were also sampled and differences in resistance patterns were noted, perhaps reflecting different antibiotic use regimens in that state.  相似文献   

18.
Antibiotic resistance and ESBL constitute a risk to human and animal health. Birds residing close to humans could mirror the spectrum of human associated antibiotic resistance. Household pigeons were screened in Bangladesh to shed light on human associated, as well as, environmental antibiotic resistance. Escherichia coli from pigeons (n = 150) were tested against 11 antibiotics. 89% E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more critically important human antibiotics like ampicillin, cefadroxil, mecillinam, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin and tigecycline. No carbapenamase-producers were detected and the lower ESBL prevalence (5%) in pigeons. ESBL-producing E. coli isolates had blaCTX-M-15 genes. Pigeons shared some bacterial clones and had bird associated sequence types like E. coli ST1408. Fecal carriage of bacteria resistance of critically important human antibiotics, together with examples of shared genotypes among pigeons, indicate the human-birds and bird to bird transmissions are important in the epidemiology of antibiotic resistance.  相似文献   

19.
Florfenicol is an important antibiotic in veterinary medicine that is used extensively in aquaculture, including salmon farming in Chile. We analysed a set of 119 florfenicol‐resistant Gram‐negative bacilli from seven freshwater Chilean salmon farms for the molecular determinants involved in the florfenicol resistance. Ninety‐seven of these strains were glucose non‐fermenting bacilli, mainly belonging to the Pseudomonas genus, whereas 22 strains were glucose‐fermenters. The floR gene was detected in 26 strains (21.8%) that had been isolated from three of the seven salmon farms. Most of the floR‐carrying strains were glucose fermenters (21 strains), and most of the floR‐carrying strains were also resistant to streptomycin, chloramphenicol and oxytetracycline. The minimum inhibitory concentrations against florfenicol were assessed in the presence and absence of the efflux pump inhibitor Phe‐Arg‐β‐naphthylamide (MC‐207,110). There was evidence that in the majority of non‐fermenting bacteria (82 strains), florfenicol resistance was at least partially mediated by non‐specific efflux pump systems. Given the diversity of antibiotic resistance patterns observed in this study in the floR‐positive isolates, a single antibiotic has the potential to co‐select for a diversity of resistances. For this reason, human health as well as animal health can potentially be impacted by the use of antibiotics in aquaculture. To assess this potential risk, future studies should focus on the ability of different antibiotics used in aquatic environments to co‐select for multiple resistances, the molecular basis of this diversity of resistance, and whether the genes conferring resistance can be transferred to other bacteria, including those of human health concern.  相似文献   

20.
The emergence and spread of extended‐spectrum beta‐lactamase producing Enterobacteriaceae (ESBL‐PE) are complex and of the public health concern across the globe. This review aimed at assessing the ESBL‐PE clones circulating in humans, animals and the environment to provide evidence‐based insights for combating ESBL‐PE using One Health approach. Systematic search from Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar and African Journals Online was carried out and retrieved nine eligible articles (of 131) based on phenotypic and genotypic detection of ESBL‐PE between 2005 and 2016 in Tanzania. Analysis was performed using STATA 11.0 software to delineate the prevalence of ESBL‐PE, phenotypic resistance profiles and clones circulating in the three interfaces. The overall prevalence of ESBL‐PE in the three interfaces was 22.6% (95% CI: 21.1–24.2) with the predominance of Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains (51.6%). The majority of ESBL‐PE were resistant to the commonly used antimicrobials such as trimethoprim–sulfamethoxazole and tetracycline/doxycycline, 38%–55% were resistant to ciprofloxacin and all were sensitive to meropenem/imipenem. ESBL‐PE infections were more associated with deaths compared to non‐ESBL‐PE infections. Strikingly, E. coli ST38, ST131 and ST2852 were found to intersect variably across the three interfaces. The predominant allele, blaCTX‐M‐15, was found mostly in the conjugative IncF plasmids connoting transmission potential. The high prevalence of ESBL‐PE and shared clones across the three interfaces, including the global E. coli ST131 clone, indicates wide and inter‐compartmental spread that calls for One Health genomic‐driven studies to track the resistome flow.  相似文献   

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