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1.
Atopic dermatitis in Norwegian dogs   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  
Of 122 dogs showing clinical symptoms of atopic dermatitis, 65.6% exhibited immediate skin test reactivity to one or more well defined allergen extracts, when intradermal skin tests were performed. The Prausnitz-Küstner test performed on two non-atopic recipient dogs, with serum from affected dogs, showed that "reaginic" antibodies transferred in serum from all affected dogs remained bound within the skin of the recipient dogs for 192 hours. House dust, house dust mite (D. farinae) and human dander were the allergens which most commonly caused immediate skin reactions and West Highland White Terriers and Boxers were the most affected breeds. Age at onset of clinical symptoms proved to be 1-4 year in 72.2% of the dogs.  相似文献   

2.
Abstract This study describes 26 cats with mosquito bite hypersensitivity. Most were short-haired, free-roaming cats. Typical clinical features were seasonal (summer), symmetric miliary dermatitis on the pinnae. Mosquito bite exposure with Aedes albopictus was performed on the pinnae and the lateral thorax in five cases and three healthy cats. All sites showed weals within 20 min. Papules, which revealed eosinophilic dermatitis, were recognized during a 12–48-h period. The control cats showed only slight and transient erythema after being bitten. Intradermal skin tests with an extract of A. albopictus were performed in three cases, and Prausnitz-Küstner tests under A. albopictus bites were performed in three cases. Both tests showed weals in all cases studied, although papules were not observed. Intradermal skin tests with the control cats, and Prausnitz-Küstner tests with saline and healthy cat serum failed to produce any positive reactions. The findings indicate that mosquito bite hypersensitivity in cats is triggered by a type I hypersensitivity reaction to mosquito antigens. Certain other factors may be involved in the formation of delayed papular reactions. Whether this is a normal or abnormal reaction to mosquito bites is also discussed. Résumé— Cette étude a été réalisée sur 26 chats atteints d'hypersensibilité aux piqûres de moustiques. La plupart des chats sont des chats à poils courts vivant à l'extérieur. Les lésions cliniques sont caractérisées par une dermatite miliaire symétrique sur les pavilions auriculaires survenant l'été. Une exposition aux piqûres de moustique (Aedes albopictus) a été réalisée sur les pavilions auriculaires et sur la face latérale du thorax de 5 chats atteints et de 3 chats sains. Tous les sites d'exposition montrent des reactions à 20 minutes. Ces papules qui traduisent une dermite éosinophilique, persistent pendant 12 à 48 heures. Les chats sains ne montrent qu'un érythème transitoire après la piqûre, des tests d'intradermoréaction avec un extrait d'A. albopictus ont été réalisés dans 3 cas, des tests de Prausnitz-Küstner spécifiques dans 3 cas. Les deux tests montrent des reactions dans tous les cas étudiés bien que des papules ne soient pas observées. Ces tests réalisés sur les chats témoins, ne montrent aucune reaction, positive ou significative. Ces résultats suggèrent que l'hypersensibilité aux piqûres de moustiques chez le chat est regie par une hypersensibilité de type I à divers antigènes de moustique. D'autres facteurs doivent intervenir dans la formation des reactions papuleuses retardées. [Mashiko N, Takuo I. Cutaneous reactivity to mosquito bites and its antigens in cats. (Réactivité cutanée aux piqûres de moustiques et à leurs antigènes chez le chat.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 19–26.] Résumén Este estudio describe 26 gatos con hipersensibilidad a la picadura de mosquito. La mayoria eran gatos en régimen abierto de pelo corto. Las caracteristicas clinicas tipicas fueron dermatitis miliar simétrica estacional (verano) en pabellones auriculares. Se llevó a cabo una exposición a la picadura del mosquito Aedes albopictus en los pabellones y en el tórax lateral en 5 casos y 3 gatos sanos. Todas las zonas mostraron ronchas a los 20 minutos. Aparecieron pápulas con dermatitis eosinofilica a las 12 a 48 horas. Los gatos control mostraron solamente eritema leve y transitorio tras la picadura. Se realizaron pruebas cutáneas intradérmicas con extracto de A. albopictus en 3 casos y pruebas de Prausnitz-Küstner bajo picaduras de A. albopictus en 3 casos. Ambas pruebas mostraron ronchas en todos los casos estudíados, aunque no se observaron pápulas. Las pruebas intracutáneas con los gatos control y las pruebas de Prausnitz-Küstner con suero salino y suero de gatos sanos no causaron reacción positiva. Estos hallazgos indican que la hipersensibilidad a la picadura de mosquito se inicia por una hipersensibilidad de tipo I a antigenos del mosquito. Otros factores pueden estar implicados en la formación de reacciones papulares retardadas. Se discute si esta es una reacción normal o anormal a la picadura de mosquito. [Mashiko N, Takuo I. Cutaneous reactivity to mosquito bites and its antigens in cats. (Reactividad cutanea a las picaduras de mosquito y sus antigenos en el gato.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 19–26.] Zusammenfassung— Diese Studie beschreibt 26 Katzen mit Mückenstichhypersensibilität. Die meisten der Tiere waren kurzhaarig und hatten Freilauf. Die typischen klinischen Bilder bestanden in säsonaler (Sommer), symmetrischer miliarer Dermatitis an den Ohrmuschein. Es wurde eine Exposition auf Mückenstiche mit Aedes albopictus an den Ohrmischein und am lateralen Thorax bei 5 Patienten und 3 gesunden Katzen durchgeführt. Alle Stellen zeigten Quaddeln innerhalb von 20 Minuten. Papeln, die eine eosinophile Dermatitis enthüllten, wurden nach einer Zeitspanne von 12 bis 48 Stunden gesehen. Die Kontrollkatzen zeigten ein nur leichtes und transientes Erythem nach dem Biß. Intradermale Hauttests mit einem Extrakt von A. albopictus wurden in 3 Fallen durchgeführt und Prausnitz-Küstner-Tests unter A. albopictus-Bissen wurden in 3 Fallen durchgeführt. Beide Tests zeigten Quaddeln in alien untersuchten Fallen, obwohl Papeln nicht beobachtet wurden. In den intradermalen Hauttests bei den Kontrollkatzen und Prausnitz-Küstner-Tests mit Kochsalz-Lösung und Serum gesunder Katzen gelang es nicht, irgendweiche positiven Reaktionen zu erzeugen. Diese Befunde zeigen, daß Mückenstichhypersensibilität bei Katzen durch eine Typ 1-Hypersensibilitätsreaktion auf Mückenantigene ausgelöst wird. Bestimmte andere Faktoren können in die Bildung von verzögerten papulären Reaktionen miteinbezogen sein. Ob dies eine normale oder unnormale Reaktion auf Mückenstiche ist, wird ebenfalls diskutiert. [Mashiko N, Takuo I. Cutaneous reactivity to mosquito bites and its antigens in cats. (Hautreaktivität auf Mückenstiche und Antigene bei der Katze.) Veterinary Dermatology 1997; 8 : 19–26.]  相似文献   

3.
Twenty-eight atopic dogs, 22 pruritic, non-atopic dogs and 10 healthy dogs were ELISA tested. For calculations of diagnostic specificity and sensitivity, positive ELISA test results in non-atopic dogs were considered false positive results. The absence of any positive results in the atopic dogs was considered false negative results. The atopic dogs were tested both with ELISA and an intradermal test, utilising allergen extracts from the same manufacturer, to determine the frequency of positive allergen reactions in the ELISA test compared with the intradermal test. The Prausnitz-Küstner test was performed to evaluate the significance of a positive ELISA test result. Based on cross-tabulations with clinically defined atopic dermatitis, the ELISA test showed a sensitivity of 53.6% and a specificity of 84.4%. The correlation between the ELISA and the intradermal test was poor. Positive Prausnitz-Küstner tests were not obtained using sera from dogs that were intradermal test negative for the tested allergens, even though sera had high levels of IgE as measured by the ELISA. These findings question the significance of a positive ELISA test result and indicate that the test is not measuring functional allergen-specific IgE.  相似文献   

4.
Cats with spontaneously occurring atopic dermatitis have clinical and immunocytochemical characteristics compatible with these in humans with atopic dermatitis (AD). The atopy patch test (APT) has proven to be a valuable tool in elucidating the disease process in humans. Additionally, the APT is very specific and bypasses the problem of conflicting results due to differences in chronicity of lesions of AD patients. We adapted the APT for use in cats to explore the suitability of the APT as a tool to study the onset of allergic inflammation in cats with atopic dermatitis. APT were performed in AD cats (n = 6) and healthy cats (n = 10). All cats were patch tested with two allergens in three different dilutions and a diluent control. The allergens for the APT were selected from positive intradermal test and /or prick test results and consisted of: Dermatophagoides farinae, D. pteronyssinus, Tyrophagus putrescentiae, and a grass pollen mixture. APT were read after 10, 24 and 48 h, and punch biopsies for immunohistochemical evaluation were collected at these time points. Macroscopically positive APT reactions were observed in three out of six cats at 24 and/or 48 h with allergen concentrations of 25,000 and 100,000 NU/ml. Reactions were not observed at negative control sites and neither in control animals. A significantly increased number of IL-4+, CD4+, CD3+, MHC class II+ and CD1a+ cells was found in one AD cat with positive APT reactions. Five out of six AD cats had significantly increased IL-4+ T cell numbers at 24 and/or 48 h. Our data indicate that in cats, macroscopically positive patch test reactions can be induced, which have a cellular infiltrate similar to that in lesional skin. We found a high specificity and a macroscopically positive APT reaction in half of the cats, which is similar to what is seen in humans. Hence, the APT in cats might be a useful tool in studying the immunopathogenesis of feline atopic dermatitis.  相似文献   

5.
Glucocorticoids (GCs) are palliative for allergic asthma, but allergen-specific immunotherapy (ASIT), which relies on identification of allergens, represents a potentially curative treatment. The purpose of this study was to determine if oral or inhaled GCs would interfere with identification of sensitizing allergens. The hypothesis was that oral but not inhaled GCs would interfere with accurate allergen-specific IgE identification determined by skin and serum testing in experimentally asthmatic cats. Asthma was induced in 18 cats using Bermuda grass allergen (BGA). Cats (n=6/group) were randomized to receive oral GCs (10mg prednisolone q 24 h), inhaled GCs (600 μg budesonide q 24 h) or placebo (q 24 h PO) for one month. Intradermal skin testing (IDST) and serum BGA-specific IgE were measured prior to, during and after treatment. A paired t test was used to compare groups pre- and post-treatment (P<0.05 significant). IDST reactivity was eliminated in 4/6, 3/6, and 1/6 cats receiving oral GCs, inhaled GCs, and placebo respectively. Two weeks after stopping treatment, IDST was again positive in all cats. Serum IgE reactivity to BGA was not significantly diminished by any treatment. In conclusion, a two-week withdrawal from GCs is adequate for IDST, but may not be necessary for serum IgE testing.  相似文献   

6.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the functionality of canine anti-Malassezia IgE via the passive transfer of immediate hypersensitivity localized to the skin (ie, cutaneous anaphylaxis) from atopic dogs with dermatitis attributable to overgrowth of Malassezia pachydermatis (Malassezia dermatitis [MD]) to healthy recipient dogs by use of the Prausnitz-Küstner (P-K) technique. ANIMALS: 7 clinically normal dogs, 32 atopic dogs with MD, serum from 11 atopic dogs with MD, and 3 healthy dogs without prior sensitization to M pachydermatis. PROCEDURE: Serum from atopic dogs with MD was used for P-K tests in 3 clinically normal recipient dogs. Serial dilutions of untreated, heat-inactivated, IgE-absorbed, and bovine serum albumin (BSA)-absorbed (control) aliquots of serum were injected ID in triplicate for dermal sensitization. Twenty-four, 48, and 72 hours later, a crude extract of M pachydermatis was injected ID into the sites used for sensitization injections, and immediate hypersensitivity reactions were graded on a 4-point scale. RESULTS: Untreated serum caused P-K reactivity beginning 24 hours after passive sensitization and persisting through 72 hours (titers, 1:32 to 1:64). Heat inactivation and IgE-absorption of serum eliminated P-K reactivity, whereas treatment of serum with BSA did not. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Analysis of P-K test results supports the passive transfer of cutaneous anaphylaxis by anti-Malassezia IgE and indicates it is functional in type-1 hypersensitivity reactions of atopic dogs with MD. Reduction or blockade of anti-Malassezia IgE in atopic dogs with MD may provide better clinical control of the disease.  相似文献   

7.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of IV administration of lidocaine on thermal antinociception in conscious cats. ANIMALS: 6 cats. PROCEDURE: 2 experiments were performed in each cat (interval of at least 2 months). In experiment 1, lidocaine pharmacokinetics were determined for each conscious cat following IV administration of a bolus of lidocaine (2 mg/kg). In experiment 2, data from experiment 1 were used to calculate appropriate doses of lidocaine that would achieve predetermined plasma lidocaine concentrations in the cats; lidocaine (or an equivalent volume of saline [0.9% NaCl] solution as the control treatment) was administered IV to target pseudo-steady-state plasma concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 8 microg/mL. Skin temperature and thermal threshold were determined at the start of the experiment (baseline) and at each concentration. Samples of venous blood were obtained at each target concentration for plasma lidocaine concentration determination. RESULTS: In experiment 2, actual plasma lidocaine concentrations were 0.00 +/- 0.00 microg/mL, 0.25 +/- 0.18 microg/mL, 0.57 +/- 0.20 microg/mL, 1.39 +/- 0.13 microg/mL, 2.33 +/- 0.45 microg/mL, and 4.32 +/- 0.66 microg/mL for target plasma concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, and 8 microg/mL, respectively. Compared with baseline values, no significant change in skin temperature or thermal threshold was detected at any lidocaine plasma concentration (or saline solution equivalent). Skin temperature or thermal threshold values did not differ between lidocaine or control treatments. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that these moderate plasma concentrations of lidocaine did not affect thermal antinociception in cats.  相似文献   

8.
To determine whether cats could be infected experimentally with Borrelia burgdorferi, 15 cats were inoculated with approximately 1,000 B burgdorferi. Seven cats were inoculated by the IV route, 2 by the oral route, 2 by the ocular route, and 4 by the oral-ocular route. Six control cats were inoculated with phosphate-buffered saline solution by the IV, oral, and ocular routes. Prior to the start of the study, all 21 cats were seronegative for B burgdorferi on the basis of results of the indirect fluorescent antibody (IFA) test, and their blood was B burgdorferi culture negative. All of the IV, orally, and ocularly inoculated cats developed IgG antibodies to B burgdorferi as detected by IFA testing. Of 4 oral-ocularly inoculated cats, 2 developed IFA-detectable antibodies and the remaining 2 cats developed low-titer response (1:128) on postinoculation (PI) day 10 only. All control cats remained seronegative. The organism was detected in blood smears from 2 of the IV inoculated cats on PI days 10 and 24 and from 2 oral-ocularly infected cats, 1 on PI days 17 and 24 and 1 on PI day 10. Spirochetes were not detected in the blood after PI day 24. The organism was isolated from tissues of only 1 cat (the lung of an ocularly inoculated cat necropsied at 7 months after inoculation). Spirochetes were not isolated from control cats. Neither clinical signs of infection nor gross or histologic abnormalities were found in any of the inoculated or control cats. Results indicate that cats are susceptible to infection with B burgdorferi, but clinically apparent disease may not be common.  相似文献   

9.
The subcutaneous (SC) route is often chosen for drug administration in cats because it is easier to perform than intravenous (IV) injection and is perceived as less painful than intramuscular (IM) injection. However, little is known of how the route of administration influences the pharmacodynamics of drugs. This study measured the changes in skin temperature and thermal threshold (TT) and recorded the side-effects after SC injection of 0.1mg/kg of hydromorphone in six cats. Time to peak TT was 105min. Skin temperature was elevated at 15min and between 45 and 360min. Five cats vomited and two exhibited marked dysphoria. Compared to previously published studies of IV and IM administration of hydromorphone, the SC route results in a slower onset of peak effect, a shorter duration of antinociception and is associated with more undesirable side-effects. As with IV and IM injections, SC administration of hydromorphone at 0.1mg/kg is associated with a significant elevation in skin temperature. Overall, the SC route appears to have the least utility.  相似文献   

10.
In horses, allergies have been characterized by clinical signs and/or intradermal (i.d.) allergen testing. Our aim was to find the first direct evidence that immunoglobulin E (IgE) mediates equine allergy. In addition, we tested the hypothesis that immediate skin reactions in horses can also be mediated by IgG. Anti-IgE affinity columns were used to purify IgE from serum of one healthy horse and three horses affected with summer eczema, an allergic dermatitis which is believed to be induced by Culicoides midges. A modified Prausnitz-Küstner experiment was performed in four clinical healthy horses by i.d. injection of the purified serum IgE antibodies. The following day, Culicoides allergen was injected at the same sites. Skin reactions were not observed in response to allergen alone, and in two horses after stimulation at any previous IgE injection site. However, the other two horses showed an immediate skin reaction at the previous injection sites of IgE obtained from allergic horses. In addition, purified monoclonal antibodies to various equine immunoglobulin isotypes were injected i.d. into six healthy horses. Immediate skin reactions were observed in response to anti-IgE (6/6 horses) and anti-IgG(T) injections (5/6 horses). The specificities of both antibodies for IgE and IgG(T), respectively, were confirmed by enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. The results provide the first direct evidence that IgE mediates classical Type-I allergy in horses and plays a major role in the pathogenesis of summer eczema. The data also suggest that IgG(T) can bind to skin mast cells and might contribute to clinical allergy.  相似文献   

11.
Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) were developed to measure IgE antibodies specific for Dermatophagoides farinae in dogs and cats. Although higher levels were detected in atopic dogs and cats than in normal animals without skin disease, the differences were not statistically significant. On the other hand, levels in dogs and cats that were reared under laboratory conditions, and thus presumably not exposed to house dust mites, were either very low or undetectable. IgE antibodies were induced in 10 laboratory-reared cats using low-dose antigenic stimulation in aluminium hydroxide. All cats developed detectable IgE, but not all developed positive skin tests. However, serum from those cats with positive skin tests were able to give positive Prausnitz–Küstner (PK) tests. The canine data, together with previous work on basophil histamine release, suggests that the distinction between atopic and normal dogs may result from a heterogeneity of either IgE or of the high-affinity mast cell receptor. The feline data can only be explained by the existence of a heterogeneity of IgE.  相似文献   

12.
OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of stress in cats with feline idiopathic cystitis (FIC) by evaluating bladder permeability, sympathetic nervous system function, and urine cortisol:creatinine (C:Cr) ratios during periods of stress and after environmental enrichment. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 13 cats with FIC and 12 healthy cats. PROCEDURE: Cats subjected to an acute-onset moderate stressor for 8 days received IV injections of fluorescein. Serum fluorescein concentrations were determined and compared with those of controls to evaluate bladder permeability, and urine C:Cr ratios were compared to evaluate function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. Plasma catecholamine concentrations were analyzed in a subset of cats. After 8 days of moderate stress, cats were moved to an enriched environment, and tests were repeated after 21 days. RESULTS: Serum fluorescein concentrations were significantly higher in cats with FIC at all time points. In the cats in which plasma catecholamine concentrations were determined, concentrations of dihydroxyphenylalanine, norepinephrine, and dihyroxyphenylglycol were significantly higher in cats with FIC at all time points, whereas no differences in urine C:Cr ratio between groups were observed. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cats with FIC appeared to have altered bladder permeability, most notably during the period of initial stress. The increase in plasma dihydroxyphenylalanine concentration suggests that there may be stress-induced increase in the activity of tyrosine hydroxylase, which catalyzes the rate-limiting step in catecholamine synthesis. In contrast, no effects of stress on C:Cr ratios were observed, which suggests there was dissociation between the sympathetic nervous system and HPA-axis responses to stress.  相似文献   

13.
Cytochemical staining for leukocyte alkaline phosphatase(LAP), nonspecific esterase (NSE), nonspecific esterase with fluoride inhibition (NSE-F), periodic acid Schiff (PAS) reactivity, and peroxidase (PO) was valuable in identification of the neoplastic cell type in 10 leukemic cats. Staining both blood and bone marrow smears was often necessary for making the correct diagnosis. Cytochemical staining resulted in changing the morphologic diagnosis of leukemia in two of the 10 cats. Also, increased LAP activity, probably a marker for myelocytic leukemia in the cat, was observed in bone marrow cells from three nonleukemic, FeLV-positive cats.  相似文献   

14.
Pruritic skin diseases are common in cats and demand rigorous diagnostic workup for finding an underlying etiology. Measurement of a serum allergen-specific IgE in a pruritic cat is often used to make or confirm the diagnosis of a skin hypersensitivity disease, although current evidence suggests that elevated allergen-specific IgE do not always correlate with a clinical disease and vice versa. The aim of the study was to to assess the possible influence of age, deworming status, lifestyle, flea treatment, and gender on allergen-specific IgE levels and to evaluate the reliability of IgE testing in predicting the final diagnosis of a pruritic cat. For this purpose sera of 179 cats with pruritus of different causes and 20 healthy cats were evaluated for allergen-specific IgE against environmental, food and flea allergens using the Fc-epsilon receptor based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test. The results of the study showed positive correlation between age, outdoor life style, absence of deworming, absence of flea control measures and levels of allergen-specific IgE. Gender and living area (urban versus rural) did not seem to affect the formation of allergen-specific IgE. According to these findings, evaluating allergen-specific IgE levels, is not a reliable test to diagnose hypersensitivity to food or environmental allergens in cats. On the contrary, this test can be successfully used for diagnosing feline flea bite hypersensitivity.  相似文献   

15.
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was developed for quantifying feline serum allergen-specific IgG directed against selected house dust, pollen and flea allergens. The assay was used to compare allergen-specific IgG concentrations in sera from healthy cats, cats with non-dermatologic illness, confirmed allergic cats and undiagnosed pruritic cats. Our results demonstrate that cats with confirmed allergic skin disease have significantly more IgG directed against house dust, flea and ryegrass allergens than other cat groups examined. These results support the theory that cats with allergic skin disease have an underlying TH2 lymphocyte response that directs production of both allergen-specific IgG and IgE.  相似文献   

16.
We evaluated the hemodynamic effects of IV and intraaortic (aortic root) administration of 7.5% NaCl solution on hemodynamics in anesthetized cats with severe hypovolemia. Hypovolemic shock was induced by exsanguinating cats to a mean arterial blood pressure of 50 mm of Hg, which was maintained for 30 minutes prior to treatment. Shed blood volume was 38.4 +/- 2.1 ml/kg of body weight. The cats were treated with a small volume (4 ml/kg) of 0.9% NaCl solution IV, 7.5% NaCl solution IV, or 7.5% NaCl solution administered into the aortic root. The IV administration of 0.9% NaCl solution did not improve hemodynamics. The IV administration of 7.5% NaCl solution induced rapid restoration of arterial blood pressure, aortic blood flow, and cardiac contractility. Total peripheral vascular resistance decreased. The administration of 7.5% NaCl solution into the aortic root induced a further deterioration in hemodynamics resulting in death in 3 cats and a marked improvement in hemodynamics similar to that observed after IV administration of 7.5% NaCl solution in 2 cats. The duration of the beneficial hemodynamic effects after IV or intra-aortic administration of 7.5% NaCl solution did not exceed 60 minutes. Results of these studies suggested that either the IV or intra-aortic administration of 7.5% NaCl solution in cats can induce beneficial hemodynamic effects that may be of value in the field resuscitation of hypovolemic patients.  相似文献   

17.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the primary critical ischemia time for the deep circumflex iliac (DCI) cutaneous flap in cats. STUDY DESIGN: In vivo model. ANIMALS: Thirteen young adult female cats. METHODS: An island skin flap was created on the right side of each cat based on the angiosome of the ventral branches of the DCI vessels. The cats were randomly assigned to a flap ischemia time ranging from 1 to 3 hours in 10-minute intervals. Microvascular clamps were used to occlude the artery and vein for the designated time. Flaps were sutured into position after the ischemic period. On day 3, fluorescein dye was administered and the flaps were evaluated under ultraviolet light to assess percent area of perfusion. On days 7 and 14, the percent area of survival was determined for each flap based on cutaneous morphometry. RESULTS: All flaps had 100 percent area of survival throughout the study. On day 3, all flaps fluoresced uniformly compared with the surrounding skin. On days 7 and 14, all flaps were uniformly viable as confirmed by skin color, consistency, bleeding, and hair re-growth. CONCLUSION: The DCI cutaneous flap in cats can withstand up to 3 hours of ischemia with predictable survival. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In a clinical setting, high success rates can be expected with microvascular transfer of the DCI cutaneous flap in cats when the ischemia time is <3 hours and precise surgical technique is used.  相似文献   

18.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate changes in heart rate (HR) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) as indicators of changes in pressor response for muscle afferents after topical application of menthol (MEN)-based analgesic balm. ANIMALS: 11 decerebrate cats. PROCEDURE: Pressor responses were reflexively evoked by static contraction of hind limb muscles, which are caused by group III and IV afferents. Responses were monitored without interference from anesthesia or effects of higher brain function by the use of decerebrate cats. After obtaining baseline data, MEN analgesic balm (1.9%) was applied to the skin over contracting muscles of 1 hind limb in 6 cats; petrolatum was applied to 5 control cats. Muscle contractions were evoked every 10 minutes, alternating between hind limbs, for 120 minutes. Peak MAP and HR were analyzed. RESULTS: Peak MAP responses evoked by static muscle contraction for the ipsilateral hind limb were significantly attenuated 20 minutes after application, but approached baseline values 40 minutes after application. The pressor response was significantly decreased 20 minutes after application during the last 12 seconds of the stimulus, which was attributed to group IV afferents. There were no significant differences in HR responses. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Application of MEN analgesic balm to the skin over contracting muscles significantly decreased the pressor response to static muscle contractions. This suggests that topical application of MEN has effects on responses evoked from receptors located in muscles. The MEN analgesic balm appeared to attenuate the pressor response 20 minutes after application, but it was a short-term effect.  相似文献   

19.
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the antinociceptive actions of several doses of butorphanol by use of a thermal threshold testing device specifically designed for cats. ANIMALS: 6 domestic shorthair cats. PROCEDURE: The study was a masked, randomized, crossover design. Thermal thresholds were measured by use of a thermal threshold-testing device specifically developed for cats. A small probe containing a heater element and temperature sensor was held with consistent contact against a shaved area of the cat's skin with an elasticized band. Skin temperature was recorded before each test, prior to activation of the heater. On detection of a response (eg, the cat flinched, turned, or jumped), the stimulus was terminated and the threshold temperature recorded. Three baseline measurements were recorded before IV injection of 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, or 0.8 mg of butorphanol/kg. Each cat received all doses in a randomized order at least 1 week apart. The investigator was unaware of the treatment received. Thermal thresholds were measured every 15 minutes for 6 hours. RESULTS: Mean+/-SD pretreatment threshold temperature for all cats was 40.8+/-2.2 degrees C. There were no dose-related differences among treatments. There was a significant increase in threshold values for all treatments from 15 to 90 minutes after injection. Mydriasis was detected in all cats after treatment with butorphanol and dysphoric behavior was frequently exhibited. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results obtained by use of a thermal stimulus indicated that the duration of antinociceptive action of butorphanol was 90 minutes and there was no dose-response relationship in cats.  相似文献   

20.
This study evaluated thermal threshold (TT) testing for investigation into NSAID analgesia in cats. Seven cats participated in two crossover studies. TTs were measured on thoracic skin using a device developed specifically for cats. Skin temperature was recorded, then the heater activated. At the behavioural end point heating was stopped and temperature (=TT) recorded. In part 1, TTs were measured following subcutaneous (SC) ketoprofen or saline. In part 2, the process was repeated after intradermal kaolin induced mild inflammation at the test site. TTs were measured before treatment and two hourly for 24 h. In part 1, skin temperature did not change but in part 2 it increased more after saline than ketoprofen. TT did not change significantly after any treatment. However, after ketoprofen TT fell below the 95% confidence interval (CI) in part 1 and increased above it in part 2. The method detected some NSAID effects but is unlikely to be sufficiently sensitive for study of NSAID analgesia.  相似文献   

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