Variation in Alnus glutinosa susceptibility to Phytophthora ×alni infection and its geographic pattern in the Czech Republic          下载免费PDF全文

P. Štochlová  K. Novotná  K. Černý 《Forest Pathology》2016,46(1):3-10

Variation in natural susceptibility of the black alder population to Phytophthora ×alni (PA), the oomycete pathogen causing a devastating disease of alder, and its possible relationship to geographic origin, was studied in vitro using branch inoculation tests. Ninety black alder genotypes from different regions of the Czech Republic and two isolates of PA were employed. Host susceptibility varied significantly. After 1 week of infection, the lesion surface areas ranged from 254 to 2051 mm² and from 19 to 970 mm² for the two isolates, respectively. The differences were also dependent on the geographical origin and altitude of the sites from which particular host genotypes were taken. These findings have important implications for restoration plantings and for PA resistance breeding programmes, as there is potential to make selections from natural populations.  相似文献   

Factors influencing vole bark damage intensity in managed mountain-forest plantations of Central Europe     

Josef Suchomel  Luboš Purchart  Ladislav Čepelka  Marta Heroldová 《European Journal of Forest Research》2016,135(2):331-342

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Autochthonous Microbiota in Arsenic-Bearing Technosols from Zemianske Kostoľany (Slovakia) and Its Potential for Bioleaching and Biovolatilization of Arsenic     

Alexandra Šimonovičová  Katarína Peťková  Ľubomír Jurkovič  Peter Ferianc  Hana Vojtková  Matej Remenár  Lucia Kraková  Domenico Pangallo  Edgar Hiller  Slavomír Čerňanský 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2016,227(9):336

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Sap flow of birch and Norway spruce during the European heat and drought in summer 2003     

K. Gartner  N. Nadezhdina  M. Englisch  J. Čermak  E. Leitgeb 《Forest Ecology and Management》2009

In this study the hydrological regime of Norway spruce (Picea abies) and birch (Betula pendula) growing on heavy soils in the south east of Austria was analysed. Results from the year 2003 characterised by an extremely hot and dry summer are presented in this paper. Due to the extreme weather conditions the soil water content in August 2003 was very low (0.10–0.25 m³ m⁻³) in the topsoil (0–50 cm) with no explicit difference between both tree species.  相似文献   

Results of the long-term field experiment IOSDV Jable at the beginning of the 21st century     

Anton Tajnšek  Zoran Čergan  Barbara Čeh 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2013,59(8):1099-1108

The impact of organic fertilization and the level of mineral nitrogen fertilization on organic nitrogen and humus balance was studied in a long-term field experiment IOSDV Jable in central Slovenia (sub-Alpine climate, average annual precipitations 1345 mm, average annual temperature 9.5°C, heavy hydromorphic silty loam, umbric Planosols). During the period 1993–2010, precipitation increased significantly at an average rate of 19 mm a^?1; over the same period, average annual temperature increased by 0.025°C (l.f.). The increase in annual precipitation had a negative impact on the yield of all crops (maize, wheat and oats). Increases in mineral N rate led to increased yields. At the highest mineral nitrogen rate, farmyard manure (FYM) did not have a positive impact on yield in the investigated crops, although there was a positive effect of straw incorporation on the yield of maize and oats, and a negative impact on the yield of winter wheat. The organic carbon (Corg) level in the soil increased for all treatments, including FYM or straw and mineral N fertilization. The N content in the soil decreased in the treatment with no organic fertilization and no mineral N, and in the treatment with straw and no mineral N. Corg was increased in treatments with organic fertilization and the highest N rates and remained the same in treatments with moderate N fertilization. All C balances were negative.  相似文献   

Spread of Impatiens glandulifera from riparian habitats to forests and its associated impacts: insights from a new invasion     

J Čuda  H Skálová  P Pyšek 《Weed Research》2020,60(1):8-15

Impatiens glandulifera is a globally successful invader that primarily spreads along riparian habitats; however, during the last ~20 years, it has started to colonise forests, but little has been published on impacts of this recent spread. Several factors may have contributed to this phenomenon: (i) high propagule pressure from large and widespread riparian populations, (ii) extensive anthropogenic and natural disturbances in the forest ecosystems, (iii) increased use of forest machinery efficiently spreading the seeds together with (iv) a wide environmental tolerance of the species. The impacts of I. glandulifera on native communities in forests are manifold. Contrasting effects are reported on native plant species diversity, richness and growth of saplings of co-occurring species, as well as negative effects on soil mycorrhizal fungi. We suggest that the eradication of I. glandulifera populations in forests is more feasible than along watercourses because the recolonisation in forests is limited and, in some cases, populations are outcompeted by woody species during succession.  相似文献   

Growth and morphology of an endangered native freshwater fish,crucian carp Carassius carassius,in an English ornamental pond     

Gordon H. Copp  Jaroslav Černý  Vladimír Kováč 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2008,18(1):32-43

• 1. Crucian carp Carassius carassius, which is native to south‐east England, has received little previous study in Britain but is threatened by introductions of goldfish Carassius auratus through hybridization and by frequent mis‐identification of brown goldfish as crucian carp. The present study provides the first data on back‐calculated growth, morphology and age‐at‐maturity of crucian carp in Britain.
• 2. The youngest mature crucian were female (age 2+), the smallest mature crucian were male (age 3+), with almost all fish mature at age 3+. Sex dimorphism in back‐calculated standard length at age was not observed except at age 2+ (juveniles longest). Shifts in morphological characters often associated with maturation (dorsal and ventral fin length, dorsal and anal fin depth, pre‐dorsal distance, body width) were observed between ages 4+ and 7+, which (in contrast to the relatively abrupt shift in maturity) suggests that age and size at maturation may not reflect the size and age of active (i.e. real) spawning.
• 3. Back‐calculated standard lengths at age for crucian carp were intermediate relative to other European populations, indicating that environmental conditions in England appear to be well suited to the species despite being at the westernmost extent of the species' native European range. The management of ornamental ponds specifically for crucian carp is discussed.

© Crown copyright 2007. Reproduced with the permission of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Field efficacy of three insecticides against cabbage stink bugs (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) on two cultivars of white cabbage     

Stanislav Trdan  Dragan ŽnidarČiČ  Nevenka ValiČ 《国际虫害防治杂志》2013,59(2):79-87

Abstract

In 2002 – 2003, three insecticidal substances were tested for their ability to reduce the damage inflicted on plants of white cabbage by cabbage stink bugs, Eurydema ventrale and E. oleracea (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). The two cultivars of cabbage tested were: the early cultivar, ‘Tucana F₁’, which requires about 60 days from transplanting to harvest, and the mid-early cultivar ‘Hinova F₁’, which requires about 120 days. In a field experiment, the growth and damage on cabbage plants sprayed with malathion (two sprays), potassium soap [potassium salts of fatty acids] (five sprays), and refined rape oil (five sprays) were compared to the growth and damage on unsprayed plants. Potassium soap and refined rape oil are considered to be environmentally friendly insecticides. In 2002, plants of the cultivar ‘Tucana’, that were treated with malathion had the highest plant weights [PW], head weights [HW], HW/PW ratio, and the lowest number of frame leaves. In the drier year of 2003, there were no significant differences in damage between the three treatments for either cultivar, except during the last assessment done on 13 August. In 2003, plants of ‘Tucana’, treated with potassium soap, had the highest PW and HW. The significantly lowest PW and HW values were recorded from the untreated plants. For the cultivar ‘Hinova’, the PW and HW were heaviest from the plants treated with malathion. In both years, the HW/PW ratio of Hinova (mid-early cultivar) did not differ between treatments, while the plants of ‘Tucana’ (early cultivar) treated with malathion had the highest ratio. Of the three substances tested, malathion was the most effective at reducing the damage on white cabbage plants caused by cabbage stink bugs. However, in an attempt to reduce the use of synthetic insecticides, instead of malathion, we recommend the use of refined rape oil (49 EUR/ha), as it is as effective as potassium soap (81 EUR/ha), but much cheaper.  相似文献   

Soil respiration of karst grasslands subjected to woody‐plant encroachment     

K. Eler  G. Plestenjak  M. Ferlan  M. Čater  P. Simončič  D. Vodnik 《European Journal of Soil Science》2013,64(2):210-218

The transition of grasslands to forests influences many ecosystem processes, including water and temperature regimes and the cycling of nutrients. Different components of the carbon biogeochemical cycle respond strongly to woody plant encroachment; as a consequence, the carbon balance of the invaded grasslands can change markedly. In our research, we studied the response of soil respiration (R_S) to natural succession of calcareous grassland. We established two research sites, called grassland and invaded site, at each of which eddy flux measurement were also performed. Within these sites, triplicate plots were fenced for soil flux measurements. At the invaded site, measurements were performed for forest patches and grassy spaces separately. Soil respiration was strongly dependent on temperature and reached 8–12 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1 in mid‐summer; it was greater at the grassland than at the invaded site. R_S dependence on temperature and soil water content was similar between the different vegetation covers (grassland, gaps and forest patches). At a reference temperature of 10°C, the average R_S was 2.71 µmol CO₂ m^?2 s^?1. The annual sums of R_S were also similar between years and sites: 1345 ± 47 (2009) and 1150 ± 37 g C m^?2 year^?1 (2010) for grassland and 1324 ± 26 (2009) and 1268 ± 26 g C m^?2 year^?1 (2010) for the invaded site, which is at the upper range of the values reported in the literature. Cumulative R_S peaked in July, with about 200 g C m^?2. Large mid‐summer R_S rates rely on strong biological activity supported by high, but non‐extreme soil temperatures and by regular summer precipitation. A coupling of photosynthesis and R_S was revealed by a 24‐hour measurement, which showed asymmetrical clockwise hysteresis patterns.  相似文献   

On the genus Bursaphelenchus Fuchs, 1937 (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchinae) associated with wood and insects from declining forest trees in the Czech Republic     

V. Čermák  P. Vieira  V. Gaar  M. Čudejková  J. Foit  M. Zouhar  O. Douda  M. Mota 《Forest Pathology》2013,43(4):306-316

An overview of the genus Bursaphelenchus in the Czech Republic is presented, based on a recent survey for monitoring the presence of the pinewood nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, as well as on previous reports of this genus in the country. In addition, we provide a morphological and molecular characterization of four Bursaphelenchus species (B. eremus, B. pinophilus, B. vallesianus and B. borealis) found during the monitoring programme for forest pests, conducted during 2006–2010, within the Moravian and Bohemian regions. Nematodes were extracted from over 1917 insects and 1493 wood samples collected from deciduous and coniferous trees exhibiting wilting and declining symptoms. Bursaphelenchus species were found only in 0.73% of insects and 0.47% of the total number of wood samples. Bursaphelenchus borealis and B. pinophilus dauer juveniles were found associated with the insect vectors Dryocetes autographus and Pityogenes bidentatus, respectively. While a total of seven Bursaphelenchus species are now reported from the Czech Republic, the status of B. xylophilus remains as absent.  相似文献