Plasma protein electrophoresis as a prognostic indicator in Aspergillus species‐infected Gentoo penguins (Pygoscelis papua papua)          下载免费PDF全文

Adam D. Naylor  Simon J. Girling  Donna Brown  Claire G. Crompton  Romain Pizzi 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》2017,46(4):605-614

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Characterization of the cutaneous mycobiota in healthy and allergic cats using next generation sequencing          下载免费PDF全文

Courtney Meason‐Smith  Alison Diesel  Adam P. Patterson  Caitlin E. Older  Timothy J. Johnson  Joanne M. Mansell  Jan S. Suchodolski  Aline Rodrigues Hoffmann 《Veterinary dermatology》2017,28(1):71-e17

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<Emphasis Type="Italic">Drosophila suzukii</Emphasis> flight performance reduced by starvation but not affected by humidity     

Jessica S. Wong  Adam C. Cave  Danielle M. Lightle  Walter F. Mahaffee  Steve E. Naranjo  Nik G. Wiman  J. Megan Woltz  Jana C. Lee 《Journal of pest science》2018,91(4):1269-1278

Drosophila suzukii is widely studied because of its status as a global pest of berries and soft fruits. Environmental conditions and access to food resources impact the physiology and fitness of D. suzukii; these factors could also affect dispersal. Flight mills are a convenient tool for measuring and comparing the flight performance of insects. In this study, two experiments examined the effects of diet and humidity on D. suzukii flight performance using custom-built flight mills, and a third experiment compared the energy reserves of D. suzukii flown or not flown on flight mills. Over all flight assays, the median flight distance and duration were 27.16 m and 2.37 min, respectively, and the mean flight velocity was 0.18 m/s. The maximum flight distance and duration by an individual were 1.75 km and 2.35 h, respectively. Drosophila suzukii provisioned with blossoms, fruits, or standard laboratory diets flew farther distances and longer durations than starved flies. While starvation was associated with reduced flight performance, there were no observed differences between diet types. It remains unclear whether D. suzukii consistently use lipids, glycogen, sugar, or another energy source for flight because tethered individuals may not have flown enough to deplete energy reserves. Humidity did not affect flight performance of D. suzukii within a?~?2 h test period. These data indicate that most D. suzukii are likely to remain within limited area (e.g., within a field) but that some individuals can disperse long distances (field to field spread).  相似文献   

How knowledge deficit interventions fail to resolve beginning farmer challenges     

Adam Calo 《Agriculture and Human Values》2018,35(2):367-381

Beginning farmer initiatives like the USDA’s Beginning Farmer and Rancher Development Program (BFRDP), farm incubators, and small-scale marketing innovations offer new entrant farmers agricultural training, marketing and business assistance, and farmland loans. These programs align with alternative food movement goals to revitalize the anemic U.S. small farm sector and repopulate landscapes with socially and environmentally diversified farms. Yet even as these initiatives seek to support prospective farmers with tools for success through a knowledge dissemination model, they remain mostly individualistic and entrepreneurial measures that overlook structural barriers to productive and economic success within U.S. agriculture. Analysis of the BFRDP’s funding history and discourse reveals a “knowledge deficit” based program focused on the technical rather than the structural aspects of beginning farming. This is contrasted with qualitative analysis of beginning farmer experiences in California’s Central Coast region. The discrepancies between the farmer experiences and national structure of the BFRDP program ultimately reveal a policy mismatch between the needs of some beginning farmers and the programs intended to support them.  相似文献   

Tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a primeval mountain mixed forest: implications for management     

Martin Korňan  Peter Adamík 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2017,32(8):671-678

Bird–plant species associations can be an important component of habitat selection in forest birds. We assessed tree species preferences of foraging insectivorous birds in a primeval beech–fir forest in north-west Slovakia, hypothesizing that bird population densities are negatively associated with foraging specialization. We sampled foraging behaviour by random point observations from mid-May until the end of July during 1997?2003. Significant preference or avoidance patterns were found in 16 of 17 bird species. Based on the tree preference index, we distinguished four main foraging specializations: generalists, deciduous specialists, coniferous specialists, and dead wood specialists. Many bird species showed strong preferences for such rare and uncommon tree species as wych elm (Ulmus glabra), sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus), and Norway spruce (Picea abies). European beech (Fagus sylvatica), hazel (Corylus avellana), and rowan (Sorbus aucuparia) were generally avoided. Birds with low densities tended to be most selective, but that effect was not statistically significant. Population variability was not significantly associated with foraging specialization. We hypothesize that impoverishment of tree species diversity within forest stands could lead to less diverse bird assemblages composed of species specialized on those tree species remaining and of generalist foragers able to adapt to a wide range of foraging substrates.  相似文献   

Modelling stemflow production by juvenile lodgepole pine (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Pinus contorta</Emphasis> var. <Emphasis Type="Italic">latifolia</Emphasis>) trees     

Adam J. McKee  Darryl E. Carlyle-Moses 《林业研究》2017,28(3):565-576

Stemflow is a focused point source input of precipitation and nutrients at the base of a tree or plant and can have a significant impact on site hydrology. To date, no known studies have modelled stemflow production for juvenile lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta var. latifolia). Meteorological conditions, tree characteristics, and stemflow were sampled for two juvenile lodgepole pine stands over the course of the 2009 growing season. Step-wise multiple regression was used to assess which meteorological and tree architecture variables influenced stemflow production for each research plot. Once predictor variables were identified, models were produced for each stand and a generic model was produced that applied to both plots. A model employing precipitation depth and crown projection area successfully explained 71.3% of the variation in stemflow production from sampled trees. Stemflow was found to represent 1.8% of the study period rainfall and, although not a large component of the plot-scale canopy water balance, it is an order of magnitude greater than the fractioning of stemflow from mature lodgepole and lodgepole pine dominated forest. Additionally, stemflow funnelling ratios were found to average 22.2 and 24.3 from the two sample plots over the study period with a single tree, single event maximum of 111.7 recorded for a tree with a 3.3 cm bole diameter and a rain depth of 17.4 mm.  相似文献   

A Mechanistic Model for Secchi Disk Depth,Driven by Light Scattering Constituents     

Steven W. Effler  Christopher Strait  David M. O’Donnell  Adam J.P. Effler  Feng Peng  Anthony R. Prestigiacomo  Susan M. O’Donnell  MaryGail Perkins  Steve C. Chapra 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2017,228(4):153

An optics theory-based mechanistic model for Secchi disk depth (Z _SD) is advanced, tested, and applied for Cayuga Lake, NY. Robust data sets supported the initiative, including for (1) Z _SD, (2) multiple light attenuation metrics, most importantly the beam attenuation (c) and particulate scattering (b _p) coefficients, and (3) measures of constituents responsible for contributions to b _p by phytoplankton (b _o) and minerogenic particles (b _m). The model features two serially connected links. The first link supports predictions of b _p from those for b _o and b _m. The second link provides predictions of Z _SD based on those for b _p, utilizing an earlier optical theory radiative transfer equation. Recent advancements in mechanistically strong estimates of b _m, empirical estimates of b _o, and more widely available bulk measurements of c and b _p have enabled a transformation from a theory-based conceptual to this implementable Z _SD model for lacustrine waters. The successfully tested model was applied to quantify the contributions of phytoplankton biomass, and minerogenic particle groups, such as terrigenous clay minerals and autochthonously produced calcite, to recent b _p and Z _SD levels and dynamics. Moreover, it has utility for integration as a submodel into larger water quality models to upgrade their predictive capabilities for Z _SD.  相似文献   

A Rapid Protein Digestibility Assay for Identifying Highly Digestible Sorghum Lines     

Adam Aboubacar  John D. Axtell  Chia‐Ping Huang  Bruce R. Hamaker 《Cereal Chemistry》2001,78(2):160-165

Protein digestibility in sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) lines was determined using two standard procedures (pepsin digestibility and pH‐stat) and compared with a newly developed, rapid electrophoresis‐based screening assay. The new assay was based on the rate of α‐kafirin disappearance after pepsin digestion. α‐Kafirin, the major sorghum storage protein, makes up ≈60–70% of the total protein in the grain. In the new assay, samples were first digested with pepsin for 1 hr, and undigested proteins were then analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. The intensitizes of the undigested α‐kafirin bands were measured. Higher band intensity indicated lower protein digestibility. The new assay was significantly correlated with the standard pepsin digestibility assay (r = −0.96, n = 16) after which it was patterned. The same was true of the pH‐stat procedure (r = −0.85, n = 16). This implies that the new assay is comparable to existing procedures and can be used for screening sorghum lines for protein digestibility. Two groups consisting of high‐protein digestibility and wild‐type sorghum lines were identified when the new assay was tested on 48 sorghum lines derived from crosses of wild‐type and mutant high protein digestibility lines, indicating that the new assay was efficient in differentiating between the two groups. Advantages of the new assay over the standard procedures include considerable reduction in analysis time and sample size required for the analysis. For example, analysis time was reduced by 20% and sample size by 10% when the new assay was used as compared with the pH‐stat procedure. We estimate that ≈60 sorghum lines can be screened in a day by a single operator using the new assay.  相似文献