Parental effects on the performance of cultivated × wild species hybrids in potato     

Shelley Jansky 《Euphytica》2011,178(2):273-281

Valuable genetic diversity in diploid wild Solanum species can be accessed through crosses to haploids (2n = 2×) of the tetraploid cultivated potato, Solanum tuberosum. Haploid-wild species hybrids segregate for the ability to tuberize in the field. In addition, they vary in male fertility, vine size, stolon length, and tuber size. In this study, three haploids were crossed with nine diploid wild Solanum species and 27 hybrid families were evaluated in the field for two years. The proportion of male fertile hybrid clones varied depending on the wild species parent. A large effect of the female parent was detected for vine size, stolon length, tuber size, percent tuberization, and percent plants selected for agronomic quality. An exceptional haploid (US-W4) was identified for the production of agronomically desirable haploid-wild species hybrids. In hybrids derived from US-W4, differences among wild species parents were observed for agronomic quality. Superior hybrids were produced by S. berthaultii and S. microdontum. Reciprocal crosses were evaluated for a subset of families. When the wild species was used as the female parent, male fertility was restored, but tuberization and tuber size were reduced. Careful selection of both haploid and wild species parents can result in a large proportion of fertile, agronomically desirable hybrid offspring.  相似文献   

In vitro screening and QTL analysis for drought tolerance in diploid potato     

A. M. Anithakumari  Oene Dolstra  Ben Vosman  Richard G. F. Visser  C. Gerard van der Linden 《Euphytica》2011,181(3):357-369

Drought stress is a major abiotic constraint limiting crop production worldwide. Screening for drought tolerance and the traits that enhance drought tolerance is not straightforward in large mapping populations. In this study, we investigated the possibility of screening a mapping population in vitro for PEG-induced water deficit stress and recovery potential. We have measured several shoot and root growth parameters or traits in the C × E diploid potato mapping population. Significant variation was observed for genotype-specific responses to water deficit and recovery potential. Genetic variation and heritability estimates were high to very high for the measured traits depending on growth conditions. In order to identify potato QTLs for drought tolerance and recovery potential an SNP marker-rich integrated linkage map was used. A total of 23 QTLs were detected under control, stress and recovery treatments explaining 10.3–22.4% of the variance for each phenotypic trait. Among these, 10 QTLs were located on chromosome 2. Three QTLs involved in the important trait root to shoot ratio were identified on linkage groups 2, 3 and 8. These loci explained together 41.1% of the variance for this trait, and may be breeding targets for stress tolerance and yield in the field as well. The SNP markers derived from EST sequences underlying these QTLs led to the identification of putative candidate genes for further study in potato. This study constitutes the first knowledge of in vitro screening of a mapping population for drought tolerance in potato.  相似文献   

Estimation of genetic components of variation for salt tolerance in chickpea using the generation mean analysis     

Srinivasan Samineni  Pooran M. Gaur  Timothy D. Colmer  L. Krishnamurthy  Vincent Vadez  Kadambot H. M. Siddique 《Euphytica》2011,182(1):73-86

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is known to be salt-sensitive and in many regions of the world its yields are restricted by salinity. Recent identification of large variation in chickpea yield under salinity, if genetically controlled, offers an opportunity to develop cultivars with improved salt tolerance. Two chickpea land races, ICC 6263 (salt sensitive) and ICC 1431 (salt tolerant), were inter-crossed to study gene action involved in different agronomic traits under saline and control conditions. The generation mean analysis in six populations, viz. P₁, P₂, F₁, F₂, BC₁P₁ and BC₁P₂, revealed significant gene interactions for days to flowering, days to maturity, and stem Na and K concentrations in control and saline treatments, as well as for 100-seed weight under salinity. Seed yield, pods per plant, seeds per plant, and stem Cl concentration were controlled by additive effects under saline conditions. Broad-sense heritability values (>0.5) for most traits were generally higher in saline than in control conditions, whereas the narrow-sense heritability values for yield traits, and stem Na and K concentrations, were lower in saline than control conditions. The influence of the sensitive parent was higher on the expression of different traits; the additive and dominant genes acted in opposite directions which led to lower heritability estimates in early generations. These results indicate that selection for yield under salinity would be more effective in later filial generations after gene fixation.  相似文献   

Effect of source germplasm and season on the in vivo haploid induction rate in tropical maize     

Aida Z. Kebede  Baldev S. Dhillon  Wolfgang Schipprack  Jose L. Araus  Marianne Bänziger  Kassa Semagn  Gregorio Alvarado  Albrecht E. Melchinger 《Euphytica》2011,180(2):219-226

For in vivo production of doubled haploid (DH) lines in maize, the rate of haploid induction is of crucial importance. Maternal haploid induction depends primarily on the inducer used as a pollinator. However, the source germplasm used as a maternal parent and the environmental conditions for induction may also influence haploid induction and these aspects have not been examined in tropical maize so far. The objectives of our study were to (i) monitor the variation for haploid induction rate (HIR) among diverse source germplasm in tropical maize, (ii) determine the relative importance of general (GCA) and specific (SCA) combining abilities for HIR, and (iii) investigate the influence of summer and winter seasons and genotype × season interactions on this trait. Ten inbreds were mated in a half diallel design. The resulting 45 F₁ single crosses were pollinated with the haploid inducer hybrid RWS × UH400 during the summer 2008 and winter 2009 seasons in a lowland tropical environment in Mexico. HIR of the single crosses averaged over seasons ranged from 2.90 to 9.66% with an overall mean of 6.74%. Mean HIR was significantly (P < 0.01) higher during the winter (7.37%) than summer season (6.11%). Significant (P < 0.01) variation was observed due to GCA effects of parental inbreds of single crosses but not for SCA, GCA × season and SCA × season interactions. Our study underpins that a higher HIR in tropical maize can be obtained by selecting appropriate source germplasm and undertaking pollination under favorable environmental conditions.  相似文献   

Inheritance of race 1.2 Fusarium wilt resistance in four melon cultivars     

Hela Chikh-Rouhou  Rafael González-Torres  Ali Oumouloud  José M. Alvarez 《Euphytica》2011,182(2):177-186

The resistance to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. melonis (Fom) race 1.2 has been studied in melons, such as the Portuguese accession ‘BG-5384’ and in the Japanese ‘Shiro Uri Okayama’, ‘Kogane Nashi Makuwa’, and ‘C-211’, since a good characterization of the resistance is necessary before its introgression into commercial varieties. These four melon accessions showed a high level of resistance to races 0, 1, and 2 of Fom, indicating that the partial resistance to the race 1.2 previously detected may not have been race specific. To determine the mode of inheritance of the resistance to Fom race 1.2, the F₁, F₂, BCP_R, and BCP_S generations from the crosses between the four resistant accessions above and ‘Piel de Sapo’, a Fom race 1.2 susceptible melon, were developed. They were subsequently inoculated with two Fom isolates, one from the pathotype 1.2Y and the other from the pathotype 1.2W. The area under the disease progress curve was determined for each inoculated plant, and the data were analyzed. We show that the resistance seen in these accessions is polygenically inherited with a complex genetic control because many epistatic interactions were detected. The three epistatic effects; additivity × additivity, dominance × dominance, and dominance × additivity are present and significant, with differing magnitudes from one cross to the next. The relatively low heritabilities, and these epistatic effects make difficult the improvement of the resistance, from these sources, through a standard selection procedure.  相似文献   

Reciprocal differences in DNA sequence and methylation status of the pollen DNA between F<Subscript>1</Subscript> hybrids of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Solanum tuberosum</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">S. demissum</Emphasis>     

Rena Sanetomo  Kazuyoshi Hosaka 《Euphytica》2011,182(2):219-229

Reciprocal differences, mostly caused by cytoplasmic effects, are frequently observed in interspecific hybrids. Previously, we found that crosses onto Solanum demissum were much successful with the pollen of interspecific hybrids between S. tuberosum as female and S. demissum as male (TD hybrids) than the reciprocal ones (DT hybrids). To elucidate this reciprocally different crossability, we analyzed the pollen DNA of TD and DT using methylation-sensitive amplified polymorphism (MSAP) analysis. Using 126 primer combinations, MSAP analysis revealed 57 different bands between bulked pollen DNA samples of TD and DT. Individual examination of 16 TD and 9 DT plants disclosed eight bands uniformly different between TD and DT. Their sequencing results revealed two pairs of bands to be identical to each other, resulting in six distinct sequences. As expected, one band shared high homology with chloroplast DNA, and another one with mitochondrial DNA. However, one band that was apparently different at DNA sequence level and maternally transmitted from S. demissum, showed no homology with any known sequence. The remaining three bands were of DNA methylation level differences with no or uncertain homology to known sequences. To our knowledge, this is the first report detecting reciprocal differences in DNA sequence or DNA methylation other than those in cytoplasmic DNA.  相似文献   

长枝木霉TICC鉴定及其生物学特性研究   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王斌  刘金亮  张世宏  潘洪玉 《中国农学通报》2011,27(5)

从土壤中分离得到1株木霉T1CC,为明确其分类地位及其生物学特性,对该菌进行形态学鉴定和分子鉴定,并对其生长培养基、光照、温度、碳源、氮源、微量元素和pH等生物学特性进行研究.鉴定结果显示,该菌株为长枝木霉(Trichoderm longibrachiatum).生物学特性结果表明:菌株T1CC在PDA上生长量最大,查氏培养基和基本培养基上生长量最小;不同光照条件下,菌丝生长无明显差异,但在连续光照条件下可明显促进孢子产生;在15～40℃范围能够生长产孢,在35℃时菌丝生长最快,但产孢量在25～35℃最大;果糖最能促进菌丝生长,果糖、可溶性淀粉最有利于产孢;谷氨酸对菌丝生长和孢子产生都有促进作用;Cu最能促进菌丝生长,而zn、K和Mg则对菌丝生长有一定抑制作用,Cu最有利于产孢,zn对产孢明显抑制;在pH/值在2～10范围内均可生长,在pH为5时为生长最佳,在pH值3～7范围内最有利于产孢.  相似文献   

Clonal propagation of triploid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Acorus calamus</Emphasis> Linn. Using dual-phase culture system     

Ningthoujam Sandhyarani  Rajkumar Kishor  Gurumayum Jitendra Sharma 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2011,14(3):213-217

Acorus calamus is an important medicinal plant which has been used in Indian traditional medicine since time immemorial. Various bioactive molecules, viz., acorin, α- and β-asarone, asaryldehyde, caryophylene, isoasarone, methylisoeugenol, and safrol have been isolated from this plant. However, the use of this plant for medicinal purpose has been recently banned due to the high toxic property of β-asarone. The triploid Acorus calamus is reported to be low in β-asarone content and thus found to be the ideal raw material for medicinal use. The present investigation represents our finding for successful in vitro clonal propagation of the elite triploid accessions of Acorus calamus for mass propagation. In the dual-phase culture system consisting of agar-solidified Murashige and Skoog medium overlaid by liquid fraction of the same medium, maximum multiple shoot induction was favored by supplementation of α-naphthaleneacetic acid (0.5 mg L⁻¹) and 6-benzylaminopurine (2.0 mg L⁻¹). In vitro rooting of the microshoots was maximum in the medium supplemented with indolebutyric acid at 2.0 mg L⁻¹. The well-rooted microshoots could be successfully hardened and transplanted in the field. This result can be reproduced and is a viable protocol for successful clonal propagation of the seedless triploid Acorus calamus for conservation and sustainable development.  相似文献   

Foliar application of the exogenous plant hormones at pre-blooming stage improves flowering and fruiting in cashew (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Anacardium occidentale</Emphasis> L.)     

Olawale Mashood Aliyu  Oluwayemisi Oluwatosin Adeigbe  Joshua Adedokun Awopetu 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2011,14(2):143-150

The problem of declining tree yield has led to an investigation into the effectiveness of foliar application of exogenous hormones to improve flowering, fruit set, and fruit retention in cashew. Five exogenous hormones, one Gibberellic Acid (GA₃) and four Auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA, and 2,4-D) at seven different rates of application (0 mg L⁻¹, 10 mg L⁻¹, 25 mg L⁻¹, 50 mg L⁻¹, 100 mg L⁻¹, 250 mg L⁻¹, and 500 mg L⁻¹) were tested on six yield-related components of the two Brazilian cashew genotypes. This trial was a factorial split-split-plot design with each treatment replicated five times within a tree and three replications (three trees) per genotype. Responses varied significantly between exogenous hormones, concentrations and genotypes. The cashew plants used showed hormone-specific and optimum concentration response patterns. Of the five exogenous hormones tested, GA₃ was most effective as its application at 50–100 mg L⁻¹ gave five-fold improvements in flowering (precocity and number of hermaphrodite flowers) and fruiting, and about 69% increase in fruit retention ability and 25% in nut size. Panicles treated with GA₃ also produced relatively bigger nuts compared to the untreated. Days to flowering was found to be hormone sensitive, while production of hermaphrodite flowers, fruit set, and nut development tended to be concentration specific. The GA₃ exhibited a broad concentration tolerance among the five exogenous hormones investigated. Our data showed that using GA₃ at 50 mg L⁻¹ will enhance flowering precocity, shorten flowering duration, increase production of hermaphrodite flowers and fruit set significantly, and resultant nuts develop optimally with high percentage retention. Thus, it suggests cashew yield could be increased by exogenous foliar application of GA₃ at 50–100 mg L⁻¹ at pre-blooming stage.  相似文献   

High frequency plantlet regeneration from nodal segment culture of female <Emphasis Type="Italic">Momordica dioica</Emphasis> (Roxb.)     

Mahipal S. Shekhawat  Narpat S. Shekhawat  Harish  Kheta Ram  Mahendra Phulwaria  Amit Kumar Gupta 《Journal of Crop Science and Biotechnology》2011,14(2):133-137

An in vitro propagation method for female plants of Momordica dioica (Roxb.) has been established. The nodal segments were harvested and the cut ends of the explants were sealed with wax and then surface sterilized and cultured. Bud breaking occurred on Murashige and Skoog’s (MS) agar-gelled medium + 2.0 mg L⁻¹ 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP) + 0.1 mg L⁻¹ Indole-3 acetic acid (IAA). The cultures were amplified by passages on MS medium supplemented with 1.0 mg L⁻¹ BAP + 0.1 mg L⁻¹ IAA. Further, shoot amplification (29.2 shoots per vessel) was achieved by subculturing of in vitro regenerated shoot clump on MS medium + 0.5 mg L⁻¹ BAP + 0.1 mg L⁻¹ IAA. The micropropagated shoots were subsequently transferred for root formation on half-strength MS medium + 2.0 mg L⁻¹ Indole-3 butyric acid (IBA) with 89% success rate. The in vitro-regenerated shoots were also rooted ex vitro with 34% success. These plantlets were hardened in the greenhouse and transferred to the field. The established protocol is suitable for true to type cloning of mature female plant of M. dioica.  相似文献