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91.
Treusch S Hamamichi S Goodman JL Matlack KE Chung CY Baru V Shulman JM Parrado A Bevis BJ Valastyan JS Han H Lindhagen-Persson M Reiman EM Evans DA Bennett DA Olofsson A DeJager PL Tanzi RE Caldwell KA Caldwell GA Lindquist S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,334(6060):1241-1245
Aβ (beta-amyloid peptide) is an important contributor to Alzheimer's disease (AD). We modeled Aβ toxicity in yeast by directing the peptide to the secretory pathway. A genome-wide screen for toxicity modifiers identified the yeast homolog of phosphatidylinositol binding clathrin assembly protein (PICALM) and other endocytic factors connected to AD whose relationship to Aβ was previously unknown. The factors identified in yeast modified Aβ toxicity in glutamatergic neurons of Caenorhabditis elegans and in primary rat cortical neurons. In yeast, Aβ impaired the endocytic trafficking of a plasma membrane receptor, which was ameliorated by endocytic pathway factors identified in the yeast screen. Thus, links between Aβ, endocytosis, and human AD risk factors can be ascertained with yeast as a model system. 相似文献
92.
Gregory SM Davis BK West JA Taxman DJ Matsuzawa S Reed JC Ting JP Damania B 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6015):330-334
The NLR (nucleotide binding and oligomerization, leucine-rich repeat) family of proteins senses microbial infections and activates the inflammasome, a multiprotein complex that promotes microbial clearance. Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is linked to several human malignancies. We found that KSHV Orf63 is a viral homolog of human NLRP1. Orf63 blocked NLRP1-dependent innate immune responses, including caspase-1 activation and processing of interleukins IL-1β and IL-18. KSHV Orf63 interacted with NLRP1, NLRP3, and NOD2. Inhibition of Orf63 expression resulted in increased expression of IL-1β during the KSHV life cycle. Furthermore, inhibition of NLRP1 was necessary for efficient reactivation and generation of progeny virus. The viral homolog subverts the function of cellular NLRs, which suggests that modulation of NLR-mediated innate immunity is important for the lifelong persistence of herpesviruses. 相似文献
93.
Carbon and chromite fractions from the Allende meteorite that contain isotopically anomalous xenon-131 to xenon-136 (carbonaceous chondrite fission or CCF xenon) at up to 5 x 10(11) atoms per gram show no detectable isotopic anomalies in barium-130 to barium-138. This rules out the possibility that the CCF xenon was formed by in situ fission of an extinct superheavy element. Apparently the CCF xenon and its carbonaceous carrier are relics from stellar nucleosynthesis. 相似文献
94.
松树脂被广泛用于医药、香料等领域。我国早在20世纪50年代就已成为世界首要松香生产国之一。综述报道了世界上各种松树脂的组成、结构及用途。 相似文献
95.
K.E. Anders Ohlsson Bhupinderpal Singh Anders Nordgren Peter Högberg 《Soil biology & biochemistry》2005,37(12):2273-2276
The δ13C of soil-respired CO2 (δr) is frequently determined using static closed chamber methods. δr is obtained as the intercept of the least squares linear regression of δ vs 1/C*, where measured δ13C-CO2 (δ) and volume fraction of CO2 (C*) values of chamber headspace samples are used. Theoretically, we show that the variance of the estimate of δr can be reduced by extending the 1/C* interval of the regression towards (i) higher or (ii) lower values, or (iii) distributing the 1/C* values optimally within the pre-selected headspace CO2 sampling time period. Experimental applications of these approaches indicated that: (1) lowering the initial CO2 level, thereby increasing 1/C*, yielded a positive bias to the δr result. (2) It was feasible to obtain lower variance in the δr estimate by lowering 1/C* values through extended CO2 sampling time. We also recommend that each chamber is sampled only once, mainly because this allows freedom to select the sampling times, in order to optimize the distribution of 1/C* values. 相似文献
96.
Maria Berdén Nicholas Clarke Lars -Göran Danielsson Anders Sparén 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,72(1-4):213-233
We have compared a new FIA method (M1) for aluminium speciation in natural waters and a manual one based on one of Driscoll's proposals (M2). In synthetic solutions, aluminium's fluoro complexes were measured as ‘labile monomeric AP (Al i ) by M2, but not as ‘quickly reacting Al’ (Al qr ) by M1. Aluminium's complexes with Nordic Reference Humic Acid were measured neither as Al i nor as Al qr , and the same result was obtained for Al's citrato complexes. After excluding aluminium's fluoro complexes from Al i , the results of the two methods agreed well for soil leaching samples and fairly well for natural water samples. Detection limits: 10μg L?1 (ca. 0.4 μM) for both methods. Sample throughputs: M1∶66 injections h?1; M2∶5 samples h?1. Repeatabilities (RSD) on natural water samples: M1∶0.6–5.8% and M2 0.7–4.6%. Sample storage studies on soil solutions (FIA method) indicated that storage effects were ‘sample type specific’. A sample with a low level of Al qr and a high DOC level (P2A) was more sensitive to storage than one with a high [Al] qr and a low [DOC] (P2B*). The decrease in [Al] qr was statistically significant after 10 h (P2A) and 24 h (P2B*), respectively. After 3 days' storage, [Al] qr had decreased by some 40% in P2A, while the decrease in P2B* was less than 10% after 8 days. The results of this part of the study also emphasize the importance of careful method standardization in sample storage studies. 相似文献
97.
98.
99.
This review summarizes independent reports of yield decreases in several agricultural systems that are associated with repeated cropping under wet or submerged soil conditions. Crop and soil data from most of these agroecosystems have led researchers to attribute yield decreases to a reduction in crop uptake of N mineralized from soil organic matter (SOM). These trends are most evident in several long-term field experiments on continuous lowland rice systems in the Philippines, but similar trends are evident in a continuous rice rotation in Arkansas, USA and with no-till cropping systems in North American regions with cool, wet climatic conditions in Spring. Soil analyses from some of these systems have found an accumulation of phenolic lignin compounds in SOM. Phenolic compounds covalently bind nitrogenous compounds into recalcitrant forms in laboratory conditions and occurrence of this chemical immobilization under field conditions would be consistent with field observations of reduced soil N supply. However, technological shortcomings have precluded its demonstration for naturally formed SOM. Through recent advances in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, agronomically significant quantities of lignin-bound N were found in a triple-cropped rice soil in the Philippines. A major research challenge is to demonstrate in the anaerobic agroecosystems that these lignin residues bind sufficient quantities of soil N to cause the observed yield decreases. A key objective will be to elucidate the cycling dynamics of lignin-bound N relative to the seasonal pattern of crop N demand. Anaerobic decomposition of crop residues may be the key feature of anaerobic cropping systems that promotes the accumulation of phenolic lignin residues and hence the covalent binding of soil N. Potential mitigation options include improved timing of applied N fertilizer, which has already been shown to reverse yield decreases in tropical rice, and aerobic decomposition of crop residues, which can be accomplished through field drainage or timing of tillage operations. Future research will evaluate whether aerobic decomposition promotes the formation of phenol-depleted SOM and greater in-season N mineralization, even when the soil is otherwise maintained under flooded conditions during the growing season. 相似文献
100.
Cut logs and high stumps of spruce, birch, aspen and oak - nine years of saproxylic fungi succession
Managed stands generally contain little coarse woody debris compared to natural forests. This study addresses the potential of retained cut wood to increase the amount of substrate available for a variety of saproxylic fungi.Fruit bodies of fungi were recorded from 270 cut high stumps and logs of spruce, birch, aspen and oak over nine years of initial succession. A total of 1565 occurrences of 148 species, seven of which were red-listed, were found. Numbers of species were significantly higher on logs than on stumps. Annual diversity peaked four to seven years after logging, sooner on logs than on stumps. Numbers of species were positively related to substrate diameter, but not to the level of shade/sun-exposure, while the presence of some individual species were significantly affected by one or both of these factors. Comparisons with data from the literature indicated no fundamental differences between fungal communities on cut wood and on naturally dead substrates. We conclude that cut wood left on site, especially logs, may mimic dead wood from trees that die swiftly from natural causes and support diverse fungal communities, both in shaded stands and in open logging sites. Substrates generated by slow self-thinning processes in natural forests however, are probably difficult to mimic in managed stands. 相似文献