REVIEW: An Overview on Fusarium Mycotoxins in the Durum Wheat Pasta Production Chain     

Angelo Visconti  Michelangelo Pascale 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(1):21-27

Fusarium head blight (FHB) is one of the major diseases of wheat (both common and durum wheat) caused by various fungi including Microdochium nivale and different Fusarium species. Most of the Fusarium species associated with FHB (mainly F. graminearum, F. culmorum and F. sporotrichioides), under favourable environmental conditions, can produce various toxic secondary metabolites (mycotoxins) that can contaminate grains. The major Fusarium mycotoxins that can occur in wheat and derived products are deoxynivalenol, nivalenol, T‐2 and HT‐2 toxins, and zearalenone. Processing has generally significant effects on the levels of mycotoxins in the final products. Deoxynivalenol is typically concentrated in the bran coat which is removed in the production of semolina; consequently, a consistent reduction of deoxynivalenol levels has been observed during each of the processing steps, from raw durum wheat to pasta production. To allow monitoring programs and protect consumers' health, several analytical methods have been developed for Fusarium mycotoxins, based on chromatographic or immunometric techniques. The European Union has established maximum permitted levels for some Fusarium mycotoxins in cereals and cereal‐based products (including unprocessed durum wheat, bran, wheat flour, and pasta). Recommendations for the prevention and reduction of Fusarium mycotoxins contamination in cereals based on identification of critical risk factors and crop management strategies have been published by the Codex Alimentarius and the European Commission.  相似文献   

Courtship and mating behaviour in the fruit fly parasitoid <Emphasis Type="Italic">Psyttalia concolor</Emphasis> (Szépligeti) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae): the role of wing fanning     

Giovanni Benelli  Gabriella Bonsignori  Cesare Stefanini  Angelo Canale 《Journal of pest science》2012,85(1):55-63

Psyttalia concolor is a parasitoid of fruit flies (Tephritidae) which is used to control the olive fruit fly (Bactrocera oleae). Detailed knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to optimise mass rearing conditions and use in biological control. In this study, the mating behaviour of P. concolor was investigated in order to understand the factors that can influence the success of male mating, using both high-speed video and biological assays. P. concolor males were more likely to be successful in mating during the early morning as opposed to the afternoon, and their courtship behaviour was not affected by the female mating status (i.e. virgin or mated). Wing fanning and copulation attempts were also frequently displayed among males, but male mating status did not influence male–male courtship behaviour. Video data revealed that during wing fanning, male wings were kept raised and moved rhythmically in a dorsoventral fashion. Frequency, pulse duration and interpulse interval of the fanning males during female courtship differed significantly in successful mating attempts compared to unsuccessful ones. Wingless males had significantly lower mating success compared to winged males, suggesting that wing fanning increases the likelihood of attracting a mate. Overall, the study increases the knowledge of the reproductive biology of P. concolor and suggests the importance of fanning behaviour among the range of sensory modalities used by this parasitoid in intra-specific communication.  相似文献   

Wnt/β-catenin signaling regulates telomerase in stem cells and cancer cells     

Hoffmeyer K  Raggioli A  Rudloff S  Anton R  Hierholzer A  Del Valle I  Hein K  Vogt R  Kemler R 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6088):1549-1554

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Optimization of seasonality and mother plant nutrition for vegetative propagation of Pinus pinaster Ait     

Celia Martínez-Alonso  Angelo Kidelman  Isabel Feito  Tania Velasco  Ricardo Alía  Maria Jo?o Gaspar  Juan Majada 《New Forests》2012,43(5-6):651-663

Due to the high economic importance of Pinus pinaster Ait., there is considerable interest in developing, improving and extending the use of its families for mass clonal propagation and in breeding programmes. In the current study, we evaluated shoot growth, rooting ability and mini-cuttings production of P. pinaster in response to nitrogen fertilization and seasons. We compared eight half-sib families of P. pinaster from Asturias and Galicia (Northern Iberian Peninsula), searching for useful parameters and growing conditions to be included in a mass propagation program for clonal family forestry. We fertilized P. pinaster seedling mother plants kept in a greenhouse with three levels of nitrogen: high (HN), medium (MN) and low (LN) to evaluate rooting ability of mini-cuttings. In addition, we evaluated the maximal potential production of rooted mini-cuttings considering nine cycles of propagation over 1?year, also using three levels of nitrogen. The HN treatment significantly influenced the rooting process, with length, area and volume of roots all being positively affected. Spring was the most favourable season for mini-cuttings in the HN treatment. This study provides valuable new information to optimize the clonal propagation protocol for P. pinaster and shows that the mini-cuttings technique has great potential in mass scale cloning, providing high quality sprout production and well-formed new plants.  相似文献   

Perception of dogs’ stress by their owners     

Chiara Mariti  Angelo Gazzano  Jane Lansdown Moore  Paolo Baragli  Laura Chelli  Claudio Sighieri 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2012,7(4):213-219

Questionnaires potentially have a broad applicability in measuring stress levels in dogs, as owners know their dogs’ behavior and personality better than anyone else. The aim of this research was to evaluate how owners perceive stress in their dogs through understanding of displayed behaviors.The survey was carried out using 1,190 questionnaires completed by dog owners. More than half of respondents were able to correctly identify stress as a short- or long-term alteration of the psychophysical equilibrium that can develop into illness. This ability was higher with higher educational levels. The behavioral indicators of stress most frequently identified by owners were trembling and whining, followed by aggressiveness, excessive barking, and panting. More subtle behaviors such as looking elsewhere, turning head, yawning, and nose licking were more rarely reported, suggesting that few owners are able to correctly interpret and intervene in early stages of stress. The vast majority of respondents indicated that dogs were stressed seldom or only in specific situations. Men generally considered their dogs as experiencing low stress more often than did women, whereas women considered their dogs as being moderately stressed more often than did men.An owner’s ability to recognize behavioral signs of stress is important, as it enables the owner to help the animal to avoid welfare problems, such as stressful situations, and favors a rapid recovery of psychophysical homeostasis by interrupting the progression to overstress and distress. The results show that some owners can help in protecting the welfare of their dogs, but that many owners would benefit from educational efforts to improve their ability to interpret their dogs’ behavior.  相似文献   

How Do Horses Appraise Humans' Actions? A Brief Note over a Practical Way to Assess Stimulus Perception     

Paolo Baragli DVM  PhD  Angelo Gazzano DVM  PhD  Franco Martelli DVM  Claudio Sighieri MS 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》2009,29(10):739-742

Heart rate (HR) is considered to be an effective tool for assessing animals' emotional response to a stimulus. We investigated changes in HR during a series of handling procedures (grooming test) in horses that had different experiences of human interaction. We used four groups of horses: grazing horses (group A), school horses (group B), six ponies, traditionally trained (group C), and six ponies, trained with modulated stimulus intensity (group D). An HR monitor was applied to each horse. The operator began the grooming test, standardized at the following points: (1) trainer's entry into the enclosure/paddock, (2) halter fastened, (3) start of grooming, (4) end of grooming, (5) saddling, and (6) inserting the bit. Group A repeated the grooming test twice: group A1 with a known operator and group A2 with an unknown operator. The data were compared by using analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests. The results showed a significant increase in HR (P ≤ .05) at point 2 compared with baseline in all groups except group D. Other significant differences were found at all points between groups A1 and A2, groups A2 and B, groups A1 and C, groups B and C, and at points 5 and 6 between groups A2 and C, as well as between groups C and D. Even when a scientific assessment of the increase in the HR is of primary importance, the use of this physiologic parameter may be helpful in assessing the horse's perceptions of stimuli presented by people during handling. Our results show that it is not the action “per se” that is important, but the manner in which horses perceive and appraise such actions in relation to the environment and their subject's experiences.  相似文献   

Repeated occurrence of jejuno-jejunal intussusception in a calf          下载免费PDF全文

Davide Pravettoni  Nicola Morandi  Marco Rondena  Pietro Riccaboni  Davide D. Zani  Massimiliano Scandella    Angelo G. Belloli 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2009,50(3):287-290

This paper reports the clinical findings, diagnostic imaging, surgical management, and necropsy of an unusual case of jejuno-jejunal intussusception in a calf that was diagnosed with the use of ultrasonography, and treated surgically by resection and end-to-end anastomosis. The calf fatally relapsed 8 d after laparotomy. Necropsy and histology revealed enteritis and myenteric ganglionitis.  相似文献   

An atypical case of respiratory actinobacillosis in a cow     

Peli Angelo  Spadari Alessandro  Romagnoli Noemi  Bettini Giuliano  Scarpa Filippo  Pietra Marco 《Journal of veterinary science (Suw?n-si, Korea)》2009,10(3):265-267

A not pregnant 4-year-old Jersey cow was presented with the sudden appearance of respiratory noise, nasal discharge and moderate respiratory difficulty. Upon physical examination a snoring-like noise, extended head and neck position, exaggerated abdominal effort, bilateral nasal discharge and left prescapular lymph node enlargement were noted. Sub-occlusion of the initial portion of the respiratory tract was suspected. Radiographic and endoscopic examinations revealed a pedunculate mass on the dorsal aspect of the rhinopharynx, which was removed with endoscopically assisted electrosurgery. Histologic examination revealed a chronic pyogranulomatous inflammation with eosinophilic club-like bodies surrounding small colonies of rod-shaped bacteria. Results of histochemical staining were consistent with Actinobacillus-like bacteria and a diagnosis of respiratory actinobacillosis was reached. Surgery and antibiotic therapy were resolutive, as demonstated by an endoscopic check at the second month after surgery, even without the association of the traditional iodine cure, which is regarded as the treatment of choice for actinobacillosis.  相似文献   

Evaluation of serum enzyme activities as predictors of passive transfer status in lambs     

Britti D  Massimini G  Peli A  Luciani A  Boari A 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》2005,226(6):951-955

OBJECTIVE: To determine the associations between serum IgG concentration and serum activities of gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), alkaline phosphatase, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lactate dehydrogenase, and pseudocholinesterase for the potential use of these serum enzymes as predictors of passive transfer status in neonatal lambs. DESIGN: Prospective observational study. ANIMALS: 47 Sardinian lambs from birth to 2 days old. PROCEDURE: Serum enzyme activities were measured by use of commercially available kits and a clinical biochemical analyzer. Serum IgG concentration was determined by single radial immunodiffusion. Associations between serum IgG concentration and the activity of each serum enzyme were established by use of regression analysis. RESULTS: A significant correlation was detected between serum IgG concentration and serum GGT activity in 1- and 2-day-old lambs. Minimal correlations were detected between serum IgG concentration and serum alkaline phosphatase activity in 1-day-old lambs and serum pseudocholinesterase activity in 1- and 2-day-old lambs. No significant associations were detected between serum IgG concentration and serum activities of aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and lactate dehydrogenase. A multiple linear regression model was accurate for the estimation of the natural logarithm of serum IgG concentration as a function of the natural logarithm of serum GGT activity and of the age of lambs at the time of sampling (adjusted R2 = 0.89). This model was then used to calculate the serum GGT activity equivalent to various serum IgG concentrations for 1- and 2-day-old lambs. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that passive transfer status in neonatal lambs can be successfully predicted by measurement of serum GGT activity but not by measurement of the other enzymes tested.  相似文献   

Development of PCR Primers for a New Fusarium oxysporum Pathogenic on Paris Daisy (Argyranthemum frutescens L.)     

Matias Pasquali  Alberto Acquadro  Virgilio Balmas  Quirico Migheli  Maria Lodovica Gullino  Angelo Garibaldi 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2004,110(1):7-11

The inverse PCR technique was applied to clone genomic DNA flanking insertion sites of sequences homologous to the transposable element Fot1 in the genome of a new pathogenic isolate of Fusarium oxysporum obtained from wilted Argyranthemum frutescens (Paris daisy). Based on the genomic flanking regions, a primer was designed which when paired to a second primer matching the Fot1 sequence allowed detection of this pathogen by PCR. The primer pair Mg5/Mg6 could specifically identify nine tested isolates of F. oxysporum from A. frutescens, when fungal genomic DNA was used as template. Moreover, the primer pair Mg5/Mg6 allowed successful detection of the pathogen in stem and root tissue from asymptomatic plants that were artificially inoculated with a representative isolate of F. oxysporum from A. frutescens.  相似文献