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21.
沙地樟子松天然林自然落种和土壤种子库的特征 总被引:3,自引:1,他引:2
研究了呼伦贝尔沙地3种类型的樟子松天然林内天然母树的自然落种和土壤种子库特征.结果表明:土壤种子库中种子数量的空间分布特征和母树自然落种数量的空间分布规律相同.从树干或林缘向外,随着传播距离的增加,土壤种子库的种子数量和母树自然落种的种子数量均有降低的趋势.从树干或林缘向外4~5m范围内樟子松母树自然落种数量最多,而后随着距离的增加,自然落种数量明显减少.樟子松天然林母树自然落种的传播距离范围可以达到25m,表明在适宜条件下,沙地樟子松天然林通过自然更新,能够迅速扩展林缘,扩大种群. 相似文献
22.
Mari Lappalainen Marjo Palviainen Jussi V.K. Kukkonen Heikki Setälä Sirpa Piirainen Tytti Sarjala Harri Koivusalo Leena Finér Samuli Launiainen Ari Laurén 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2018,229(7):240
Terrestrial export of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to watercourses has increased in boreal zone. Effect of decomposing material and soil food webs on the release rate and quality of DOC are poorly known. We quantified carbon (C) release in CO2, and DOC in different molecular weights from the most common organic soils in boreal zone; and explored the effect of soil type and enchytraeid worms on the release rates. Two types of mor and four types of peat were incubated in laboratory with and without enchytraeid worms for 154 days at +?15 °C. Carbon was mostly released as CO2; DOC contributed to 2–9% of C release. The share of DOC was higher in peat than in mor. The release rate of CO2 was three times higher in mor than in highly decomposed peat. Enchytraeids enhanced the release of CO2 by 31–43% and of DOC by 46–77% in mor. High molecular weight fraction dominated the DOC release. Upscaling the laboratory results into catchment level allowed us to conclude that peatlands are the main source of DOC, low molecular weight DOC originates close to watercourse, and that enchytraeids substantially influence DOC leaching to watercourse and ultimately to aquatic CO2 emissions. 相似文献
23.
Deforestation and degradation of productive lands are serious threats to the sustainability of forestry/agricultural practices
in Kenya. In the last two decades farm forestry (FF) has been promoted through pilot projects among local communities as an
example of sustainable land use. However adoption of FF is limited outside the project locations because FF improvement measures
focused mainly on biological (e.g. succession, biodiversity and traditional industrial timber production) and technical concerns
(e.g. material input delivery such as providing free tree seedlings for field planting) rather than local values, and interests
and the constraints facing farmers. This study examined the local farm priorities and constraints and the prospects for the
wider implementation of farm-level tree planting in four communities in Rachuonyo District. Using interviews with 597 randomly
selected household heads, the study assessed farmer’s production assets and activities, land tenure, priority tree species
and the constraints to growing trees on farms. Results show that farm labour is represented by a young population, 56.3% under
the age of forty. They are mainly engaged in small-scale mixed cropping integrated with multipurpose trees and some livestock.
Tree products contribute about 32% to household cash income, more than any other source (agricultural products, labour sales,
etc). Females were more often household heads and had considerable influence over productive activities, making them an important
target group in FF development. Farmers preferred exotic tree species due to their ability to provide short-term cash income,
fuel and shade. Farmers’ concerns included population pressure on limited farmlands and the problem of credit for agricultural
inputs. Given the feeling of secured tenure arrangement and influence of tree products on the household economy, farmers are
likely to invest more in efficient land uses such as FF if consideration is given to local priorities. 相似文献
24.
Genetic yield improvements in oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivars grown at high latitudes have resulted from marked changes in harvest index and yield components. This study was designed to investigate whether such changes have entailed alterations in duration of different developmental phases: vegetative, generative and grain filling phases and pre-anthesis generative sub-phases such as pre-fertile, pre-abortion, fertile pre-abortion, fertile and abortion sub-phases. We tested 14 oat cultivars released between 1921 and 1988 and 6 breeding lines. Ten randomly sampled plants of each oat entry were collected every 3–4 d (18 times) from seedling emergence until pollination, and apical developmental stages were determined on the most advanced spikelet. Cumulated degree-days (Cdd) for each critical developmental stage and component phases were determined (5 °C as a base temperature). At each measurement the number of leaves, green leaves and tillers on main shoot, apex length (mm) and height to the uppermost node, and stipule (cm) were recorded. Phyllochron (°C d leaf−1) and relative elongation rates (RER) for height characterising traits were calculated. Grain filling was the only period altered by breeding, while no consistent effects on duration of vegetative and generative pre-anthesis phases and sub-phases were detected. Different developmental phases were interrelated: in some cases cultivars with similar duration of pre-anthesis phase, however, differed in duration of some pre-anthesis sub-phases. Their duration was not, however, consistently associated with measured growth and yield parameters. Likely long days that make the northern growing conditions exceptional and unique, substantially narrowed the differences among oat entries in duration of different developmental phases, thereby making their role also less critical in yield determination contrary to the situation in the main global temperate cereal production regions. 相似文献
25.
Spring wheat response to timing of water deficit through sink and grain filling capacity 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Ari Rajala Kaija Hakala Pirjo Mkel Susanna Muurinen Pirjo Peltonen-Sainio 《Field Crops Research》2009,114(2):263-271
Water and nitrogen (N) availability are the main factors influencing crop growth globally. Poorly distributed or insufficient water for crop growth requirements decreases yields in drought-prone areas such as those with a Mediterranean type environment. Cereal grain yield is a complex trait of interrelated components: plants per unit land area, spikes per plant, spikelets per spike, grains per spikelet, and single grain weight (SGW). The effect of water limitation and timing on development of yield components was studied in detail at the spike level in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivar Amaretto. An experiment with three watering treatments (control watering, CONT; drought prior to pollination, DR1 and terminal drought, DR2) was arranged in a large greenhouse (20 m × 30 m), with the use of standard field-trial machinery. Automated blackout curtains were used to control day length, which was set to correspond to that at 40°N. With watering treatments, two N application rates (60 and 120 kg N ha−1) were used to investigate the N effect and potential watering × N interaction on yield formation and realisation. The water deficit effect exceeded the effect of N on fertile floret and grain number and SGW. DR1 strongly reduced the number of fertile florets and grains, whereas terminal drought reduced the number of grains per spike. Resuming the watering at pollination markedly enhanced photosynthesis, and hence grain filling capacity, resulting in the highest SGW in DR1. Enhancement in availability of key resources was associated with reduced rate of fertile floret and grain abortion, which resulted in higher grain to fertile floret ratio in DR1. Spikelets in the mid-section of the spike dominated yield formation in all treatments. In DR1 this was especially emphasised as 53% of the grain yield was produced in spikelets 4–6, whereas in DR2 and CONT this was 45 and 41%, respectively. Grains in proximal position in the spikelets produced about 80% of the spike grain yield, the proportion being slightly higher in stressed plants and plants receiving 60 kg N. No marked N × water deficit treatment interaction occurred for any of the measured parameters. 相似文献
26.
27.
Julie C. Schildt DVM L. Ari Jutkowitz VMD DACVECC Matthew W. Beal DVM DACVECC 《Journal of Veterinary Emergency and Critical Care》2008,18(5):511-516
Objective – To describe the clinical and laboratory features, treatment, and outcome of cats with a history of potpourri oil exposure. Design – Retrospective study. Setting – Veterinary teaching hospital. Animals – Six client‐owned cats. Measurements and Main Results – The medical records of animals with oral or lingual ulceration and exposure to potpourri oil from January 2000 to December 2007 were reviewed. Information obtained from the medical records included signalment, product to which the animal was exposed, clinical signs, physical examination findings, diagnostic test results, treatment, duration of hospitalization, and outcome. Six cats qualified for inclusion in the study; 3 were castrated males and 3 were spayed females. Age range was 0.3–3.6 years. All cats had severe oral and lingual ulceration. Additional clinical findings included hyperthermia, tachypnea, ptyalism, and lethargy. Treatment of these cats included IV fluids, analgesic therapy, antimicrobial therapy, and gastrointestinal protectants. Two of these cats received an esophagostomy tube for nutritional support. Duration of hospitalization was 0–5 days. All cats survived to discharge. Follow‐up for 3 cats revealed complete healing of the oral ulceration. Conclusions – Potpourri oil toxicity should be considered as a differential diagnosis in any cat with oral and lingual ulceration. Prognosis for recovery is good with supportive care. 相似文献
28.
The pine-top weevil Pissodes piniphilus is known to be often associated with trees infected with resin-top disease. In this paper, the ability of the weevil to carry Endocronartium pini spores in laboratory conditions and its ability to infect pines in the field were studied. The weevil may carry spores and cause infection in healthy pines. 相似文献
29.
The number of airborne deposits of the root pathogen Heterobasidion annosum was counted with a wood disc method at distances 5–1000 m from one S-type and one P-type infection centre in stands of Picea abies in June, July and August, 1995. The level of background deposition in the area was determined in four healthy control stands. Based on intersterility group determination of deposits, only measurements within 100 m of the infection centres could be used in estimations of dispersal gradients owing to confusion with background deposition. A power law gradient model adequately described the reduction of deposits with increasing distance from the infection centres. Gradients were fairly similar in four directions around the infection centres as the wind speeds were low (3.2m/s) during the collection periods. The gradients were steeper around the P-type centre, probably due to its lower spore production capacity. The background deposition level (2.8 colonies/m2× h) was reached at distances 1255 m and 98 m from the S-type and P-type centre, respectively. 相似文献
30.
Rune Dietz Ari D Shapiro Mehdi Bakhtiari Jack Orr Peter L Tyack Pierre Richard Ida Grønborg Eskesen Greg Marshall 《BMC ecology》2007,7(1):1-10