Biomass sorghum production and components under different irrigation/tillage systems for the southeastern U.S.     

A.C. RocateliR.L. Raper  K.S. BalkcomF.J. Arriaga  D.I. Bransby 《Industrial Crops and Products》2012,36(1):589-598

Renewable energy sources are necessary to reduce the U.S. dependence on foreign oil. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.) may be a reasonable alternative as an energy crop in the southern U.S. because it could easily fit into existing production systems, it is drought resistant, and it has large biomass production potential. An experiment was conducted to evaluate several types of sorghum as bioenergy crops in Alabama: grain sorghum - NK300 (GS), forage sorghum - SS 506 (FS), and photoperiod sensitive forage sorghum - 1990 (PS). These sorghum crops were compared to forage corn (Zea mays L.) - Pioneer 31G65 in 2008 and 2009 with and without irrigation, and under conventional (total disked area, 0.15 m deep) and conservation tillage (in-row subsoiling, 0.30 m deep) in a strip-split-plot design. The parameters evaluated were: plant population (PP), plant height (PH), sorghum/corn aboveground dry matter (ADM), biomass moisture content (ABMC), and biomass quality (holocellulose, lignin, and ash). Sorghum had greater ADM than corn; however, corn had lower ABMC than sorghum. Lodging was observed in PS and FS, probably due to high plant populations (>370,000 plants ha⁻¹). Irrigation affected ADM positively in both years, but conservation systems improved ADM production only in 2009. Holocellulose, lignin, and ash variation differed significantly among crops but were lower than 8.3%, 2.0% and 1.9%, respectively, for both years and considered minor. Under conditions of this study, PS was considered the best variety for ADM production as it yielded 26.0 and 30.1 Mg ha⁻¹ at 18 and 24 weeks after planting (WAP).  相似文献   

Alkaline and Acid Phosphatase, β‐Glucuronidase and Electrolyte Levels in Fractionated Stallion Ejaculates     

AM Kareskoski  T Reilas  S Sankari  M Andersson  K Güvenc  T Katila 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2010,45(6):e369-e374

Seminal plasma (SP) is a mixture of contents from the testes, epididymides and accessory sex glands. The sperm concentration is highest in the first few jets, or fractions, of the ejaculate, and the composition of SP varies between these fractions because accessory gland secretions are released in a specific order. The aim of this study was to compare the levels of Na, Cl, K, Mg, Ca, inorganic phosphate (Pi) and the enzymes alkaline phosphatase (AP), acid phosphatase (ACP) and β‐glucuronidase (BG) in the different fractions of the ejaculate and in different stallions. All semen collections were done using a computer‐controlled phantom that collects the ejaculatory jets separately in five cups. The cups with the highest (HIGH) and the lowest (LOW) sperm concentration were analysed. In Trial I, semen was collected from three reproductively normal stallions. In Trial II, ejaculates of two reproductively normal stallions were compared to those of two subfertile stallions. In Trial III, semen was collected from seven stallions with varying reproductive history. The sperm‐rich fractions contained the highest levels of AP, ACP, BG and inorganic phosphate, and the values were positively correlated to the sperm concentration. Significant differences between the subfertile and the fertile stallions pairs in HIGH : LOW ratios were found in Pi and Cl concentrations. The highest concentrations of Ca and Mg were found in the last fractions with low sperm concentrations, with no significant differences between the fertile and the subfertile stallion pairs. The concentrations of K, Na and Cl were similar in HIGH and LOW fractions and in whole ejaculate samples. Pre‐sperm fluid contained the highest concentrations of Na and Cl. Some of the possible variation in storage tolerance between ejaculates and ejaculatory fractions could perhaps be explained by differences in the composition of SP.  相似文献   

Postovulatory Effect of Intravenous Administration of Lipopolysaccharide (E. coli,O55:B5) on the Contractile Activity of the Oviduct,Ova Transport,Binding of Accessory Spermatozoa to the Zona Pellucida and Embryo Development in Sows     

AM Mwanza  H Rodríguez‐Martínez  H Kindahl  S Einarsson 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2002,37(5):269-274

The effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (E. coli, O55:B5), administered 18 h after ovulation in the second oestrus after weaning, on the contractile activity of the oviduct, ova transport, sperm binding to zona pellucida (ZP) and embryo development, was studied in 14 Swedish crossbred (Landrace Yorkshire) multiparous sows. The endotoxin group (E‐group) sows were administered with 300 ng/kg of LPS while the control group (C‐group) sows were administered with 5 ml of saline i.v. via an indwelling jugular cannula. Immediately after evidence of standing oestrus, a Millar^® pressure transducer was placed intraluminally about 3 cm into the mid‐isthmus, via laparotomy. Pressure recordings of the oviduct were collected from all conscious sows until slaughter. After slaughter, the genital tract opposite to the side with the transducer was retrieved, and three equal isthmic segments and the first third of the uterine horn part adjacent to the utero‐tubal‐junction (UTJ) were flushed separately to recover the ova. The intervals (mean±SD) from ovulation to slaughter (OS) and insemination to ovulation (IO) were not different between the E‐group (44.5±5.7 h; 13.3±6.5 h) and the C‐group (42.7±5.9 h; 14.8±4.1 h), respectively. Ova recovery rate (RR) in the E‐group (80.2±22.9%) did not differ from that in the C‐group (85.2±4.5%). The frequency distribution of ova recovered in the different segments did not significantly (p>0.05) differ between the groups. The E‐group showed higher cleavage rate than controls. A higher proportion of spermatozoa bound to the ZP was also found in the E‐group compared with controls. The isthmic intraluminal pressure slightly increased (p=0.07) 18 h after ovulation and immediately following LPS in the E‐group, compared with the C‐group. The frequencies of phasic pressure fluctuations were significantly (p<0.05) lower at 30 and 38 h after ovulation in the E‐ than in the C‐group. It can be concluded from the present study that a single i.v. administration of LPS (300 ng/kg body weight) to sows, 18 h after ovulation might be associated with changes in isthmic pressure and the frequency of phasic pressure fluctuations, increased numbers of spermatozoa attached to the ZP and an enhanced embryo development but not with ova transport rates.  相似文献   

Epidemiology of trichinellosis in Mexico, Central and South America   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Ortega-Pierres MG  Arriaga C  Yépez-Mulia L 《Veterinary parasitology》2000,93(3-4):201-225

Trichinella species are widely distributed throughout the world and are found in a large number of carnivorous animals, humans and incidental hosts. The data presented in this review show that Trichinella infection has been reported in both humans and animals in Mexico, Argentina and Chile since the end of the 19th century, and more recently in Bolivia. This parasitic infection is still a public health problem in countries such as Argentina and Chile. Although efforts have focused on the control and prevention of trichinellosis in these countries, there were still human cases and outbreaks of trichinellosis reported. Diagnosis of infection in animals such as pigs still includes, in many endemic areas, the use of trichinoscopy. In Argentina, however, artificial digestion has been recently introduced in slaughterhouses to detect Trichinella infection in pigs. In some endemic areas in Mexico, the use of serological assays for human trichinellosis and pig infections have resulted in improved detection. Most of the outbreaks of human trichinellosis in Mexico, Argentina and Chile have occurred as a result of the consumption of undercooked pork or pork products from animals raised under poor hygienic conditions and which are clandestinely slaughtered. In several studies, rats, dogs and cats have been found to be infected with Trichinella and may be considered a risk for transmission of the infection to pigs or other animals intended for human consumption. Another potential source of transmission of Trichinella to humans is horsemeat; however, information related to horse trichinellosis in Latin-American countries is scarce. In most cases the etiological agent of human trichinellosis in Central and South America has been reported to be Trichinella spiralis; however, only in a few cases has the parasite species been properly identified. Based on the reports available, it is clear that there is a need to carry out better controlled epidemiological studies to determine the true prevalence of the infection in this region of the world. Also, more sensitive methods of diagnosis and improvements in conditions for pig production as well as better sanitary inspection systems, are needed for controlling and preventing transmission of trichinellosis in these countries.  相似文献   

Cerebrospinal nematodiasis in prairie dogs from a research facility     

D Dixon  G R Reinhard  K R Kazacos  C Arriaga 《Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association》1988,193(2):251-253

Baylisascaris spp larvae were determined to cause CNS disease in 3 prairie dogs maintained at a research facility. Clinical signs consisted of ataxia, stumbling, and head tilt, which progressed to severe torticollis, paddling in lateral recumbency, and loss of the righting reflex. Gross lesions were not found at necropsy. Microscopically, the cerebellar white matter and medulla oblongata were most severely affected and had numerous sections of large ascarid larvae. Our findings indicated that natural infections of Baylisacaris spp larvae can cause CNS disease in prairie dogs. Also, Baylisascaris spp larval infection should be considered in differential diagnoses of CNS disease in prairie dogs.  相似文献   

Comparison of two injectable anesthetic regimes in feral cats at a large-volume spay clinic     

AM  Cistola  FJ Golder  JK Levy  AM Waas  SA Robertson 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):101-102

Same‐day mass sterilization of feral cats requires rapid onset, short‐duration anesthesia. The purpose of this study was to compare our current anesthetic protocol, Telazol–ketamine–xylazine (TKX) with medetomidine–ketamine–buprenorphine (MKB). Feral female cats received either IM TKX (n = 68; 0.25 mL cat^?1; tiletamine 12.5 mg, zolazepam 12.5 mg, K 20 mg, and X 5 mg per 0.25 mL) or MKB (n = 17; M 40 µg kg^?1, K 15 mg kg^?1, and B 10 µg kg^?1). Intervals measured included time from injection to recumbency, time to surgery, duration of surgery, and time from reversal of anesthesia (TKX: yohimbine 0.50 mg cat^?1 IV; MKB: atipamezole 0.50 mg cat^?1 IM) to sternal recumbency. Following instrumentation (Vet/Ox 4403 and Vet/BP Plus 6500), physiological measurements were recorded at 5‐minute intervals, and included rectal temperature, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), SpO₂ (lingual or rectal probes), and indirect mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) (oscillometric method). Nonparametric means were compared using Mann–Whitney U‐tests. Parametric means were compared using a two‐factorial anova with Bonferroni's t‐tests. The alpha‐priori significance level was p < 0.05. Values were mean ± SD. Body weight (TKX: 2.9 ± 0.5 kg, MKB: 2.7 ± 0.7 kg), time to recumbency (TKX: 4 ± 1 minutes, MKB: 3 ± 1 minutes), time to surgery (TKX: 28 ± 7 minutes, MKB: 28 ± 5 minutes), and duration of surgery (TKX: 11 ± 7 minutes, MKB: 8 ± 5 minutes) did not differ between groups. In contrast, MKB cats required less time from reversal to sternal recumbency (TKX: 68 ± 41 minutes, MKB: 7 ± 2 minutes) and were recumbent for shorter duration (TKX: 114 ± 39 minutes, MKB: 53 ± 6 minutes). Temperature decreased during the study in both groups, but overall temperature was higher in MKB cats (38.0 ± 0.95 °C) than in TKX cats (37.5 ± 0.95 °C). RR, HR, and SpO₂ did not change during the study in either group. However, overall HR and RR were higher in TKX cats (RR: 18 ± 8 breaths minute^?1, HR: 153 ± 30 beats minute^?1) compared to MKB cats (RR: 15 ± 7 breaths minute^?1, HR: 128 ± 19 beats minute^?1). In contrast, overall SpO₂ was lower in the TKX group (90 ± 6%) compared to the MKB group (94 ± 4%). MAP was also lower in the TKX group (112 ± 29 mm Hg) compared to that in the MKB group (122 ± 20 mm Hg). However, MAP increased in the TKX group during surgery compared to pre‐surgical values, but did not change in the MKB group. The results of this study suggested that MKB might be more suitable as an anesthetic for the purpose of mass sterilization of feral female cats.  相似文献   

John Hews Chalmers 1921 – 2006     

AM Edwards 《Australian veterinary journal》2007,85(6):252-252

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Molecular epidemiology of Mycobacterium bovis: usefulness in international trade     

Milian-Suazo F  Harris B  Arriaga Díaz C  Romero Torres C  Stuber T  Alvarez Ojeda G  Morales Loredo A  Perez Soria M  Payeur JB 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2008,87(3-4):261-271

Tuberculosis (TB) represents a barrier for free trade of livestock between Mexico and the United States of America (US). In spite of efforts from Mexico to export TB-free animals, some of those found with TB lesions in slaughterhouses in the US are traced back to that country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine, through molecular epidemiology, the most probable source of infection for cattle found with TB lesions in the US. Ninety M. bovis isolates, 50 from Mexico obtained from cattle in 8 different states, and 40 from the US from cattle, deer, elk and feral pigs from 7 different states were included in the study. All samples were analyzed in both laboratories, Mexico and the US, following the same protocol for molecular analysis by spoligotyping. Twenty-seven clusters, ranging from 1 to 18 genetically similar strains were found. Some clustering by country was observed, strains from cattle and deer in Michigan in the US fell into the same cluster, suggesting transmission between species. These results, combined with epidemiological information suggest that despite of the possibility that some animals with lesions in the US come from Mexico as false negatives, the US has its own source of infection, must probably in dairy cattle and wildlife. Genetic diversity of isolates from Mexico was larger than that in the US, which could be a consequence of the endemic status of the disease and the indiscriminate movement of animals between regions.  相似文献   

Effects of buprenorphine,butorphanol or tramadol premedication on anaesthetic induction with alfaxalone in common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus)     

Jaco Bakker  Sandra Roubos  Edmond J. Remarque  Saskia S. Arndt  Peter W. Kronen  Jan AM. Langermans 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2018,45(3):309-319

Objective

To investigate the clinical and physiological effects of intravenous (IV) alfaxalone alone or in combination with buprenorphine, butorphanol or tramadol premedication in marmosets.

Study design

Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover design.

Animals

Nine healthy marmosets (391 ± 48 g, 3.7 ± 2.2 years old).

Methods

Meloxicam 0.20 mg kg^?1 subcutaneously, atropine 0.05 mg kg^?1 intramuscularly (IM) and either buprenorphine 20 μg kg^?1 IM (BUP-A), butorphanol 0.2 mg kg^?1 IM (BUT-A), tramadol 1.5 mg kg^?1 IM (TRA-A) or no additional drug (control) were administered to all marmosets as premedication. After 1 hour, anaesthesia was induced with 16 mg kg^?1 alfaxalone IV. All animals received all protocols. The order of protocol allocation was randomized with a minimum 28 day wash-out period. During anaesthesia, respiratory and pulse rates, rectal temperature, haemoglobin oxygen saturation, arterial blood pressure, palpebral and pedal withdrawal reflexes and degree of muscle relaxation were assessed and recorded every 5 minutes. Quality of induction and recovery were assessed. Duration of induction, immobilization and recovery were recorded. Blood samples were analysed for aspartate aminotransferase, creatine kinase and lactate dehydrogenase concentrations. The protocols were compared using paired t tests, Wilcoxon's signed-rank test with Bonferroni's corrections and linear mixed effect models where appropriate.

Results

Out of nine animals, apnoea was noted in eight animals administered protocol BUP-A and two animals administered protocol BUT-A. With TRA-A and control protocols, apnoea was not observed. No other significant differences in any of the parameters were found; however, low arterial blood pressures and hypoxia occurred in TRA-A.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Our study employing different premedications suggests that the previously published dose of 16 mg kg^?1 alfaxalone is too high when used with premedication because we found a high incidence of complications including apnoea (BUP-A), hypotension and hypoxaemia (TRA-A). Appropriate monitoring and countermeasures are recommended.  相似文献   

Diameter-Selective Raman Scattering from Vibrational Modes in Carbon Nanotubes   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

AM Rao  E Richter  S Bandow  B Chase  PC Eklund  KA Williams  S Fang  KR Subbaswamy  M Menon  A Thess  RE Smalley  G Dresselhaus  MS Dresselhaus 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5297):187-191

Single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) that are found as close-packed arrays in crystalline ropes have been studied by using Raman scattering techniques with laser excitation wavelengths in the range from 514.5 to 1320 nanometers. Numerous Raman peaks were observed and identified with vibrational modes of armchair symmetry (n, n) SWNTs. The Raman spectra are in good agreement with lattice dynamics calculations based on C-C force constants used to fit the two-dimensional, experimental phonon dispersion of a single graphene sheet. Calculated intensities from a nonresonant, bond polarizability model optimized for sp2 carbon are also in qualitative agreement with the Raman data, although a resonant Raman scattering process is also taking place. This resonance results from the one-dimensional quantum confinement of the electrons in the nanotube.  相似文献