Effect of amount and timing of subsurface drip irrigation on corn yield     

Simon J. van Donk  James L. Petersen  Don R. Davison 《Irrigation Science》2013,31(4):599-609

A field study was conducted at North Platte, Nebraska in 2007–2009, imposing eight irrigation treatments, ranging from dryland to fully irrigated. Four of the eight treatments allowed for various degrees of water stress only after tasseling and silking. In 2007, corn yield ranged from 8.9 Mg ha^?1 with a season total of 41 mm of irrigation water to 11.5 Mg ha^?1 for the fully irrigated treatment (264 mm of irrigation water). The treatment with the greatest reduction in irrigation water after tasseling and silking (158 mm) had a mean yield of 10.9 Mg ha^?1, only 0.6 Mg ha^?1 less than the fully irrigated treatment. In 2009, yields ranged from 12.6 to 13.5 Mg ha^?1. There were no significant yield differences between the irrigation treatments for several possible reasons: more in-season precipitation and cooler weather required less irrigation water; much of the irrigation water was applied after the most water-stress sensitive stages of tasseling and silking; and lower atmospheric demand allowed for soil water contents well below 50 % management allowed depletion (MAD) not to cause any yield losses.  相似文献   

Diffusion probe for gas sampling in undisturbed soil     

S. O. Petersen 《European Journal of Soil Science》2014,65(5):663-671

Soil‐atmosphere fluxes of trace gases such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) are determined by complex interactions between biological activity and soil conditions. Soil gas concentration profiles may, in combination with other information about soil conditions, help us to understand emission controls. This paper describes a simple and robust diffusion probe for soil gas sampling as part of flux monitoring programmes. It can be deployed with minimum disturbance of in‐situ conditions, and also at sites with a high or fluctuating water table. Separate probes are used for each sampling depth, in this study ranging from 5 to 100 cm. The probe has a 10‐ml diffusion cell with a 3‐mm diameter opening covered by a 0.5‐mm silicone membrane. At sampling the diffusion cell is flushed with 10 ml N₂ containing 50 µl l^?1 ethylene (C₂H₄) as a tracer; tracer recovery is used to calculate sample concentrations. Ethylene is immediately removed by flushing with unamended N₂. Equations are presented to correct for dead volumes of connecting tubing and valves. Laboratory tests evaluated recovery of CH₄, N₂O and carbon dioxide (CO₂), removal of C₂H₄ and equilibration of CH₄, N₂O and CO₂ in air and water. Field tests on peat soils used for grazing showed soil gas concentrations of CH₄ and N₂O as influenced by topography, site conditions and season. The applicability of the diffusion probe for trace gas monitoring is discussed.  相似文献   

The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) in Germany--an established Neozoon as host and vector for parasites and other pathogenes     

Sutor A  Schwarz S  Conraths FJ 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2011,124(11-12):457-464

Some invasive wildlife species have the potential to act as additional host and vector species for parasitic and other infectious diseases. We used the raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonides), a carnivore species that has its origin in Asia, as an example to demonstrate biological and ecological prerequisites which enables an invasive species to occupy a new habitat permanently. Studies conducted during the last ten years identified a total of 23 endoparasites, two ectoparasites, six bacterial or protozoan species and five viruses, found in the Nyctereutes procyonoides ussuriensis subspecies in its newly occupied range or in N. procyonoides koreensis in its original range. Results of studies in Finland and Germany furthermore showed that biological characteristics of the raccoon dog make this carnivore an appropriate host or vector for a variety of parasites and infectious diseases. This may result in a growing importance of this invasive carnivore for the epidemiology of transmissible diseases in Germany. Especially with regard to zoonotic disease outbreaks, the raccoon dog should therefore be paid more attention in disease prevention and eradication strategies.  相似文献   

Trade communities and their spatial patterns in the German pork production network     

Lentz HH  Konschake M  Teske K  Kasper M  Rother B  Carmanns R  Petersen B  Conraths FJ  Selhorst T 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2011,98(2-3):176-181

The German trade network of pig holdings and related enterprises for the time period of 01 June 2006-31 December 2008 was analyzed. Available data comprised of the entire German trade information with about 121,287 pig premises and their links in the pork production chain (breeders to slaughter houses). During the study period, 330,000 trade connections between premises were recorded. Communities which are large scale structures comprising of premises which are in close trade contact with each other were detected by modularity maximization. Almost 97% of the pig holdings could be assigned to one of nine major communities. Contacts between communities are rare. Trade communities do not only form spatial clusters, but were also associated with specific regions within the territory of Germany. Communities are to some extent separated by 'trade borders', which may impede disease spread. Interestingly, the trade borders often failed to match with administrative borders of the German federal states. This finding is important, because it illustrates the need for new strategies of cross-border disease management strategies.  相似文献   

Crop uptake of 15N labelled fertilizer in spring wheat affected by application time     

J. Petersen 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(2):83-90

Time of nitrogen fertilizer application on crop recovery was studied in a field experiment at Foulumgaard, Denmark, in 2001. A solution of ¹⁵N-ammonium-¹⁵N-nitrate was applied in bands parallel to a single row of spring wheat grown in frames of 30 cm×40 cm. The labelled fertilizer was applied on 16 dates with intervals of 4–5 days from tillering to the start of grain-filling. Crop ¹⁵N recovery increased by 0.47%-point day^?1 when the time of fertilizer application was postponed from tillering until the second node stage (GS32). On the other hand, a decrease in crop ¹⁵N recovery of –0.19%-point day^?1 was recorded from GS47 to maturity (GS85–87). The effect of the 16 application times on ¹⁵N recovery was described by two straight lines having intersection at the time of full expanded flag leaf and ear emergence halfway (GS55). It was concluded that leaf area expansion is important for crop N demand and ¹⁵N recovery.  相似文献   

Effect of Calcium Foliar Application on the Characteristics of Blueberry Fruit during Storage     

Rosemarie Stückrath  Roberto Quevedo  Lucía de la Fuente  Astrid Hernández  Viviana Sepúlveda 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(5):849-866

ABSTRACT

Effect of calcium (Ca) foliar application on blueberry fruit characteristics during storage was investigated. Calcium applications began 28 d after flowering, two levels (3.9 g Ca^{2 +} and 39 g Ca^{2 +}) and a control without calcium were used (0.0; 3.0, and 30 mL L^?1). The fruits were harvested on day 103 and were stored for 56 d at 2 ± 1°C. At harvest time the fruits had a significant statistical different concentration, which were maintained until the last day of storage. The fruit from the 30 mL L^?1 treatment was the highest. The lowest texture levels are found with the treatment without calcium, which shows a statistically significant change from storage day 29. The LMP percentage did not varied in the fruit from the treatment with 30 mL L^?1, but did in the fruit without calcium. Hunter L, b, and the index chromes were influenced by the applied calcium levels, significantly greater at 30 mL L^?1; and by the time of storage in the fruits with treatment of 30 mL L^?1.  相似文献   

Effect of Foliar Application of Calcium on the Quality of Blueberry Fruits     

Rosemarie Stückrath  Roberto Quevedo  Lucía de la Fuente  Astrid Hernández  Viviana Sepúlveda 《Journal of plant nutrition》2013,36(7):1299-1312

Effect of foliar application of calcium (0.78 g, 4.68 g, and 7.8 g Ca^{2 +}) in pre-harvest, at three different growing conditions (tunnel, mesh, and ambient), on texture and pectin in blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum) was studied. Calcium contents in leaves as well in fruits were different (P ≤ 0.05), affected by growing conditions and time. Differences (P ≤ 0.05) in calcium content were found in tunnel cultivar fruit, during the period to cell expansion toward harvest, at calcium foliar level of 5 mL per L (7.8 g). Fruit texture was significantly higher at the beginning of the cell expansion period in the tunnel cultivar fruit, and a linear correlation between calcium concentration and texture was established. Increment in low methoxyl pectin (LMP) was influenced by growing conditions, and was different (P ≤ 0.05) for tunnel cultivar fruit. A good correlation between LMP and calcium content was obtained with the high dose of calcium (5 mL per L).  相似文献   

Diaporthe species associated with dieback on Cyclopia (honeybush)     

Smit  Louise  Langenhoven  Wendy E.  Petersen  Yolanda 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2021,161(3):565-578

European Journal of Plant Pathology - The formal honeybush tea industry in South Africa is relatively new, and has tremendous growth potential. However, as with other cultivated crops, production...  相似文献   

Response of Alopecurus myosuroides Huds. to varying intensities of acetolactate synthase-inhibiting herbicides in a crop rotation including imidazolinone-tolerant oilseed rape     

Löbmann  A.  Christen  O.  Petersen  J. 《植物病害和植物保护杂志》2021,128(1):203-214

Journal of Plant Diseases and Protection - Herbicide-tolerant winter oilseed rape (OSR) varieties offer the opportunity of using imazamox for weed control, an active ingredient belonging to the...  相似文献   

Assessing daily egestion rates in earthworms: using fungal spores as a natural soil marker to estimate gut transit time     

Astrid R. Taylor  Andy F. S. Taylor 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2014,50(1):179-183

Earthworms have an important role in ‘bioturbation’—the mixing of soil due to biological processes. Quantification of earthworm bioturbation relies on estimating earthworm egestion rates which in turn depend on two parameters: the gut content of the worms and the gut transit time (GTT). Gut content can be determined relatively easily, but determining GTT is problematic. The present study aimed at estimating daily soil egestion rates of Aporrectodea caliginosa and Lumbricus terrestris, refining the most common approach for estimating GTT by using fungal spores as natural markers in ingested soil. This approach avoids the use of artificial markers that may adversely affect the earthworms. Gut transit time was estimated by tracking the passage of marked soil through the gut by the appearance of the spores in the egested faeces. Gut transit time was estimated to be 9.6?±?0.3 h for A. caliginosa and 11.6?±?0.5 h for L. terrestris. Gut content averaged 465?±?40(± standard error (SE))?mg dw g^?1 dw worm for A. caliginosa and 265?±?80 mg dw g^?1 dw worm for L. terrestris. From these values, daily egestion rates of 1.16 and 0.66 g dw faeces g^?1 dw worm d^?1 were calculated for A. caliginosa and L. terrestris, respectively. Both values compare well to literature values for each species. The presented method for GTT estimation is inexpensive, rapid and easy to evaluate, with spores being a good alternative to existing markers.  相似文献