Old and New Cultivars of Soya Bean (Glycine max L.) Subjected to Soil Drying Differ in Abscisic Acid Accumulation,Water Relations Characteristics and Yield          下载免费PDF全文

J. He  Y.‐L. Du  T. Wang  N. C. Turner  Y. Xi  F.‐M. Li 《Journal of Agronomy and Crop Science》2016,202(5):372-383

Two old (Huangsedadou and Longxixiaohuangpi (LX)) and two new (Jindou 19 (JD) and Zhonghuang 30 (ZH)) soya bean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars were used to investigate the influence of soil drying on the abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation in leaves, stomatal conductance (g_s), leaf water relations, osmotic adjustment (OA), leaf desiccation tolerance, yield and yield components. The greater ABA accumulation was induced by soil drying, which also inducing g_s decreased at higher soil water contents (SWC) and leaf relative water content (RWC) significantly decreased at lower SWC in the new soya bean cultivars than in the old soya bean cultivars. The soil water threshold between the value at which stomata began to close and the RWC began to decrease was significantly broader in the new cultivars than in the old cultivars. The new cultivars had significantly higher OA and lower lethal leaf water potential than old cultivars when the soil dried. The old cultivars had greater biomass, but lower grain yield than the new cultivars in well‐watered, moderate stress and severe stress conditions. Thus with soil drying, the new soya bean cultivars demonstrated greater adaptation to drought by inducing greater ABA accumulation, stomatal closure at higher SWC, enhanced OA and better water relations, associated with increased leaf desiccation tolerance, greater water use efficiency and higher yield.  相似文献   

THE UNIQUE NUTRITIONAL ORGANS IN THE EMBRYOS OF THE TOP MINNOWS OF THE MEXICAN PLATEAU     

Turner CL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1933,77(1986):93-94

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Stimulatory effects of selenium on mitogen responses in lambs   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

R J Turner  L E Wheatley  N F Beck 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1985,8(1-2):119-124

Separated lymphocytes from untreated and selenium-supplemented lambs were tested in culture against phytolectins (phytohaemagglutinin and pokeweed mitogen). Levels of response varied considerably among individuals, and this tended to mask the effects of selenium. However, cells from both groups were more active in the presence of serum from supplemented animals, and a similar stimulatory effect was achieved by adding sodium selenite in vitro. Thus selenium could exert a direct influence on the performance of immunocompetent cells.  相似文献   

AN OVO-TESTIS IN THE YELLOW PERCH (PERCA FLAVESCENS)     

Turner CL 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1931,74(1919):370-371

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Nutrients, moisture and productivity of established forests   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dale W. Cole  E. David Ford  John Turner 《Forest Ecology and Management》1990,30(1-4):283-299

The response of a forest to nutrient and moisture stresses is reflected in nutritional, physiological, and structural changes that include efficiency of nutrient use, translocation and cycling of nutrients, transpiration, retention of foliage, below-ground and above-ground allocation of carbon, as well as the structural development of the forest stand and its growth characteristics. This article reviews the relationship of forest ecosystems to nutrient and moisture stresses and addresses the means by which productivity can be enhanced by altering nutrient and moisture regimes.

Considerable research has focused on optimizing productivity by minimizing nutrient and moisture stresses. Research involved in nutrient additions has led to the use of commercial fertilizers to improve forest productivity. The results suggest that many forests are deficient in N and P and, to a lesser extent, S, K, Mg and trace elements. The duration of response for most nutrient additions is, however, relatively brief and the efficiency of the tree in using fertilizer is relatively poor. Long-term correction of nutrient deficiencies is seldom achieved with chemical fertilizers. However, N added through symbiotic fixation or, on a more limited scale, through addition of municipal and industrial waste by-products, can provide an excellent long-term growth response.

It is seldom feasible to change the moisture regime of a forest ecosystem through irrigation. However, field trials involving irrigation have demonstrated that moisture stress can limit productivity. There are various ways of minimizing moisture stress without irrigation, including mulching, removing ground-cover vegetation, and changing the spatial characteristics of the forest cover.

Research trials show that forest ecosystems will respond to moisture and nutrient additions; however, these responses and interactions between nutrients and moisture are typically poorly understood, and many questions remain unanswered: Does fertilization increase moisture-use efficiency of a forest or simply improve the nutrition of the site? Does improving the moisture regime of a site improve productivity primarily by decreasing moisture stress or by increasing nutrient availability and the rate of nutrient uptake? Is there a synergism in growth response with the addition of both nutrients and moisture? The linkages between nutrients and moisture appear inseparable and confound experimentation in this field. Answers to these questions and issues need to be found for the future development of plantation forestry.  相似文献   

Treatment of timber products with gaseous borate esters     

P. Turner  R. J. Murphy 《Wood Science and Technology》1995,29(5):385-395

Summary Several factors which influence the treatment of timber products with vapour phase preservatives such as borate esters are considered. Gas flow rate through the substrate was found to be a significant factor limiting both preservative penetration and its rate of deposition. A theoretical model of the treatment process was developed and tested experimentally to determine the influence of several factors on the retention and distribution of boric acid. Gas flow into the timber product was influenced by permeability, pressure gradient and substrate moisture content. The implications of the findings are considered with regard to the treatment of wood and wood products with gaseous reagents.The authors wish to thank the following for their financial support and interest in this research programme — Rentokil Ltd, Rhone-Poulenc/Manchem Ltd, Forestry Commission, UK and Ireland Particleboard Association (now Panel Products Association), Norbord Highland plc (formerly Highland Forest Products plc), IMPEL  相似文献   

The effect of short day treatments on containerized Douglas-fir morphology,physiology and phenology     

Turner  Jennifer  Mitchell  Stephen J. 《New Forests》2003,26(3):279-295

The effect of short day treatments (blackout) on Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) container seedlings at the time of lift and following cold storage was investigated. Variables measured included height, root collar diameter (RCD), root growth capacity (RGC), photosynthetic efficiency after –18 °C freezing (PEF), and days to terminal bud break (DBB). From one to four blackout dormancy induction treatments were started on three dates (July 12, July 26, and August 10) with 10 or 20 d between multiple blackouts. Increasing the number of blackout treatments resulted in lower RCD, lower DBB in the late winter/early spring, and higher PEF in the early fall. Later blackout start dates decreased PEF in the early fall, and increased overall height and late fall RGC as compared to earlier blackout start dates. Nurseries growing Douglas-fir seedlings from coastal Pacific Northwest provenances should be aware that blackout regimes can decrease RGC in the late fall, and cause quicker dormancy release in the early spring. Coastal Douglas-fir can be lifted and planted in the early fall, when RGC and DBB are relatively high. If planting between February and April is necessary, seedlings given blackout should be cold stored in January to maintain an adequate level of dormancy, RGC and PEF.  相似文献   

Effects of unilateral ovariectomy on recruitment and growth of follicles in the rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss     

C. R. Tyler  J. J. Nagler  T. G. Pottinger  M. A. Turner 《Fish physiology and biochemistry》1994,13(4):309-316

Virgin female rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were unilaterally ovariectomised at various stages of ovarian development to investigate the effect of the removal of one ovary on subsequent recruitment and growth of follicles in the remaining ovary. The right ovary was removed from groups of 12–15 fish, 12, 7 and 4 months before they were due to ovulate, and the gonadosomatic index and follicle number and size determined just prior to ovulation. There were no differences in fecundity or follicle size in fish unilaterally ovariectomised at 12 and 7 months prior to ovulation compared to the controls. However, in the females unilaterally ovariectomised 4 months prior to ovulation, the remaining ovary either had the normal number of follicles for a single ovary but of a significantly larger size than follicles in the controls, or alternatively had almost 70% more than the normal number of vitellogenic follicles but comprising two distinctly different size populations. Differences in plasma oestradiol-17β concentrations at the final sample were seen only in females unilaterally ovariectomised 4 months prior to ovulation, where the levels were significantly lower than both the sham operated and control fish (p < 0.05). These data show that in the rainbow trout, complete compensatory ovarian hypertrophy following unilateral ovariectomy can occur throughout a major part of ovarian development, but that follicle recruitment is limited to stages up to (and therefore fecundity is determined by) mid-vitellogenesis.  相似文献   

A Large‐scale,Rapid Public Health Response to Rabies in an Organ Recipient and the Previously Undiagnosed Organ Donor     

R. M. Wallace  D. Stanek  S. Griese  D. Krulak  N. M. Vora  L. Pacha  V. Kan  M. Said  C. Williams  T. H. Burgess  S. S. Clausen  C. Austin  J. Gabel  M. Lehman  L. N. Finelli  G. Selvaggi  P. Joyce  F. Gordin  D. Benator  A. Bettano  S. Cersovsky  C. Blackmore  S. V. Jones  B. D. Buchanan  A. I. Fernandez  D. Dinelli  K. Agnes  A. Clark  J. Gill  M. Irmler  D. Blythe  K. Mitchell  T. J. Whitman  M. J. Zapor  S. Zorich  C. Witkop  P. Jenkins  P. Mora  D. Droller  S. Turner  L. Dunn  P. Williams  C. Richards  G. Ewing  K. Chapman  C. Corbitt  T. Girimont  R. Franka  S. Recuenco  J. D. Blanton  K. A. Feldman 《Zoonoses and public health》2014,61(8):560-570

This article describes and contrasts the public health response to two human rabies cases: one organ recipient diagnosed within days of symptom onset and the transplant donor who was diagnosed 18 months post‐symptom onset. In response to an organ‐transplant‐related rabies case diagnosed in 2013, organ donor and recipient investigations were conducted by multiple public health agencies. Persons with potential exposure to infectious patient materials were assessed for rabies virus exposure. An exposure investigation was conducted to determine the source of the organ donor's infection. Over 100 persons from more than 20 agencies spent over 2700 h conducting contact investigations in healthcare, military and community settings. The 564 persons assessed include 417 healthcare workers [5.8% recommended for post‐exposure prophylaxis (PEP)], 96 community contacts (15.6% recommended for PEP), 30 autopsy personnel (50% recommended for PEP), and 21 other persons (4.8% recommended for PEP). Donor contacts represented 188 assessed with 20.2% recommended for PEP, compared with 5.6% of 306 recipient contacts recommended for PEP. Human rabies cases result in substantial use of public health and medical resources, especially when diagnosis is delayed. Although rare, clinicians should consider rabies in cases of encephalitis of unexplained aetiology, particularly for cases that may result in organ donation.  相似文献   

The mbuna cichlids of Lake Malawi: a model for rapid speciation and adaptive radiation   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Martin J. Genner  & George F. Turner 《Fish and Fisheries》2005,6(1):1-34

Mbuna, the dominant fishes on the rocky shores of Lake Malawi, have become a major ‘model system’ for the study of rapid speciation and adaptive radiation. At least 295 putative species are known, of which more than 200 remain undescribed. There is no good evidence for monophyly in the mbuna, rather mitochondrial DNA phylogenies indicate that they are polyphlyetic with respect to benthic feeding cichlids of the genera Aulonocara, Alticorpus and some species of Lethrinops. Male mbuna hold territories for 18 months or more and breed year‐round. All species are maternal mouthbrooders, but females do not guard free‐swimming young. Mbuna are polygamous (both sexes). There is sexual dimorphism in size, colour and fin length, and many species show within‐population colour polymorphism. Mbuna genera are largely differentiated on the basis of head, jaw and tooth morphology, but congeneric species are generally distinguished by male colour. Many morphologically specialized forms have broad diets and often feed on common easily obtainable resources. While it is likely that dietary and habitat niche partitioning contributes to species coexistence, this has never clearly been demonstrated under experimental conditions. Populations on spatially separated habitat patches are often genetically differentiated, probably because most species are specialized for life on rocky shores, and lack a dispersal phase in their life histories. Males seem to disperse more than females, but are able to home several kilometres back to their territories. Some closely related ecologically equivalent allopatric populations are differentiated in male colour. Those tested have been shown to mate at least partially assortatively. Sexual selection acting on male colour seems the most plausible mechanism for initial species divergence. The same colour forms seem to have arisen several times, suggesting frequent parallel evolution. The main conservation threat to mbuna at present seems to be translocation of species within the lake as a result of the aquarium trade. However, deleterious effects on indigenous populations are not documented. In the long run, sedimentation, pollution, introduction of alien species and the development of targeted food fisheries could be more serious threats.  相似文献