Interactive effects of plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria and organic fertilization on P nutrition of Zea mays L. and Brassica napus L.     

Thomas Krey  Maria Caus  Christel Baum  Silke Ruppel  Bettina Eichler‐Löbermann 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2011,174(4):602-613

The organic matter supply can promote the dispersal and activity of applied plant growth–promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), but the complementary effect of organic fertilization and PGPR application on the turnover of P is scarcely known. The effects of the application of two PGPR strains (Pseudomonas fluorescens strain DR54 and Enterobacter radicincitans sp. nov. strain DSM 16656) alone and in combination with organic fertilization (cattle manure and biowaste compost) on growth and P uptake of maize (Zea mays L.) and oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) were investigated under semi–field conditions. Furthermore, P pools and phosphatase activities in soil and the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize were examined. The organic‐fertilizer amendments increased the growth and P uptake of both plant species and the soil P pools. The application of the E. radicincitans strain increased P uptake of oilseed rape when no organic fertilizer was added. Furthermore, the application of both bacterial strains increased the activities of phosphatases under both plant species. Here, the effect of the PGPR application even exceeded the effect of organic fertilization. The magnitude of this effect varied between the different fertilizing treatments and between the two bacterial strains. Phosphatase activities were increased to the greatest extent after application of P. fluorescens in the unfertilized soil. Under rape increases of 52% for acid phosphatase activities (ACP), 103% for alkaline phosphatase activities (ALP), and 133% for phosphodiesterase (PDE) were observed therewith. In the unfertilized soil, the application of P. fluorescens also resulted in a strong increase of the arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of maize. We conclude that application of PGPR can promote the P mobilization and supply of crops in P‐deficient soils, however, in combination with organic fertilization these effects might be masked by a general improved P supply of the crops. Interactive effects of applied bacterial strains and organic fertilization depend on the sort of organic fertilizer and crop species used.  相似文献   

Relationship between herd-level incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases,general risk factors and claw lesions in individual dairy cows recorded at maintenance claw trimming     

Christel Nielsen  Lena Steng?rde  Christer Bergsten  Ulf Emanuelson 《Acta veterinaria Scandinavica》2013,55(1):55

Background

Laminitis and energy-related postpartum diseases share several risk factors, indicating a common etiology. Thus, a herd’s incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases, such as displaced abomasum and clinical ketosis, might reflect the likelihood of cows to suffer from laminitis-related claw lesions. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between herd-level incidence rate of displaced abomasum and clinical ketosis, general risk factors, and claw lesions in individual cows recorded at maintenance claw trimming.

Methods

The dataset consisted of 6773 trimmings, performed between 2004 and 2006 by professional trimmers, from 3607 Swedish Red and Swedish Holstein cows in 26 herds. The herds were classified as having a high, inconsistent-high or low incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases, based on the number of recorded cases of veterinary-diagnosed displaced abomasum and clinical ketosis in the Swedish national animal disease recording system during 2002 to 2006, and observations and interviews in connections with herd visits. Generalized linear mixed models were used to investigate the association between herd-level incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases and laminitis-related lesions including sole ulcer and sole hemorrhage; and hygiene-related lesions including interdigital dermatitis, digital dermatitis, heel-horn erosion, verrucose dermatitis, and interdigital hyperplasia; and absence of any claw lesion. Systematic effects, including first-order interactions, with P < 0.05 were included in the models. Herd classification was forced into the models, and a random effect of herd was included.

Results

In comparison to herds with a high incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases, low-incidence herds showed a lower odds ratio (OR; 0.2) for laminitis-related lesions in cows trimmed during the summer months. Low-incidence herds also showed numerically lower OR estimates for laminitis-related lesions in all parity classes and a numerically lower OR for hygiene-related lesions. In addition, low-incidence herds showed tendencies towards a numerically higher OR for absence of any lesion, irrespective of trimming season or parity.

Conclusions

Only a few statistically significant associations were found, but several tendencies pointed towards better claw health in herds with low as compared with high incidence rate of energy-related postpartum diseases.  相似文献   

Mykologische Untersuchungen zur “Nadelröte” der Fichte     

H. Butin  Christel Wagner 《European Journal of Forest Research》1985,104(1):179-186

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Enzyme-Assisted Extraction of Bioactive Material from Chondrus crispus and Codium fragile and Its Effect on Herpes simplex Virus (HSV-1)     

Garima Kulshreshtha  Anne-Sophie Burlot  Christel Marty  Alan Critchley  Jeff Hafting  Gilles Bedoux  Nathalie Bourgougnon  Balakrishnan Prithiviraj 《Marine drugs》2015,13(1):558-580

Codium fragile and Chondrus crispus are, respectively, green and red seaweeds which are abundant along the North Atlantic coasts. We investigated the chemical composition and antiviral activity of enzymatic extracts of C. fragile (CF) and C. crispus (CC). On a dry weight basis, CF consisted of 11% protein, 31% neutral sugars, 0.8% sulfate, 0.6% uronic acids, and 49% ash, while CC contained 27% protein, 28% neutral sugars, 17% sulfate, 1.8% uronic acids, and 25% ash. Enzyme-assisted hydrolysis improved the extraction efficiency of bioactive materials. Commercial proteases and carbohydrases significantly improved (p ≤ 0.001) biomass yield (40%–70% dry matter) as compared to aqueous extraction (20%–25% dry matter). Moreover, enzymatic hydrolysis enhanced the recovery of protein, neutral sugars, uronic acids, and sulfates. The enzymatic hydrolysates exhibited significant activity against Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1) with EC₅₀ of 77.6–126.8 μg/mL for CC and 36.5–41.3 μg/mL for CF, at a multiplicity of infection (MOI) of 0.001 ID₅₀/cells without cytotoxity (1–200 μg/mL). The extracts obtained from proteases (P1) and carbohydrases (C3) were also effective at higher virus MOI of 0.01 ID₅₀/cells without cytotoxity. Taken together, these results indicate the potential application of enzymatic hydrolysates of C. fragile and C. crispus in functional food and antiviral drug discovery.  相似文献   

Activity of aspargate (cathepsin D), cysteine proteases (cathepsins B, B + L, and H), and matrix metallopeptidase (collagenase) and their influence on protein and water-holding capacity of muscle in commercially farmed atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.)     

Hagen O  Solberg C  Johnston IA 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(14):5953-5959

Atlantic halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus L.) were commercially farmed in Helgeland, Norway (May 2004-May 2005). The average weight (Mb) of fish increased over the 12 month production cycle by approximately 73% for females and approximately 50% for males, although during the winter months (November-early May) Mb was unchanged in females and declined by 18% in males because of sexual maturation and sperm release. Periods of zero or negative growth were associated with up to 5.7% (females) and 17.9% (males) decline in fast muscle protein content. The activities of cathepsins B, B + L, H, and D showed a reciprocal relationship and were highly correlated with the changes in protein content. Water-holding capacity was measured as the liquid loss increased from 3-5% in November to 11-13% in May. Two general additive models (GAMs) showed that cathepsin B + L, cathepsin D, and collagenase explained 73.1% of the total variance in protein content, while cathepsin H was the largest contributor to liquid loss, explaining approximately 48.8% of the total variance. The results indicate that to obtain the best flesh quality Atlantic halibut should be harvested in the fall or early winter when the liquid loss and cathepsin activities are low and less likely to cause problems during secondary processing and storage.  相似文献   

The significance of rotation periods for mycorrhiza formation in Short Rotation Coppice     

Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz  Christel Baum  Peter Leinweber  Martin Weih  Ioannis Dimitriou 《Forest Ecology and Management》2010

Rotation periods control not only the above-ground growth but also the assimilate transfer to the root systems in Short Rotation Coppice (SRC). Since assimilates are needed for the nutrient supply of associated mycorrhizal fungi, their control by rotation period length seems most probable. One poplar (Populus nigra × maximowiczii cv. Max 4) and one willow clone (Salix viminalis clone 78–101) cultivated as SRC were investigated on their ectomycorrhiza formation in response to 15 years of continuous different rotation periods (three and six years) at the same test site in Northern Germany. On the poplar clone the frequency of ectomycorrhizae was significantly lower in 6-year than in 3-year rotation. On the willow clone frequency of ectomycorrhizae was not significantly affected, but the portion of dead fine roots was significantly higher in the 6-year than in the 3-year rotation in autumn. In both rotation systems, the frequency of ectomycorrhizal (EM) colonisation was significantly higher in autumn than in spring. Five EM morphotypes were found on the poplar and seven on the willow clone. EM morphotypes which were common on both clones were formed with two fungal partners of the Pezizales (Geopora cervina, Tuber rufum), one of the Agaricales (Laccaria sp.) and one of the Thelephorales (Thelephoraceae). In spring G. cervina constituted the largest part of all observed EM morphotypes on P. nigra × maximowiczii and S. viminalis. The results indicated a selective promotion of EM formation of some Pezizales (Tuber and Peziza spp.) and some Agaricales (Laccaria spp.) due to shorter rotations, and a selective promotion of other Agaricales (Inocybe sp.) and Boletales (Scleroderma spp.) due to longer rotations. This might allow selective manipulation of the mycorrhizal diversity by the selection of the rotation system. A future challenge will be to select which mycorrhizal diversity might be more advantageous for the vitality and biomass production of poplar and willow clones.  相似文献   

Dysplasia of the femur epiphyses as a cause of lameness in 2 stud boars     

H Christel 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》1970,83(2):35-36

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Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) infects Atlantic salmon erythrocytes     

?ystein Wessel Finstad  Maria Krudtaa Dahle  Tone H?g Lindholm  Ingvild Berg Nyman  Marie L?voll  Christian Wallace  Christel Mor?us Olsen  Anne K Storset  Espen Rimstad 《Veterinary research》2014,45(1):35

Piscine orthoreovirus (PRV) belongs to the Reoviridae family and is the only known fish virus related to the Orthoreovirus genus. The virus is the causative agent of heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI), an emerging disease in farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.). PRV is ubiquitous in farmed Atlantic salmon and high loads of PRV in the heart are consistent findings in HSMI. The mechanism by which PRV infection causes disease remains largely unknown. In this study we investigated the presence of PRV in blood and erythrocytes using an experimental cohabitation challenge model. We found that in the early phases of infection, the PRV loads in blood were significantly higher than in any other organ. Most virus was found in the erythrocyte fraction, and in individual fish more than 50% of erythrocytes were PRV-positive, as determined by flow cytometry. PRV was condensed into large cytoplasmic inclusions resembling viral factories, as demonstrated by immunofluorescence and confocal microscopy. By electron microscopy we showed that these inclusions contained reovirus-like particles. The PRV particles and inclusions also had a striking resemblance to previously reported viral inclusions described as Erythrocytic inclusion body syndrome (EIBS). We conclude that the erythrocyte is a major target cell for PRV infection. These findings provide new information about HSMI pathogenesis, and show that PRV is an important factor of viral erythrocytic inclusions.  相似文献   

Interactive and Single Effects of Ectomycorrhiza Formation and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus cereus</Emphasis> on Metallothionein <Emphasis Type="Italic">MT1</Emphasis> Expression and Phytoextraction of Cd and Zn by Willows     

Hrynkiewicz K  Dabrowska G  Baum C  Niedojadlo K  Leinweber P 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(3):957-968

Single and joint ectomycorrhizal (+ Hebeloma mesophaeum) and bacterial (+ Bacillus cereus) inoculations of willows (Salix viminalis) were investigated for their potential and mode of action in the promotion of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) phytoextraction. Dual fungal and bacterial inoculations promoted the biomass production of willows in contaminated soil. Single inoculations either had no effect on the plant growth or inhibited it. All inoculated willows showed increased concentrations of nutritional elements (N, P, K and Zn) and decreased concentrations of Cd in the shoots. The lowest biomass production and concentration of Cd in the willows (+ B. cereus) were combined with the strongest expression of metallothioneins. It seems that biotic stress from bacterial invasion increased the synthesis of these stress proteins, which responded in decreased Cd concentrations. Contents of Cd and Zn in the stems of willows were combination-specific, but were always increased in dual inoculated plants. In conclusion, single inoculations with former mycorrhiza-associated B. cereus strains decreased the phytoextraction efficiency of willows by causing biotic stress. However, their joint inoculation with an ectomycorrhizal fungus is a very promising method for promoting the phytoextraction of Cd and Zn through combined physiological effects on the plant.  相似文献   

Impact of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the growth and expression of gene encoding stress protein – metallothionein BnMT2 in the non‐host crop Brassica napus L.          下载免费PDF全文

Grażyna Dąbrowska  Christel Baum  Alina Trejgell  Katarzyna Hrynkiewicz 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(3):459-467

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are an important component of the soil biota in most agroecosystems, and their association can directly or indirectly affect the diversity of soil microorganisms, nutrient cycling, and growth of host plants. Since not all crops are symbiotic, we hypothesized that the presence of AM fungi can: (1) inhibit the growth of non‐host plants by resulting in biotic stress, or (2) promote their growth indirectly by increased nutrient mobilization. These hypotheses were tested in the present study on the non‐mycorrhizal crop canola (Brassica napus L.) in the presence and absence of other autochthonous soil microorganisms. The soil was inoculated with a mixture of AM fungi (Acaulospora longula, Glomus geosporum, G. mosseae, Scutellospora calospora) and as a control, a non‐inoculated soil was used. The impact of inoculation on plant growth (biomass production, nutrient concentrations) and expression of the stress protein metallothionein gene BnMT2 was investigated in the shoots. B. napus L. did not form mycorrhizal associations on its roots, but its growth was promoted after inoculation with AM fungi. In the soil with autochthonic microorganisms, growth inhibition after inoculation was observed compared to the control. The concentrations of N, P, K, and S in the shoot were always significantly increased after inoculation with AM fungi. However, this was partly combined with reduced growth and thereby decreased total uptake of nutrients. Expression of BnMT2 in the leaves was increased after inoculation with AM spores at the soil devoid of indigenous microorganisms, but decreased in their presence. The expression of stress proteins (BnMT2) significantly increased with increasing length and biomass of shoots. In conclusion, the inhibition of the non‐host plant B. napus L. following inoculation with AM fungi was confirmed, however, only in combination with autochthonous microorganisms. Growth promotion of B. napus L. in the presence of AM fungi in the absence of autochthonous soil microorganisms suggest that plant growth depression in the presence of AM fungi was based on interactive effects of AM fungi with the autochthonous microorganisms in the soil rather than on a direct impact of the AM fungi.  相似文献