Interactions between Soil,Leaves and Beans Nutrient Status and Dry Biomass of Beans and Pod Husk of Forastero Cacao: An Exploratory Study     

Araujo Quintino R. de  Loureiro Guilherme A. H. de A  Dario Ahnert  Rodrigo A. Escalona-Valdez  Virupax C. Baligar 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2020,51(5):567-581

ABSTRACT

In cacao crop the understanding of the multiple relationships between bean and pod husk dry biomass and mineral nutrition in the soil-plant system is scarce. The main objective of this work is to verify the linear, bivariate and multivariate correlations between the mineral nutrient concentrations in the soil, leaves and beans of 53 cacao trees with known dry biomass of cacao beans and pod husk, and further graphically identifying the consistency of these information. For this study, soil samples, leaves and fruits (pod husk and beans) were collected from each cacao trees, for the analysis of nitrogen-N, phosphorous-P, potassium-K, calcium-Ca, magnesium-Mg, iron-Fe, manganese-Mn, zinc-Zn and cooper-Cu mineral nutrient concentrations. The interpretation of the results by the exploratory analysis technique linked to the linear correlation analysis proved to be an essential tool to support studies related to mineral nutrition in the soil-plant system. Foliar N concentration were directly related to the high and very high dry biomass classes of cacao beans. Levels of exchangeable Ca and Mg in the soil were inversely correlated with the dry biomass of cacao pod husk (DBCH), in contrast to results with the positive correlations of these nutrients in the leaves and cacao beans data sets. The foliar concentrations of Zn, Mn, Fe and Cu are shown to be more positively associated with DBCH than dry biomass classes of cacao beans. The concentrations of Fe, Mn and Cu in dry cacao beans show such similar pattern of association with dry biomass of pod husk and beans.  相似文献   

A molecular and embryonic study of apomixis in cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz)     

Nagib M.A. Nassar  Marco Andre Vieira  Clibas Vieira  Dario Grattapaglia 《Euphytica》1998,102(1):9-13

In cassava, apomixis fixes heterosis and avoids transmission of systemic pathogens which complicate vegetative propagation of the crop. A combination of evidence from maternal inheritance of RAPD markers and the structure of the embryonic sac in large progeny sets of two distinct genotypes have further confirmed the occurrence of apomixis in cassava. We could advance further on earlier reports of the detection of apomixis in four ways: (1) we could arrive at an estimate of the rate of facultative apomixis in the range of 2%; (2) we detected the occurrence of apomixis in a second genotype, derived from a different interspecific cross; (3) apomictic behavior was demonstrated in an F₁ individual and (4) parallel embryonic evidence was generated that corroborate the potential occurrence of apomixis by apospory. The fact that apomixis was detected in an F₁ interspecific hybrid hints to the possibility of directly transferring genes for apomixis from a wild relative to cultivated cassava. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   

Morphological and physiological behaviour of sweet cherry ‘somaclone’ HS plants in field     

Maria Claudia Piagnani  Dario Maffi  Mara Rossoni  Remo Chiozzotto 《Euphytica》2008,160(2):165-173

We reported earlier that somaclonal variant HS (HS), regenerated from Prunus avium `Hedelfinger’ (H) leaf explants, showed reduced apical dominance both in vitro and in vivo. In this report we found that the somaclone HS, showed reduced vegetative vigour as determined by trunk circumference and tree height nevertheless natural architecture of the tree was preserved. HS canopy was less crowded as to compare to H and leaves were shorter with a shorter petiole, they were better spaced out as indicated by internodes length. HS had a significantly thinner cuticle and wax layer compared to H leaves surface. Histological analysis of leaves also showed that HS had thicker mesophyll and palisade the latter composed of more than one layer which, together with increased stomatal density, are distinguishing signs of extensive exposure of leaves to sun. Chlorophyll a and chlorophyll b content did not differ between H and HS, β-carotene content was slightly lower in HS leaves. However no significant differences were found between the two genotypes in terms of net photosynthesis, intercellular CO₂ concentration, leaf transpiration and water use efficiency. HS flowered 1-year later than H and number of flowers was reduced. Fruit size, shape, skin colour change during the ripening process and the main parameters of fruit quality as assessed in the wild type and the somaclone were basically the same.  相似文献   

Ribotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis reveal a novel clone of Bordetella bronchiseptica in seals.     

K B Register  R E Sacco  G Foster 《Journal of veterinary diagnostic investigation》2000,12(6):535-540

The goal of the present study was to characterize, by ribotyping and restriction endonuclease analysis (REA), 35 phocine Bordetella bronchiseptica isolates and to ascertain their relationship to one another and to isolates acquired from other host species. Thirty-four isolates were obtained in Scotland during a 10-year period encompassing the 1988 epizootic; the remaining isolate was obtained independently in Denmark. All phocine isolates had an identical Pvu II ribotype unique from the 18 ribotypes previously detected in strains from heterologous hosts. Alternative restriction enzymes, useful for subgrouping strains within Pvu II ribotypes, also failed to discriminate among isolates from seals. The exclusive occurrence of a single ribotype of B. bronchiseptica in a particular host species has not been previously observed. Similarly, REA based on either HinfI or Dde I profiles did not reveal detectable polymorphisms, although unique patterns were readily distinguished among a limited number of isolates from other host species. This is the first report demonstrating the utility of REA using frequently cutting enzymes for discrimination of B. bronchiseptica strains. These data suggest that B. bronchiseptica-induced respiratory disease in seals along the Scottish shore may be due to the circulation of a single, unique clone.  相似文献   

Rapid advance of spring arrival dates in long-distance migratory birds     

Jonzén N  Lindén A  Ergon T  Knudsen E  Vik JO  Rubolini D  Piacentini D  Brinch C  Spina F  Karlsson L  Stervander M  Andersson A  Waldenström J  Lehikoinen A  Edvardsen E  Solvang R  Stenseth NC 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,312(5782):1959-1961

Several bird species have advanced the timing of their spring migration in response to recent climate change. European short-distance migrants, wintering in temperate areas, have been assumed to be more affected by change in the European climate than long-distance migrants wintering in the tropics. However, we show that long-distance migrants have advanced their spring arrival in Scandinavia more than short-distance migrants. By analyzing a long-term data set from southern Italy, we show that long-distance migrants also pass through the Mediterranean region earlier. We argue that this may reflect a climate-driven evolutionary change in the timing of spring migration.  相似文献   

Effect of solar radiation on severity of soybean rust     

Young HM  George S  Narváez DF  Srivastava P  Schuerger AC  Wright DL  Marois JJ 《Phytopathology》2012,102(8):794-803

Soybean rust (SBR), caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, is a damaging fungal disease of soybean (Glycine max). Although solar radiation can reduce SBR urediniospore survival, limited information is available on how solar radiation affects SBR progress within soybean canopies. Such information can aid in developing accurate SBR prediction models. To manipulate light penetration into soybean canopies, structures of shade cloth attenuating 30, 40, and 60% sunlight were constructed over soybean plots. In each plot, weekly evaluations of severity in lower, middle, and upper canopies, and daily temperature and relative humidity were recorded. Final plant height and leaf area index were also recorded for each plot. The correlation between amount of epicuticular wax and susceptibility of leaves in the lower, middle, and upper canopies was assessed with a detached leaf assay. Final disease severity was 46 to 150% greater in the lower canopy of all plots and in the middle canopy of 40 and 60% shaded plots. While daytime temperature within the canopy of nonshaded soybean was greater than shaded soybean by 2 to 3°C, temperatures recorded throughout typical evenings and mornings of the growing season in all treatments were within the range (10 to 28.5°C) for SBR development as was relative humidity. This indicates temperature and relative humidity were not limiting factors in this experiment. Epicuticular wax and disease severity in detached leaf assays from the upper canopy had significant negative correlation (P = 0.009, R = -0.84) regardless of shade treatment. In laboratory experiments, increasing simulated total solar radiation (UVA, UVB, and PAR) from 0.15 to 11.66 MJ m(-2) increased mortality of urediniospores from 2 to 91%. Variability in disease development across canopy heights in early planted soybean may be attributed to the effects of solar radiation not only on urediniospore viability, but also on plant height, leaf area index, and epicuticular wax, which influence disease development of SBR. These results provide an understanding of the effect solar radiation has on the progression of SBR within the soybean canopy.  相似文献   

Wilderness Medicine Within Global Health: A Strategy for Less Risk and More Reward     

Jay Lemery  Dana Sacco  Amita Kulkarni  Liz Francis 《The Forestry Chronicle》2012,23(1):84-88

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Nerve stimulator‐guided sciatic‐femoral nerve block in raptors undergoing surgical treatment of pododermatitis          下载免费PDF全文

Dario d'Ovidio  Emilio Noviello  Chiara Adami 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2015,42(4):449-453

ObjectiveTo describe the nerve stimulator-guided sciatic-femoral nerve block in raptors undergoing surgical treatment of pododermatitis.Study designProspective clinical trial.AnimalsFive captive raptors (Falco peregrinus) aged 6.7 ± 1.3 years.MethodsAnaesthesia was induced and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. The sciatic-femoral nerve block was performed with 2% lidocaine (0.05 mL kg⁻¹ per nerve) as the sole intra-operative analgesic treatment. Intraoperative physiological variables were recorded every 10 minutes from endotracheal intubation until the end of anaesthesia. Assessment of intraoperative nociception was based on changes in physiological variables above baseline values, while evaluation of postoperative pain relied on species-specific behavioural indicators.ResultsThe sciatic-femoral nerve block was feasible in raptors and the motor responses following electrical stimulation of both nerves were consistent with those reported in mammalian species. During surgery no rescue analgesia was required. The anaesthesia plane was stable and cardiorespiratory variables did not increase significantly in response to surgical stimulation. Iatrogenic complications, namely nerve damage and local anaesthetic toxicity, did not occur. Recovery was smooth and uneventful. The duration (mean ± SD) of the analgesic effect provided by the nerve block was 130 ± 20 minutes.Conclusion and clinical relevanceThe sciatic-femoral nerve block as described in dogs and rabbits can be performed in raptors as well. Further clinical trials with a control groups are required to better investigate the analgesic efficacy and the safety of this technique in raptors.  相似文献   

Amperometric determination of L-lactate based on entrapment of lactate oxidase on a transducer surface with a semi-permeable membrane using a SIRE technology based biosensor. Application: tomato paste and baby food     

Kriz K  Kraft L  Krook M  Kriz D 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(12):3419-3424

Determination of dissolved L-lactate in tomato paste and baby food samples using a SIRE-based (sensors based on injection of the recognition element) biosensor is reported. The measuring principle is based on the use of a small amount of enzyme, which is injected into an internal delivery flow system and held in direct spatial contact with the amperometric transducer by the use of a semipermeable membrane. Measurements are based upon the reversible enzymatic conversion of L-lactate to pyruvate and hydrogen peroxide by lactate oxidase. Differential measurements are performed in which the samples are measured in the presence and absence of enzyme allowing for control over matrix interferences present in crude samples. The linear range investigated for the determination of L-lactate in tomato paste and baby food was 0-0.1 mM using a lactate oxidase concentration of 22 U/mL. Samples were diluted with buffer prior to biosensor measurements. The L-lactate concentrations of the tomato paste and baby food were determined to be 1.02 +/- 0.02 mM and 2.51 +/- 0.10 mM, respectively, using the standard addition method. The repeatability for tomato paste and baby food measurements was 2.5% (RSD, n = 15) and 4.0% (RSD, n = 15) and the reproducibility was 13.0% (RSD, n = 45) and 3.0% (RSD, n = 45), respectively. The concentration of dissolved L-lactate can be used as a measure of freshness in the food industry. All biosensor measurements were compared with measurements from an established spectrophotometric assay (Boehringer Mannheim). It was found that the biosensor had good correlation with the spectrophotometric method. The biosensor gave 12% higher values for the tomato paste measurements and 2.5% higher values for the baby food measurements. However, a distinct advantage of the biosensor is that it can perform L-lactate measurements within 3 minutes, whereas the spectrophotometric assay requires a 35-minute measurement time.  相似文献   

Electrochemical bioassay for the investigation of chlorpyrifos-methyl in vine samples     

Del Carlo M  Mascini M  Pepe A  Compagnone D  Mascini M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2002,50(25):7206-7210

This paper reports the optimization of an electrochemical bioassay for the determination of chlorpyrifos-methyl and its application to the analysis of grape and vine leaf samples treated with that pesticide. The analytical method was based on electrochemical determination of the extent of the inhibition exerted by the pesticide on acetylcholinesterase using the substrate acetylthiocholine. Two similar calibration plots were obtained, in the range of 1-300 ng/mL, respectively, for chlorpyrifos-methyl in pure standard form and in the commercial preparation Reldan, with comparable coefficients of variation (CV) in the range of 10% < CV < 20%. After an insecticide treatment, samples were analyzed to evaluate its persistence both in grapes and in vine leaves. Samples were evaluated using different extraction procedures: one based on solvent extraction of pesticide residue from grapes and the other based on aqueous extraction from vine leaves using phosphate buffer. The grape solvent extracts were analyzed using both gas chromatography and electrochemical bioassay, whereas the vine leaf buffer extracts were analyzed using the electrochemical bioassay. Quantitative analysis of chlorpyrifos-methyl determined in the two samples, with the electrochemical bioassay, showed a comparable decrease profile over the experimental period.  相似文献