Ozone affects shikimate pathway transcripts and monomeric lignin composition in European beech (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Fagus sylvatica</Emphasis> L.)     

Gunter A. Betz  Claudia Knappe  Catherine Lapierre  Maren Olbrich  Gerhard Welzl  Christian Langebartels  Werner Heller  Heinrich Sandermann  Dieter Ernst 《European Journal of Forest Research》2009,128(2):109-116

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Slurry injection with nitrification inhibitor in maize: Plant phosphorus,zinc, and manganese status     

Matthias Westerschulte  Carl-Philipp Federolf  Dieter Trautz  Gabriele Broll  Hans-Werner Olfs 《Journal of plant nutrition》2018,41(11):1381-1396

Slurry injection below the maize (Zea mays L.) row may substitute a mineral nitrogen (N) phosphorus (P) starter fertilizer (MSF) and thus reduce nutrient surpluses in regions with intensive livestock husbandry. We investigated the plant P, zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) status compared to the current farm practice. In 2014 and 2015 field trials were conducted to evaluate plant nutrient status at different growth stages. Besides an unfertilized control, two slurry injection treatments (±nitrification inhibitor (NI)) were compared to slurry broadcast application plus MSF. In both experiments NI addition significantly increased nutrient concentrations during early growth (6-leaf 2015: +33% P, +25% Zn, +39% Mn). Under P deficiency due to cold weather conditions broadcast application showed higher P uptake until 6-leaf (36–58%), while it was lower at 8- (32%) and 10-leaf (19%) stage compared to slurry injection (+NI). Zn availability was enhanced for slurry injection (+NI) during early growth and Zn and Mn uptakes were higher at harvest. Slurry injection decreased P balances by 10–14 kg P ha^?1, while Zn and Mn balances were excessive independent of treatments. Slurry injection (+NI) can substitute a MSF without affecting early growth and enhances the Zn and Mn status. This new fertilizing strategy enables farmers to reduce P surpluses.  相似文献   

Tree establishment and management on farms in the drylands: evaluation of different systems adopted by small-scale farmers in Mutomo District,Kenya     

Geoffrey Ndegwa  Miyuki Iiyama  Dieter Anhuf  Udo Nehren  Sabine Schlüter 《Agroforestry Systems》2017,91(6):1043-1055

Agroforestry systems in Sub-Saharan African drylands are complex and heterogeneous in nature even under similar biophysical conditions. This can be attributed to household needs and socioeconomic status which influence the species and utility of the adopted trees. This has an impact on the trees establishment and management system through planting or Farmer Managed Natural Regeneration (FMNR). This study evaluates how trees for different utilities are managed and which socioeconomic factors influence these decisions. The study used primary data collected in Mutomo District, Kenya through a household survey based on a structured questionnaire. A paired sample t-test was done to assess the preferred mode of adopting trees for different utilities while factor analysis was used to characterize the households as either planting trees or practicing FMNR. Multiple linear regression using household regression factor scores as independent variables and socioeconomic indicators as dependent variables was done to ascertain which socioeconomic factors affect tree adoption. The results show that trees planted were mostly exotic species valued for their nutrition and commercial value, while FMNR was used for subsistence products and environmental services. Household size, livestock levels and mobility had a positive correlation with tree planting, while income, access to markets and roads had an inverse correlation. Access to natural woodland, distance to the nearest motorable road and land size had a positive correlation with tree protection. It is hoped that this knowledge will act as a reference point when designing agroforestry projects in similar areas to ensure they are more aligned to specific site and household conditions.  相似文献   

Genomic Tandem Repeat Analysis Proves Laboratory‐Acquired Brucellosis in Veterinary (Camel) Diagnostic Laboratory in the United Arab Emirates     

J. Schulze Zur Wiesch  D. Wichmann  I. Sobottka  H. Rohde  G. Schmoock  R. Wernery  S. Schmiedel  G. Dieter Burchard  F. Melzer 《Zoonoses and public health》2010,57(5):315-317

We report a case of a 64‐year‐old veterinarian working in a state camel veterinary laboratory who was diagnosed with and treated for acute brucellosis with complicating epididymo‐orchitis. Genomic tandem repeat analysis (MLVA‐16) revealed identical Brucella strains in patient cultures and from different dromedary milk samples positive for Brucella melitensis, thereby confirming the diagnosis of a laboratory acquired infection. The case illustrates the high (airborne) infectivity of brucellosis in laboratory settings and the need to implement vigorous bio‐safety measures in veterinary laboratories handling camel specimen diagnostic veterinary laboratory.  相似文献   

Dose measurement in small animal radiology: how intense is the influence of distance and position of the investigator in relation to the patient?     

Ludewig E  Gensler A  Oechtering G  Gosch D 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2010,123(11-12):506-515

Radiation exposure of body parts of persons, needed to restrain small animal during the examination, varies depending on the distance and position in relation to the patient, the region investigated, and the exposure settings applied. The aim of the study was to quantify the effects of these factors on the ambient dose. The dosimeter was positioned with varying distance from the direct beam (from 30 to 150 cm) and on different level above the floor (55 cm, 85 cm, and 150 cm. The study consisted of two parts. In the first part a plastic water tank (thickness: 18 cm) was used as source of scatter radiation. Different exposure settings (77 kVp; 20 - 10 - 5 - 2.5 - 1.25 mAs) were applied. In the second part dose was measured during the examination of the abdomen of a large dog (thickness: 18 cm; 77 kVp, 20 mAs) and of the skull of a cat (thickness: 6 cm; 55 kVp, 20 mAs). At the level of the patient (85 cm above the floor) the dose decline relative to the distance followed a quadratic function. In the series "abdomen-dog" the mean dose values ranged from 51.6 microSv (30 cm distance) to 1.02 microSv (150 cm distance). The corresponding doses for the series "skull-cat" were 0.98 microSv and 0.02 microSv, respectively. Comparably lower doses were measured on the lines along the table, when non-irradiated parts of the body were located between the exposed patient volume and the dosimeter. At 150 cm above the floor higher doses were observed relative to the doses at the level of the table. The following conclusions can be drawn: (1.) Depending on the target volume the ambient dose varies in a wide range. (2.) An increase of the distance of only few centimetres is reducing exposure considerably. Therefore persons should make use of it whenever this is possible. (3.) Persons should stand on the short sides of the table while fixing the patient. (4.) Head and neck are relatively highly exposed. Methods to protect the thyroid gland and the eye lens are indicated. (5.) Since different exposure levels can be applied in digital radiography, the range of dose levels is rather wide. Therefore strict dose discipline (e.g. by use of exposure tables and dose indicators) is necessary to avoid continuing overexposure.  相似文献   

Pesticide‐laden dust emission and drift from treated seeds during seed drilling: a review     

David Nuyttens  Wouter Devarrewaere  Pieter Verboven  Dieter Foqué 《Pest management science》2013,69(5):564-575

Dressing seeds with pesticides to control pests is a widespread practice with important advantages. Recent incidents of bee losses, however, have directed attention to the emission of abraded pesticide‐coated seed particles to the environment during sowing. This phenomenon of drift of pesticide dust can lead to pesticide contamination of air, water and other natural resources in crop‐growing areas. This review article presents the state of the art of the phenomenon of dust emission and drift from pesticide seed dressing during sowing and its consequences. Firstly, pesticide seed treatment is defined and its pros and cons are set out, with the focus on dust, dust emission and dust drift from pesticide‐coated seed. The factors affecting emission of pesticide dust (e.g. seed treatment quality, seed drilling technology and environmental conditions) are considered, along with its possible effects. The measuring techniques and protocols and models currently in use for calculating the behaviour of dust are reviewed, together with their features and limitations. Finally, possible mitigation measures are discussed, such as improving the seed quality and the use of modified seed drilling technology, and an overview of regulations and stewardship activities is given. © 2013 Society of Chemical Industry  相似文献   

Site‐specific effects of variable water supply and nitrogen fertilisation on winter wheat          下载免费PDF全文

Dieter Geesing  Mariangela Diacono  Urs Schmidhalter 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2014,177(4):509-523

The plant‐available soil water, amount and distribution of rainfall or irrigation are primary factors that may affect yield and quality of winter wheat in heterogeneous fields. The objective of this 2‐y study was to vary N application and water supply in order to achieve a more mechanistic insight into the effects of underlying differences in the site‐specific productivity on heterogeneous fields. Two N fertilizer rates (120 and 180 kg N ha^–1) and three different water supply treatments (rain sheltering, irrigation, rain‐fed) were compared on field sites with lower or higher plant available soil water capacities. On the whole, the site, rather than rainfall or N fertilisation, was the primary factor that accounted for variability in grain yield. Rainfall distribution during the growing season affected the overall yield level in a given year. The sites characterised by lower plant available water capacity did not show higher grain yield and improved quality with the increased N rate. This suggests that the reduced N rate should be recommended on these sites to take into account the environmental sustainability of N fertilisation. With respect to the higher N application at sites of high plant available soil water capacity, although the already high yield levels were not increased further, the protein quality was significantly improved in the first season within all treatments and in the second season in the irrigated treatments. Therefore, a higher N‐rate proved to be advantageous, especially considering that the residual nitrate levels after harvest were low. The study demonstrated that the response of winter wheat to water shortage or abundance and N fertilisation is site‐specific and dependent on the availability of soil water.  相似文献   

The major surface Vsp proteins of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae form antigenic protein complexes     

Witchell TD  Hoke DE  Bulach DM  Coutts SA  Driesen SJ  Cordwell SJ  Adler B 《Veterinary microbiology》2011,149(1-2):157-162

The Vsp proteins are the major outer membrane proteins of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the causative agent of swine dysentery. Eight vsp genes have been identified in B. hyodysenteriae strain B204, arranged into two four-gene loci, and at least two of the corresponding proteins are produced in vitro. The aims of this study were to characterise the vsp genes of the virulent Australian B. hyodysenteriae strain X576 and their corresponding proteins, Genomic sequence comparison with strains B204 and WA1 demonstrated that the number of vsp genes varies between B. hyodysenteriae strains, although the chromosomal locations of the vsp gene loci are consistent. We identified two additional vsp-like genes, designated vspI and vspJ, in each of the three strains. Double SDS-PAGE was used to demonstrate that Vsp proteins of B. hyodysenteriae strain X576 form multimeric protein complexes in the outer membrane that are stable in 6M urea but dissociate after boiling. The Vsp complexes primarily consisted of VspF but also contain VspE and VspI. VspD was also found in a series of complexes slightly larger than the more abundant VspF complexes. Vsp proteins are purported to be antigenic; however little direct data are available to support this claim. In this study convalescent pig sera did not bind denatured Vsp proteins by Western blotting, but did bind the Vsp complexes on Western blots, showing that conformational epitopes may be important in immune recognition of these major outer membrane proteins. This is the first definitive demonstration of the antigenicity of these proteins in swine dysentery.  相似文献   

Estimating the onset of cambial activity in Scots pine in northern Finland by means of the heat-sum approach   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Seo JW  Eckstein D  Jalkanen R  Rickebusch S  Schmitt U 《Tree physiology》2008,28(1):105-112

We estimated the date of onset (Date(est)) of cambial activity by the pinning method in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees at Vanttauskoski (Site 1) and Laanila (Site 2) near the latitudinal limit of Scots pine in northern Finland. In each year and at each site, observations were made on a different set of five trees. The estimated dates of onset of cambial activity were compared with the corresponding heat sums, calculated in degree-days according to two models. Within years, Date(est) varied among trees by up to 15 days at Site 1 and up to 13 days at Site 2. Among years, mean Date(est) varied by 15.3 days at Site 1 and 12.0 days at Site 2. The overall mean Date(est) differed between sites by 6 days (June 5 at Site 1 and June 11 at Site 2). Among all trees in all years, the mean number of degree days (d.d.) calculated from mean daily temperature above a threshold of 5 degrees C before Date(est) ranged from 68.7 to 135 d.d. at Site 1 and from 37.4 to 154.7 d.d. at Site 2. Among years, the mean heat sum before Date(est )ranged from 94 to 112.5 d.d. at Site 1 and from 61.4 to 136 d.d. at Site 2. Variation among years in heat sum before Date(est) at Site 2 was highly significant, indicating that one or more factors other than, or in addition to, heat sum determines the onset of cambial activity in Scots pine. Similar results were obtained when heat sum was computed from the area between the sine wave generated by daily maximum and minimum temperature and the threshold temperature.  相似文献   

Properties of Urbic Anthrosols from an abandoned shunting yard in the Ruhr area, Germany   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Dieter A. Hiller   《CATENA》2000,39(4)

The soil conditions of an abandoned shunting yard in the Ruhr area were studied to find the most important factors influencing plant growth and nutrient cycling. The chemical and physical conditions of five Urbic Anthrosols with different development histories were compared with those of a nearby Calcic Cambisol under agricultural use. In the second half of the 19th century, the ground level of the shunting yard site was raised about 2 m. The soils are now mainly Regosols, mostly well drained in the topsoil. The coarse material contents (>2 mm), which are up to 100% in base layers of railway tracks, and the quality of the man-made substrates (crushed rock, slags, ashes, coke) are the most important factors influencing plant growth. Poor physical structure and low contents of fine fraction (<2 mm) lead to low water storage. Together with a low available nutrient stock, these properties lead to poor establishment of vegetation. The burning of coal by steam engines produced highly polluted ashes that fill pore spaces in the railway ballast layers. All the investigated fine substrata of the shunting yard layers exhibit a higher magnetic susceptibility than the rural soil. The ashes still contain unburned coal so that, although the total organic C content of the man-made soils reaches 37%, the wide C:N ratio does not indicate the actual quality of humic substances. The acid neutralization potential of the topsoil layers of the shunting yard will be consumed by acidic atmospheric deposition within a few decades, whereas in the surrounding Calcic Cambisols, it will take more than a thousand years. This may cause further problems of groundwater quality, as the heavy metals will become more soluble. The low soil quality makes such sites suitable for vegetation species that cannot compete in the surrounding very eutrophic agricultural landscape.  相似文献