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21.
Diplodia sapinea is an important pathogen of pine trees in plantations and urban areas in many parts of the world. This pathogen has recently also been isolated from diseased Cedrus atlantica, C. deodara and Picea omorika planted as ornamentals across the Western Balkans. The aim of this study was to consider the host range of D. sapinea in Serbia and Montenegro. Diplodia sapinea was identified from a broader collection of Botryosphaeriaceae from the Western Balkans region, based on the DNA sequence data for the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rDNA and the translation elongation factor 1α (TEF 1‐ α). The D. sapinea isolates were obtained from sixteen tree species in the genera Abies, Cedrus, Chamaecyparis, Juniperus, Picea, Pinus, Pseudotsuga and Fagus. Four species represented new hosts in the Balkans, and this is the first report of D. sapinea from F. sylvatica anywhere in the world. Pathogenicity tests were conducted on the tree hosts from which D. sapinea was isolated, as well as on P. abies, Thuja occidentalis, Prunus laurocerasus, Eucalyptus grandis and P. patula. Inoculations were made on seedlings in the field, in the greenhouse or on freshly detached branches. Inoculations on P. pungens, P. omorika, P. abies, P. menziesii, A. concolor, P. nigra and P. sylvestris resulted in death of the seedlings 5–16 weeks after inoculation. Diplodia sapinea produced lesions on J. horizontalis and P. patula seedlings and F. sylvatica cut branches. Reciprocal inoculations showed that D. sapinea is not a pine‐specific pathogen, causing disease on tree species, including those from which it had not been isolated. Not surprisingly, the pathogen was most aggressive on some species of Pinaceae. 相似文献
22.
Mohammad Roozkhosh Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi 《Archives of Agronomy and Soil Science》2017,63(10):1454-1464
Cyperus rotundus L. causes high yield losses in fruiting vegetables and cucurbits in eastern and southeastern parts of Iran. Greenhouse and field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of mulch type (1- and 2-layer black and clear low-density polyethylene (LDPE) sheets as well as a non-mulched control) and tuber burial depth (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 cm) on C. rotundus above- and belowground growth. All experiments were conducted using three different populations from Birjand, Kahnooj, and Jiroft. It was found that the greatest suppression of C. rotundus growth in all populations was observed in plots covered with 2-layer black LDPE, so that no above- or belowground growth was found with this type of LDPEs. It was also concluded that C. rotundus can emerge from tuber burial depths in the range of 30–50 cm depending on the population studied, indicating mechanical operations that bury the tubers in soil depths even as deep as 50 cm (e.g. moldboard ploughing), cannot guarantee to suppress the emergence and tuber production of this noxious weed species. Our study clearly showed that using a 2-layer black LDPE can be recommended as a promising technique for the control of C. rotundus rather than implementing a deep tillage. 相似文献
23.
Fahimeh Golparyan Ali Azizi Jalal Soltani 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2018,150(3):759-764
Sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum) is a popular crop worldwide and an asymptomatic host of the begomovirus (Geminiviridae) Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV). A previous study showed that TYLCV could be transmitted by the seeds of tomato plants, but this phenomenon has not been confirmed in other plants. In 2015, four different cultivars of sweet pepper (‘Super Yellow,’ ‘Super Red,’ ‘Sunnyez’ and ‘Cupra’) known to be susceptible to TYLCV were agro-inoculated with a TYLCV infectious clone. Three months after inoculation, the leaves of the ‘Super Yellow’ cultivar showed 80% (8/10) susceptibility and the other three sweet pepper cultivars showed 30 to 50% susceptibilities. All of the ‘Super Yellow’ seed bunches (five seeds per bunch) from plants whose leaves were confirmed to be TYLCV-infected were also TYLCV-infected (8/8). The seeds of other cultivars showed 20 to 40% susceptibilities. Virus transmission rates were also verified with 10 bunches of seedlings for each cultivar (five seedlings per pool). Eight bunches of ‘Super Yellow’ seedlings (8/10) were confirmed to be TYLCV-infected and one to three bunches of each of the other cultivar seedlings were also infected. Viral replication in TYLCV-infected seeds and seedlings was confirmed via strand-specific amplification using virion-sense- and complementary-sense-specific primer sets. This is the first report of TYLCV seed transmission in sweet pepper plants and among non-tomato plants. Because sweet pepper is an asymptomatic host of TYLCV, seeds infected with TYLCV could act as a silent invader of tomatoes and other crops. 相似文献
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25.
Abdolmajid Mahdavi-Damghani Behnam Kamkar Majid Jami Al-Ahmadi Luca Testi Francisco J. Muñoz-Ledesma 《Agricultural Water Management》2010,97(10):1582-1590
The effects of pre-anthesis water deficit and cycle length were examined in Papaver somniferum L., cultivated for alkaloid production, in two locations in southern Spain. The vegetative period was shortened by extending the photoperiod through supplemental lighting in the field, while water deficit in pre-anthesis was induced by avoiding irrigations and installing rain shelters. The treatments were: IN (irrigated-normal photoperiod), IL (irrigated-hastened flowering), DN (water deficit in pre-anthesis-normal photoperiod) and DL (water deficit in pre-anthesis and hastened flowering). The artificial photoperiod hastened the flowering by 15 and 21 days, for irrigated and deficit treatments respectively. Seasonal evapotranspiration (ET) ranged from 398 (DN) to 505 mm (IN). There was evidence of root water uptake deeper than 1.5 m. Stomatal conductance was reduced (16%) during water stress, and did not recover in post-anthesis after resuming irrigation. Head yields (capsule + seeds + 7 cm stem) ranged between 3.8 and 4.3 t ha−1; water deficit and short vegetative period both reduced the biomass accumulated, although the effect on yields in these treatments was counterbalanced by a higher harvest index. Early flowering had a detrimental effect on alkaloid concentration in the capsule. Alkaloids yield ranged between 27 and 37 kg ha−1. Water use efficiency (WUE) ranged between 0.78 and 0.96 kg m−3 ET for yield and between 63.4 and 73.7 g m−3 ET for alkaloids. Water stress increased slightly the Water Use Efficiency. A shorter vegetative phase had no effect on WUE for biomass or yield, but decreased the WUE for alkaloids production. 相似文献
26.
Delivery of chemotherapy drugs, such as cisplatin, with controlled manner is a significant area of research in cancer treatment. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the in-vitro release of cisplatin from pH sensitive and controlled release hydrogels based on cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA). Various hydrogels with different amounts of CNFs were prepared. This novel drug delivery system was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses. By in-vitro experiments the influence of CNFs contents and pH of the release media on the release rate of the drug were investigated. According to the results, the hydrogel containing 1 wt% CNFs in the release media with the pH of 7.4, efficiently sustained the drug release and so can cause to the reduction of side effects of drug. By fitting the experimental data with various kinetic models it was concluded that the release mechanism is best fitted by Korsmeyer-Peppas kinetic model suggesting the diffusion controlled release mechanism. The prepared hydrogel system is suitable for delivery of cisplatin in the small intestine with a controlled manner. 相似文献
27.
Fahimeh Hajatmand Gholamali Amin Mohammad Fereidoonpoor 《Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section B - Plant Soil Science》2013,63(4):357-363
Spiny bollworm, Earias insulana Boisduval. (Lep.: Noctuidae), causes huge losses to cotton crops each year. As a relatively hardy species of insect, E. insulana tolerates a wide range of environmental conditions and so is prevalent in many regions of the world. Effect of sex pheromone traps to control spiny bollworm by mass trapping method was studied. Investigation of monthly changes in captures in relation to temperature carried out during 2012 in the Darab region of the Fars Province of Iran. The experiment was carried out in randomised complete blocks design with four treatments and four replications. The treatments used application of the sex pheromone trap at the rates of 16, 20, 24 and 30 traps/ha. The captured male moths were collected and counted every three days. Analysis of the variance of results showed significant differences between time and trap number in the trapping values of E. insulana. Moth populations were observed in the second week of September. The highest and lowest captured insects per hectare were 30 and 16 traps/ha, respectively. The peak captured E. insulana adult males in the sampling period was on 18 November. These results enable forecasting of seasonal E. insulana population peaks, providing additional information vital for the development of a successful, integrated pest-management programme for spiny bollworm. 相似文献
28.
Hossein Sabahi Saba Siadat Jamian Fahimeh Ghashghaee 《Journal of plant nutrition》2016,39(14):2092-2099
It has been hypothesized that plant polyphenol plus lignin, cellulose, and hemicelluloses can immobilize/remineralize inorganic fertilizers, such as urea, better than polyphenol alone. To test this hypothesis, urea was coated with pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) fruit powder (containing polyphenol+lignin+cellulose) at rates of 0%, 30%, 70%, and 100% (w/w) of fertilizer urea. Fertilizer nitrogen was applied at 100 and 200 mg kg?1 soil in a clay loam soil. This natural coating material, particularly at the rate of 100% (w/w), improved the distribution of mineral nitrogen (N) and available phosphorus (P) in soil during both early and advanced growth stages of maize and significantly increased total crop N and P uptake at both rates of fertilizer nitrogen compared to urea alone. The results suggest that urea coated with the powder of pomegranate fruit could potentially be an N slow-release fertilizer for use in better synchronizing crop N demand with soil N supply. 相似文献
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Melanie Vivancos Jessica Barker Sarah Engbers Carrie Fischer Jami Frederick Heather Friedt Joanna M. Rybicka Tereza Stastny Heidi Banse Alastair E. Cribb 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2015,56(7):730-736
Meloxicam, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, is approved for use in horses in several countries, but an equine formulation is not available in North America. However, meloxicam is being used in an extra-label manner in horses in Canada. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to assess the bioequivalence of an approved oral meloxicam suspension (Metacam 15 mg/mL for horses; Boehringer Ingelheim Vetmedica GmBH, Ingelheim, Germany) from the European Union with human meloxicam tablets (Meloxicam 15 mg tablets; TEVA Canada, Toronto, Ontario) compounded with molasses to improve palatability and administration. The geometric mean ratios (GMR test/reference) and the 90% confidence intervals of the pivotal pharmacokinetic parameters (area under the curve and maximum concentration) were within the defined limits of 80% to 125% generally accepted for products to be considered bioequivalent. Therefore, use of human meloxicam tablets compounded with molasses would be expected to produce a similar clinical response in horses as the approved oral product from the European Union. 相似文献
30.
Between 2010 and 2014, symptoms of a shot hole disease were observed on cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus L.) trees and shrubs in parks and other public plantings in Belgrade, Serbia. Ten symptomatic leaves were collected from each of the diseased plants and the associated fungus isolated and identified using multigene phylogenetic analyses and asexual morphological characters. The pathogen was identified as Neofusicoccum parvum. The same symptoms were produced when the pathogen was inoculated on test plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report of N. parvum causing shot hole disease on P. laurocerasus. 相似文献