Microbial use of organic amendments in saline soils monitored by changes in the C/C ratio     

Khalid S. Khan  Andreas Gattinger  Franz Buegger  Michael Schloter  Rainer Georg Joergensen   《Soil biology & biochemistry》2008,40(5):1217-1224

An incubation experiment was carried out to investigate whether salinity at high pH has negative effects on microbial substrate use, i.e. the mineralization of the amendment to CO₂ and inorganic N and the incorporation of amendment C into microbial biomass C. In order to exploit natural differences in the ¹³C/¹²C ratio, substrate from two C₄ plants, i.e. highly decomposed and N-rich sugarcane filter cake and less decomposed N-poor maize leaf straw, were added to two alkaline Pakistani soils differing in salinity, which had previously been cultivated with C₃ plants. In soil 1, the additional CO₂ evolution was equivalent to 65% of the added amount in the maize straw treatment and to 35% in the filter cake treatment. In the more saline soil 2, the respective figures were 56% and 32%. The maize straw amendment led to an identical immobilization of approximately 48 μg N g⁻¹ soil over the 56-day incubation in both soils compared with the control soils. In the filter cake treatment, the amount of inorganic N immobilized was 8.5 μg N g⁻¹ higher in soil 1 than in soil 2 compared with the control soils. In the control treatment, the content of microbial biomass C₃-C in soil 1 was twice that in soil 2 throughout the incubation. This fraction declined by about 30% during the incubation in both soils. The two amendments replaced initially similar absolute amounts of the autochthonous microbial biomass C, i.e. 50% of the original microbial biomass C in soil 1 and almost 90% in soil 2. The highest contents of microbial biomass C₄-C were equivalent to 7% (filter cake) and 11% (maize straw) of the added C. In soil 2, the corresponding values were 14% lower. Increasing salinity had no direct negative effects on microbial substrate use in the present two soils. Consequently, the differences in soil microbial biomass contents are most likely caused indirectly by salinity-induced reduction in plant growth rather than directly by negative effects of salinity on soil microorganisms.  相似文献   

Soil and phosphorus redistribution along a steep tea plantation in the Feitsui reservoir catchment of northern Taiwan     

Franz ZEHETNER  Narasimham L. VEMURI  Chih-An HUH  Shuh-Ji KAO  Shih-Chieh HSU  Jr-Chuan HUANG  Zueng-Sang CHEN 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2008,54(4):618-626

Feitsui reservoir, the major water supply of Taipei city, has shown declining water quality in recent years. The reservoir is located in an area famous for tea cultivation, and the question arises as to whether the hillside tea plantations have contributed to increased sediment and nutrient discharge into the reservoir. In this study, soil and phosphorus redistribution were examined along a steep tea plantation in the reservoir's catchment and the provenance of reservoir sediment was assessed. Fallout radionuclides were used as soil erosion/deposition tracers and as markers of sediment sources. Continuous fertilizer application has raised (inorganic) phosphorus levels in the studied tea plantation. The plantation's narrow bench terraces trap eroded material and slow down soil and nutrient translocation. Nevertheless, eroded soil and phosphorus have accumulated on a vegetated toeslope below the tea plantation. The reservoir sediment contained significant amounts of inorganic phosphorus and cesium-137, and application of a mixing model resulted in a surface soil contribution of approximately 30%. This points towards tea plantations as possible sediment and pollutant sources and underlines the necessity of soil conservation strategies, such as the maintenance of vegetated riparian buffer zones. However, other sources, such as landslide debris and urban wastewaters, cannot be entirely ruled out. Further research is needed to better characterize the catchment's soils and sediments and to improve sediment fingerprinting efforts. Potential point and non-point pollution sources need to be examined in detail to better understand how phosphorus enters the reservoir.  相似文献   

Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes and the significance for food hygiene     

Wagner M  Hein I  Grif K  Sumerkan AB  Esel D  Allerberger F 《Berliner und Münchener tier?rztliche Wochenschrift》2003,116(11-12):460-466

Research on the pathogen Listeria monocytogenes is a key issue both for the clinical and the food microbiologist owing to the unique pathway of infection and the exposure of humans via contaminated foods. Although, in Austria, the incidence of listeriosis is about 870-fold lower than the incidence for Salmonella infection, the food law manages both foodborne pathogens with a comparable stringency. The current risk management is based on the assumption that environmental L. monocytogenes isolates, from which the pool of "foodborne" isolates is recruited, are of similar pathogenicity compared to clinical and outbreak isolates. This verdict became doubted in the recent years. Characterization of L. monocytogenes by virulence gene sequencing, virulence studies in vivo and in vitro and by molecular typing was considerably stimulating the discussion on virulence variability in L. monocytogenes. This article provides insights in the value of epidemiological follow-up studies by presenting a typing study on 15 cases of listeriosis observed in a district hospital in Turkey. Furthermore results from typing L. monocytogenes either by virulence gene sequencing, mismatch amplification mutation assay or by pulsed field gel electrophoresis are discussed. The close interaction of molecular microbiology with food microbiology both in applied and basic science is currently creating a new discipline of molecular food microbiology. We are convinced that veterinary medicine will contribute to this exiting development in a fruitful way.  相似文献   

Intraspecific Relationship of Plasmopara halstedii Isolates Differing in Pathogenicity and Geographic Origin Based on ITS Sequence Data     

Otmar Spring  Mark Bachofer  Marco Thines  Alexandra Riethmüller  Markus Göker  Franz Oberwinkler 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2006,114(3):309-315

Sequence parts of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of nuclear ribosomal DNA were analysed to screen for the intraspecific variability of a non-coding genomic region in 15 Plasmopara halstedii populations of different pathotype and geographic origin. Samples revealed uniformity in a ca. 790 Bp fragment comprising of the ITS-1, 5.8S and front parts of the ITS-2. In contrast, clear differences were found in a ca. 810 Bp fragment of the ITS-2 thus allowing differentiation between populations of pathotype 100, 310 and 330 and a group of populations representing pathotypes 700, 701, 703, 710 and 730. Samples of pathotypes 700 to730 originated from Slovakia, France, and Germany, but were uniform in both ITS sequence parts, thus indicating very recent origin of these highly aggressive physiological races. The potential use of ITS sequences for pathotype differentiation and phylogenetic studies in P. halstedii is discussed.  相似文献   

Zur räumlichen Verteilung und Gestaltung von Erholungswäldern     

Franz Bichlmaier 《European Journal of Forest Research》1970,89(1):356-362

Summary One of the essential aims of land planning is to satisfy the people's need for recreation. For this purpose it seems to be efficient to differentiate between “local” recreation and “long-distance” recreation areas and to consider them separatly in regional planning. To determine the location of recreational forests we need appropriate aids for decision making. Therefore activities that bring about deterioration of natural conditions, e.g. water pollution, soil erosion etc., as well as injuries to the optical value of the landscape, are not allowed in natural recreational areas. On the other hand it is possible to delimit forests after an analysis of stand composition and also by interpretation of maps giving the physiological effects of the climate. Above all the habits of the people are of importance, especially when they are based on irrational motives. These factores are of great importance in addition to the sociological conditions of an area and therefore do not allow the organization of long-distance recreation areas from simply a regional point of view. In the case of areas designed for local recreation, however, it might be sufficient to appraise the demands of the people through a regional analysis.

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Herrn Professor Dr. Dr. h. c.Julius Speer zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet.  相似文献   

Rundschau     

Franz Bachmaier 《Journal of pest science》1966,39(10):155-155

Ohne Zusammenfassung  相似文献   

Wirkung großflächiger Flugzeugdüngung mit Kalkammonsalpeter auf den Volumenzuwachs von Kiefernbeständen im Bayerischen Forstamt Bodenwöhr/Opf     

F. Franz  W. Bierstedt 《European Journal of Forest Research》1975,94(1):310-324

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Elektronische Datenverarbeitung in der Forstwissenschaft     

F. Franz 《European Journal of Forest Research》1968,87(1):257-269

Zusammenfassung In der Forstwissenschaft gewinnen neben der herk?mmlichen elektronischen Datenverarbeitung die zahlreichen Formen fortentwickelter automatisierter Datenverarbeitung zunehmende Bedeutung. Wichtigste Voraussetzung für ihre Anwendung ist, da? Rechenanlagen mit ausreichender Maschinenkonfiguration und leistungsf?higem Betriebssystem zur Verfügung stehen und eine angemessene Programmversorgung gew?hrleistet ist, was heute i. d. R. vorausgesetzt werden kann. Daneben mu? eine Reihe personeller und finanzieller Mindestvoraussetzungen geschaffen sein. Die Programmversorgung für die Datenverarbeitung in der Forstwissenschaft der Bundesrepublik stützt sich im wesentlichen auf Programm-Bibliotheken der internationalen EDV-Benutzungsorganisationen und auf Programmquellen aus dem engeren Bereich der mathematischen Statistik, in jüngster Zeit auch zunehmend auf Programmbest?nde forstlicher Fachinstitute des Auslandes und auf eigene Programmentwicklungen. Die vielf?ltigen Einsatzm?glichkeiten der elektronischen Datenverarbeitung in der Forstwissenschaft werden an Beispielen aus der Holzvorratsinventur und Stichprobensimulation, der Ertragstafelforschung, Planungs- und Optimierungstechnik sowie am Beispiel eines neuen ?kologischen Forschungsprojektes dargestellt. Abschlie?end wird auf einige Aussagegrenzen hingewiesen, die bei Auswertung und Interpretation von Datenverarbeitungsergebnissen zu beachten sind. Herrn Professor Dr.E. Assmann zu seinem 65. Geburtstag in Verehrung gewidmet.  相似文献   

III. Buchbesprechungen     

E. Rohmeder  Huber  E. Brückner  F. Franz  Schwenke  W. Liese 《European Journal of Forest Research》1962,81(7-8):249-256

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Welche Nutzorganismen sind in Europa für den blologischen Pflanzen- und Gesundheitsschutz verfügbar?     

Prof. Dr. J. M. Franz 《Journal of pest science》1984,57(6):105-111

Zusammenfassung Angesichts fehlender Information über die kommerzielle Verfügbarkeit in Europa von Biopräparaten (auf der Basis von Mikroorganismen einschl. der Viren) und von nützlichen Metazoen für biologische Maßnahmen zur Unterdrückung von Schadorganismen wurde an die amtlichen Stellen, ausnahmsweise an Einzelexperten in folgenden Ländern eine Umfrage gerichtet: Frankreich, Großbritannien, Italien, Österreich, Rumänien, Jugoslawien, Schweden, die Schweiz, die Niederlande, Finnland und Bundesrepublik Deutschland. Die Ergebnisse werden in 2 Teilen als ein Momentbild des Zustandes Anfang 1984 vorgelegt. Im Begleittext wird für die Annahme einer Europäischen Zulassungsordnung für Biopräparate plädiert (die als Entwurf bereits vorliegt), um Zeit und Geld zu sparen. Zwischen den einzelnen Ländern bestehen sehr große Unterschiede bezüglich der Verfügbarkeit biotischer Agentien für biologische Verfahren. Einige vielversprechende neue Entwicklungen werden kurz in der Hoffnung vorgestellt, daß sie stimulierend wirken. Allen Kollegen, die bei der Umfrage geholfen haben, sei besonders gedankt.

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Which beneficial organisms are available in Europe for biological plant and health protection

In view of the lack of information concerning the commercial availability in Europe of biopreparations (based on microorganisms including viruses) as well as of beneficial metazoa for biological control of pest organisms, an inquiry was started for the following countries: France, Great Britain, Italy, Austria, Rumania, Yugoslavia, Sweden, Switzerland, the Netherlands, Finland and Germany Fed. Rep. Results are presented as a momentary picture of the situation in early 1984. A plead is made for the acceptance of an European protocol for registration of biopreparations (which has already been drafted) in order to save money and time. There are great differences between countries in the availability of biotic agents for biological control. Some very promising new developments are briefly reviewed and considered to act in a stimulating way. Thanks are due to those colleagues who helped to obtain the information here presented.

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Mit 2 Tabellen  相似文献