Assessment of antimicrobial drug administration and antimicrobial residues in food animals in Enugu State,Nigeria     

Njoga  Emmanuel Okechukwu  Onunkwo  Joseph I.  Okoli  Chinwe E.  Ugwuoke  Wilfred I.  Nwanta  John A.  Chah  Kennedy F. 《Tropical animal health and production》2018,50(4):897-902

Tropical Animal Health and Production - Imprudent administration of antimicrobial drugs in food-producing animals can facilitate the development and spread of antimicrobial-resistant organisms and...  相似文献   

Stimulatory effect of dietary clove,Eugenia caryophyllata,bud extract on growth performance,nutrient utilization,antioxidant capacity,and tolerance of African catfish,Clarias gariepinus (B.), to Aeromonas hydrophila infection     

Ibrahim Adeshina  Adetola Jenyo‐Oni  Benjamin O. Emikpe  Emmanuel K. Ajani  Mohsen Abdel‐Tawwab 《Journal of the World Aquaculture Society》2019,50(2):390-405

The occurrence of pathogenic bacteria, Aeromonas hydrophila, in farm‐raised fish requires urgent attention. Continuous and indiscriminate use of antibiotics as growth promoters and disease control agents in aquaculture have been discouraged because of the risk of development of antibiotic‐resistant bacterial strains. There is steady interest in the use of botanicals, such as clove, Eugenia caryophyllata, buds extract (ECBE), as alternatives. Hence, the present study evaluated the effect of dietary ECBE supplementation on the growth performance, physiological, antioxidant, and immunity biomarkers of African catfish, Clarias gariepinus. Fish (11.7 ± 0.5 g) were fed diets containing 0.0 (control), 5.0, 10.0, or 15.0 g ECBE/kg diet up to apparent satiation twice daily for 12 weeks. After the feeding trial, fish from each treatment were challenged with A. hydrophila infection by intraperitoneal injection and kept under observation for 14 days to record any abnormal clinical signs and daily mortality. The results demonstrated that fish performance and feed intake were significantly enhanced with increasing ECBE levels, and its optimum level is 15 g/kg diet. Further, the dietary ECBE increased significantly the intestinal villi length/width and absorption area in a dose‐dependent manner. There are significant progressive increases in the values of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, white blood cells, platelets, lymphocytes, and heterocytes, while monocytes, eosinophil, and basophils decreased significantly due to dietary ECBE in a dose‐dependent manner. Highest glucose, cholesterol, total protein, globulin, and albumin‐globulin ratios, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), urea, and creatinine values were found in fish fed 15 g ECBE/kg diets, while lowest values were recorded in fish fed the control diet. Despite the high AST and ALT values, no visible lesions or damage were observed in the liver cells of fish fed ECBE‐enriched diets. In addition, the inclusion of ECBE in fish diets enhanced the antioxidant and immunity capacity. Fish mortality after the bacterial challenge was higher in fish fed the control diet (82.3%) than those fed ECBE‐enriched diets. The lowest fish mortality was observed in fish fed the 15 ECBE/kg diet (4.7%) [Correction added on 16 November 2018: this section has been revised for clarity.].  相似文献   

Genetic differences for nitrogen uptake and nitrogen utilisation efficiencies in winter wheat     

Jacques Le Gouis  Denis B  ghin  Emmanuel Heumez  Pierre Pluchard 《European Journal of Agronomy》2000,12(3-4):163-173

Due to economic and ecological factors, European agricultural practices are likely to go towards extensive systems with lower inputs of nitrogen (N) fertilisers. The objective of this study was to assess varietal differences for N use at two nitrogen levels. A set of 20 winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes was studied over 2 years in northern France on a deep loam soil without (N0) and with 170 kg ha⁻¹ N fertiliser (N+) as ammonium nitrate. Results were consistent on both years as the genotype×year or genotype×year×N level interactions were not significant. The genotype×N level interaction was highly significant except for total N utilisation efficiency (total above-ground dry weight/total above-ground N) and grain N concentration. The genotype×N level interaction for grain yield was mainly due to three contrasting genotypes: Cappelle, a cultivar from the 1940s, had the same yield at N0 and N+; Arche had a high yield at both N levels; and Récital had a high yield with added N and a very low one without N. The number of kernels/ear explained most of the variations of grain yield at N0 (48%) and N+ (80%), and of the interaction (67%). N uptake efficiency (total above-ground N/soil N supply) accounted for 64% of the variation in N use efficiency (grain yield/soil N supply), while at N0 and at N+ it accounted for only 30%. N utilisation efficiency (grain yield/total above-ground N) was then more important at N+ than at N0. Grain N explained most of total plant N variation at both N levels. The interaction for N use efficiency was best explained by the interaction of N uptake (63%). The applications of these results to a breeding programme to create varieties adapted to low-input management systems are discussed.  相似文献   

A new process for the management of olive oil mill waste water and recovery of natural antioxidants     

Agalias A  Magiatis P  Skaltsounis AL  Mikros E  Tsarbopoulos A  Gikas E  Spanos I  Manios T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(7):2671-2676

The high polyphenol content of the wastewater is the major environmental problem caused by the olive mills. A pilot scale system for the treatment of the olive oil mills wastewater was developed aiming at the recovery of high added value-contained polyphenols and the reduction of the environmental problems. The treatment system consists of three main successive sections: The first one includes successive filtration stages aiming at the gradual reduction of the wastewater suspended solids up to a limit of 25 microm. The second section includes passing of the filtered wastewater through a series of adsorbent resins (XAD16 and XAD7HP) in order to achieve the de-odoring and decolorization of the wastewater and the removal/ recovery of the polyphenol and lactone content. The third section of the procedure includes the thermal evaporation and recovery of the organic solvents mixture, which has been used in the resin regeneration process, and finally the separation of the polyphenols and other organic substance contents using fast centrifuge partition chromatography. The final outcome of the whole procedure is (i) an odorless yellowish wastewater with a 99.99% reduced content in polyphenols and 98% reduced COD, (ii) an extract rich in polyphenols and lactones with high antioxidant activity and high added value, (iii) an extract containing the coloring substances of the olive fruit, and (iv) pure hydroxytyrosol.  相似文献   

Performance evaluation of a competitive ELISA test used for bluetongue antibody detection in France, a recently infected area     

Biteau-Coroller F  Gerbier G  Stärk KD  Grillet C  Albina E  Zientara S  Roger F 《Veterinary microbiology》2006,118(1-2):57-66

In 1998, bluetongue (BT) was introduced in northern Africa and then extended to northern latitudes including the French island of Corsica. Following the outbreaks in Corsica in 2000 and 2001, cross-sectional studies and surveillances have been set up in Corsica and also in the southern part of mainland France, a disease-free area but considered at high risk because of its proximity. The surveillance was based on regular blood sampling of susceptible species and antibody detection by a commercial competitive ELISA kit (cELISA). The performance of this cELISA was evaluated on both field results obtained during the 2001 surveillance campaigns and experimental results. ROC analyses were carried out using RT-PCR results as gold standard for determining the infection status of animals. From all these sets of data, cut-off values optimising the diagnostic accuracy of the test were computed. Their values ranged around the manufacturer's 50% threshold from 41% to 63%. The area under the ROC curve obtained from field data was 0.843 (95% CI: 0.762-0.923). In all our results, it appeared also that the specificity of the cELISA test was always perfect if the cut-off was at least at 80%. This cELISA test does not seem sufficient to diagnose BT disease in animals with BT-like symptoms. However, complementary data are needed to better estimate sensitivity and specificity values of this BT test for its use either as a diagnostic tool in infected areas or as a screening test in BT-free areas. The use and validity of RT-PCR results as gold standard are discussed. As the lack of suitable data strongly limited the applicable analyses, a discussion based on the OIE recommendations about test evaluation is initiated.  相似文献   

Planetary science. Titan's zoo of clouds     

Lellouch E 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2006,311(5758):186-187

  相似文献   

Epidemiology of Trypanosoma vivax infection in cattle in the tse-tse free area of Lake Chad     

Delafosse A  Thébaud E  Desquesnes M  Michaux Y 《Preventive veterinary medicine》2006,74(2-3):108-119

A study was conducted in Chad to estimate the prevalence and the incidence of Trypanosoma vivax infection in herds of cattle from the Lake Chad area. The risk factors associated with disease were also identified. A random sample of 933 cattle from 17 herds was initially selected (January 1999, cold dry season). Cattle were identified by ear-tags and sampled in the rainy season (July 1999) and the cold dry season (January 2000). Each animal sampled was treated with diminazene aceturate (3.5mg/kg). Samples were examined for the presence of T. vivax using an antibody (indirect ELISA) and a parasite detection test (buffy-coat technique, BCT). Standardized questionnaires with information about the host and management practices were collected and evaluated for their association with seroprevalence (model 1) and parasitological prevalence (model 2) as indicator of host susceptibility to T. vivax infection. Risk factors were selected using two approaches: ordinary logistic regression (OLR) and generalized estimating equations (GEE) to account for within-herd correlation. The apparent prevalence was 1.6% using BCT and 42.3% with indirect ELISA. The true prevalence in the sample was estimated to (2.0%-8.0%) with two assumptions of BCT sensitivity. Overall, 58.8% (BCT) and 100.0% (ELISA) of the herds had a least one-positive animal. In January-July 1999, apparent monthly incidence was calculated at 0.24% in comparison with 0.76% for August 1999-January 2000. The true monthly incidence was estimated at 0.36%-1.43% for the first period and at 0.94%-3.78% for the second period. Risk factors associated with seroprevalence were age, race, a great number of small ruminants in the herd, and latitude and longitude of pasture area in the rainy season. Risk factors associated with BCT prevalence were duration of seasonal migration and longitude of pasture area in the rainy season. In conclusion, T. vivax is present and widely disseminated in the cattle herds of tse-tse free area of Lake Chad. Farm-level factors, particularly seasonal migration, should be considered as the main risk factors for infection and to host susceptibility to the parasite.  相似文献   

Genetic data from avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses generated by the European network of excellence (EPIZONE) between 2006 and 2011--review and recommendations for surveillance     

Dundon WG  Heidari A  Fusaro A  Monne I  Beato MS  Cattoli G  Koch G  Starick E  Brown IH  Aldous EW  Briand FX  Le Gall-Reculé G  Jestin V  Jørgensen PH  Berg M  Zohari S  Metreveli G  Munir M  Ståhl K  Albina E  Hammoumi S  Gil P  de Almeida RS  Smietanka K  Domańska-Blicharz K  Minta Z  Van Borm S  van den Berg T  Martin AM  Barbieri I  Capua I;EPIZONE Network of Excellence Molecular Epidemiology of AI;APMV working group 《Veterinary microbiology》2012,154(3-4):209-221

Since 2006, the members of the molecular epidemiological working group of the European "EPIZONE" network of excellence have been generating sequence data on avian influenza and avian paramyxoviruses from both European and African sources in an attempt to more fully understand the circulation and impact of these viruses. This review presents a timely update on the epidemiological situation of these viruses based on sequence data generated during the lifetime of this project in addition to data produced by other groups during the same period. Based on this information and putting it all into a European context, recommendations for continued surveillance of these important viruses within Europe are presented.  相似文献   

Short‐time clay‐mineral evolution in a soil chronosequence in Oléron Island (France)     

Laurent Caner  Emmanuel Joussein  Sébastien Salvador‐Blanes  Fabien Hubert  Jean‐Frédéric Schlicht  Nelly Duigou 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2010,173(4):591-600

Major weathering sequences in soils are well established; however, knowledge on rates of mineral transformations remains unknown, because it is often difficult to date precisely soil processes. This work was carried out on soils developed on recent (< 188 y) sand dunes on the W coast of Oléron Island (France). The coast has been protected against marine and wind erosion by constructing five consecutives barriers close to the coastline since 1820 (1820, 1864, 1876, 1889, 1948) defining the maximum age of the soil parent material, as before the areas between the barriers were under water. Soils on the older dunes have low clay content (> 94% of sand) and exhibit a bleached E horizon that overlies a yellowish brown B horizon. The process responsible for their formation is podzolization promoted by the high permeability of the material and complexing organic matter produced by coniferous vegetation. Initial mineralogy of C horizons is homogenous and constituted of chlorite, illite, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals, and kaolinite, quartz, calcite (≈ 8% related to shell fragments), and feldspars. The initial clay‐mineral assemblage of the E horizons is dominated by illite (well‐crystallized WCI and poorly crystallized PCI) and chlorite. With progressive podzolization, poorly crystallized illite is first transformed to illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals and in a further step into smectite. In addition, transformation of well‐crystallized illite leads to formation of ordered illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals in the E horizons, which is not commonly described in soils. In the B horizons, illite/smectite mixed‐layer minerals are present with traces of smectite, as well as Al and Fe oxi‐hydroxides as revealed by DCB and oxalate chemical extractions. This chronosequence illustrates that over short distances and short time (< 188 y) intense mineral weathering and soil development occur. Major clay‐mineral changes occur between 132 and 188 y in agreement with development of the pine forest producing acidic litter.  相似文献   

Cross-reactivity of antibodies in some commercial deoxynivalenol test kits against some fusariotoxins     

Tangni EK  Motte JC  Callebaut A  Pussemier L 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2010,58(24):12625-12633

Cross-reactivity of antibodies in AGRAQUANT, DON EIA, VERATOX, ROSA LF-DONQ, and MYCONTROLDON designed for deoxynivalenol (DON) determination in food and feedstuffs was evaluated against nivalenol, 3-acetylDON, 15-acetylDON, de-epoxy metabolite 1 of DON, DON-3β-glucoside, T2-toxin, HT2-toxin, fusarenone X, diacetoxyscirpenol, verrucarol, and zearalenone. Cross-reactivity measurements were run in water using the 50% reduction of absorbance of the blank for ELISA kits or through direct DON determination upon using the standards of mycotoxins via ROSA LF-DONQ or MYCONTROLDON. For the tested toxin concentrations, all DON kits have low cross-reactivity toward diacetoxyscirpenol, T2-toxin, HT2-toxin, verrucarol, and zearalenone and moderate cross-reactivity toward 15-AcetylDON and fusarenone X. AGRAQUANT, DON EIA, and VERATOX kits showed high cross-reactivity in various ranking orders against DON-3-Glc, DOM-1, and 3AcDON. DON EIA showed also high cross-reactivity against nivalenol and fusarenone X. These mycotoxins could coexist in food or feedstuffs, and analytical results can be wrongly interpreted. Cross-reactivity does not allow checking the compliance with the legal norms, but it does allow an overall risk assessment for the consumers. Updating regularly the cross-reactivity evaluation of the produced batches is recommended for 3-acetylDON, nivalenol, DON-3-Glc, de-epoxy metabolite 1, and fusarenone X.  相似文献