Effect of nitrophenolates on pod damage caused by the brassica pod midge on the photosynthetic apparatus and yield of winter oilseed rape     

Jan Kazda  Gerhard Herda  Tomáš Spitzer  Veronika Řičařová  Arkadiusz Przybysz  Helena Gawrońska 《Journal of pest science》2015,88(2):235-247

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Land Application of Wastewater in Brazil - A scientific challenge: Chemical Characterization of Soil at Populina, S?o Paulo State (9 pp)     

Vania Rosolen  Uwe Herpin  Stefan Fränzle  Gerhard Breulmann  Plínio B. de Camargo  Wanderley S. Paganini  Carlos C. Cerri  Adolpho J. Melfi  Bernd Markert 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2005,5(2):112-120

Background, Aims and Scope   The rapid increase of wastewater worldwide and the consequently urgently needed treatment measures towards disposal purposes has led to an expansion of alternative treatment methods. Besides conventional and cost intensive systems, domestic wastewater treatment by overland flow process represents an effective and low-cost alternative. However, in addition to beneficial elements in wastewaters, there is a release of other elements of the Periodic Table into the environment, which can be considered as potentially toxic. This requires a reliable chemical characterization of the wastewater element composition as well as the soils onto which it will be applied. This paper aims at presenting the chemical fingerprint methodology to characterize concentrations of a large set of elements in a tropical ferralsol in order to provide information concerning chemical modifications after long-term application of wastewater by overland flow process. The results are also used to estimate environmental implications according to guiding values for soils in São Paulo State.Methods   The wastewater treatment in Populina has been operating for 18 years. Composite soil samples were taken in a treated plot and a control plot. Wastewater was chemically characterized by using AAS. Total C and total N of soil samples were determined by Delta Plus Mass Spectrometer. The remaining elements (32) were analyzed using ICP-OES. Grain size analysis was carried out after oxidation by H2O2, and soil dispersion with NaOH and Na4P2O7 treatments. pH was measured in water. Quality control of all measurements was verified by corresponding reference materials. Fingerprint graphs were generated by standardizing the values of the control plot and by graphically displaying positive/negative percentage deviations of the element values at the treated plot from values of the control site. Results and Discussion   Chemical analyses of the wastewater used showed high BOD, COD, TOC and N values, while the majority of metals were below the detection limit that is attributed to the limitations in the instrumental techniques (AAS) utilized. The comparison of the two selected sites revealed substantial changes of the element contents associated with long-term application of domestic wastewater. Fingerprint graphs of the treated field indicated higher values for the vast majority of macro and micro-nutrients (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mo, Zn, Cu), as well as for other elements, e.g. Ba, Sr, Na, Li, or La. Enrichments of ecotoxic elements (e.g. As or Pb) occurred in the surface horizon despite the low contents of those elements in the wastewater. Other elements analyzed, i.e. Ag, Be, Bi, Cd, Sb, Sn, W or Sc, that are partially considered to be toxic, did not show considerable differences. Due to limitations in the analytical techniques applied, these results do not imply that there is no existence or no release of elements from wastewater at trace or ultra-trace levels. It is expected that more sophisticated techniques will be available in the future. Typical soil elements (Ti, Al, Fe, V, Zr) show higher values at the control site suggesting higher contents of mineralogical components. The highly positive deviation of C-contents linked with higher values of many other elements in the treated soil suggest element enrichments associated with organic matter. Concerning environmental implications, the comparison with guiding values for an enhanced monitoring showed partly an excess of acceptable metal concentration levels. Proposed intervention values were not exceeded, except for with Ba. Comparisons with phytotoxic element concentrations in soils indicate critical values for As, Cu and Cr. Conclusion   Using multi-element analysis, the study represents a first approach to access wastewater application by overland flow on the basis of a rather large range of chemical elements in Brazil. The comparison of the two selected areas revealed distinctly higher values for the majority of elements in the treated plot. The study also highlighted the importance of organic matter for element retention. The environmental implications of domestic wastewater application to soil surfaces can be grave. Since also toxic elements are enriched in these treated soils, the areas can partly be classified as polluted, and require long-term monitoring and detailed investigations.Recommendation and Outlook   The analytical data obtained may only allow for some conclusions concerning long-term feasibility and geochemical preconditions of wastewater irrigation. Therefore, not only the total concentrations of metals are of interest, but also element speciation must be analyzed in order to predict, for instance, how long the ion uptake capacity of the soil will last. Aside from the analytical procedures used in speciation, theoretical chemical (thermodynamic) concepts such as the principles of Pourbaix diagrams should also be used to predict solubility, immobilization and bioavailability of different element species.  相似文献   

Verhalten von Schwermetallen in Böden 1. Untersuchungen zur Schwermetallmobilität     

Volker Hornburg  Gerhard W. Brümmer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1993,156(6):467-477

Behaviour of heavy metals in soils. 1. Heavy metal mobility 158 soil samples with widely varying composition were analysed for their total, EDTA, DTPA and CaCl₂ extractable contents of Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb. By means of single and multiple regressions the relations between the different heavy metal fractions and the pH, organic carbon and clay content were considered. The correlations between the total, EDTA and DTPA extractable contents are very close, whereas the CaCl₂ extractable contents are not or only weakly correlated with these fractions. According to these statistical results the former fractions are considered to be the total quantity (total content) and the reactive quantity (EDTA and DTPA extractable contents) of the heavy metals, whereas the CaCl₂ extractable fraction represents the mobile fraction of the heavy metals in soils. The multiple regressions show that the mobile content of heavy metals is closely correlated with each of the quantity fractions and with soil pH. In the same way the proportion of the mobile fraction (in %) of the total, EDTA and DTPA extractable heavy metal content of the soil samples is closely related to the soil pH. Hereby the proportion of the mobile content of the various elements increases in the pH range 6,5 - 3 below element-specific threshold pH values (in brackets) in the order Cd (6,5) > Mn (5,7) > Zn (5,3) > Cu (4,5) > Pb (3,5). In the pH range 6,5 - 7,5 mainly Cu and to a lesser degree also Pb show an increasing mobility due to the influence of soluble organic substances.  相似文献   

Mikrosondenuntersuchungen an unterschiedlich stark mit Schwermetallen belasteten Böden. 1. Methodische Grundlagen und Elementanalysen an pedogenen Oxiden     

Dieter A. Hiller  Gerhard W. Brümmer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1995,158(2):147-156

Electron microprobe studies on soil samples with varying heavy metal contamination. 1. Methods and analysis of elements in pedogenic oxides EMA point analysis, line scan profiles and microprobe photos were performed on thin sections from 19 soil samples with variing heavy metal content to show the distribution of elements in soil particles on a microscopic level. The investigations showed that the detection limits generally have a range of 110-830 mg/kg in anorganic soil matrix respectively 80-320 mg/kg in organic soil matrix. The element specific heavy metal accumulation capacities on the pedogen oxides compared to the average content of the soil samples can be described for Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb. The maximum trace element accumulations in concretions related to their element total content in the soil samples were by Co 3.170 times, Ni 6.635 times, Cu 323 times, Zn 112 times, Cd 2.000 times and by Pb 745 times. The accumulation and immobilization of heavy metals by iron oxides suggests that additions of Fe oxides could be used to reduce heavy metal availability and leaching to the subsoil on highly contaminated soils.  相似文献   

Risk analysis applied to food fortification     

Meltzer HM  Aro A  Andersen NL  Koch B  Alexander J 《Public health nutrition》2003,6(3):281-291

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Micro-anatomy of the ear of the southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum)     

Mickaël P. Robert  Ann Carstens  Frederik C. de Beer  Jakobus W. Hoffman  Gerhard Steenkamp 《Anatomia, histologia, embryologia》2021,50(2):316-323

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Verhalten von Schwermetallen in Böden. 2. Extraktion mobiler Schwermetalle mittels CaCl2 und NH4NO3     

Volker Hornburg  Gerhard Welp  Gerhard W. Brümmer 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1995,158(2):137-145

Behaviour of heavy metals in soils. 2. Extraction of mobile heavy metals with CaCl₂ and NH₄NO₃ 156 soil samples from arable fields, grassland and forest stands were analysed for the CaCl₂^? and NH₄NO₃^? extractable contents of Cd, Zn, Mn, Cu and Pb. The average amounts of Cd, Zn, Cu and Pb extracted with CaCl₂ are higher compared with NH₄NO₃ whereas the relation for Mn is vice versa. The proportion of the NH₄NO₃^? extractable contents in percent of the CaCl₂^? extractable contents of Cd, Zn and Pb decrease with increasing pH, whereas the contents of Mn and Cu increase. Inspite of a differing extraction behaviour of the two salt solutions the CaCl₂^? and NH₄NO₃^? extractable amounts of Cd, Mn, Zn und Pb are highly correlated and can be converted one into another. The mobile (CaCl₂, NH₄NO₃) proportion of the corresponding total, EDTA and DTPA heavy metal contents is in close relation to the pH of the soils. Using CaCl₂ solution the threshold pH values for an increasing mobility decrease in the order Cd > Mn > Zn > Cu > Pb, using NH₄NO₃ as extractant the order is Mn > Cd > Zn > Cu > Pb. In the case of CaCl₂ as extractant soluble chloro-Cd-complexes will be formed so that the Cd mobility in soils will be overestimated in most cases.  相似文献   

Aggregation,abundance and dispersal capabilities of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Otiorhynchus rugosostriatus</Emphasis> Goeze and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Otiorhynchus raucus</Emphasis> Fabricius (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) in plantations of ornamental plants     

Annette Reineke  Jacqueline Hirsch  Gerhard Kubach 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(3):297-302

The black vine weevil Otiorhynchus sulcatus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) is a well-known insect pest causing damages and economic losses on various horticultural plants. In recent times, numerous other weevils like O. rugosostriatus, O. raucus, O. ovatus or O. salicicola are becoming increasingly important in horticulture. We applied mark-release-recapture studies to estimate population size, survival rates, aggregation patterns and dispersal capabilities of adult O. raucus and O. rugosostriatus in a commercial plantation of perennial ornamental plants. Knowledge of these characteristics is important for the correct timing and design of efficient control strategies. Of 191 individually coded O. raucus and 340 O. rugosostriatus, 30 and 24%, respectively, were recaptured at least once over a period of 96 days. The majority of weevils were recaptured within 2–3 m away from their release point and thus both species can be regarded as being quite sedentary. In accordance, patchiness of weevil distribution was clearly evident in the study area. Population sizes reached maximum values after the peak of adult emergence from pupae in spring (for O. raucus) and late summer (for O. rugosostriatus), with high survival rates being evident in particular for O. raucus. This study provides for the first time data on population ecology of two weevil species, whose abundance and importance as putative insect pests in horticulture has increased over the last years.  相似文献   

Responses of deciduous forest trees to severe drought in Central Europe     

Leuzinger S  Zotz G  Asshoff R  Körner C 《Tree physiology》2005,25(6):641-650

In 2003, Central Europe experienced the warmest summer on record combined with unusually low precipitation. We studied plant water relations and phenology in a 100-year- old mixed deciduous forest on a slope (no ground water table) near Basel using the Swiss Canopy Crane (SCC). The drought lasted from early June to mid September. We studied five deciduous tree species; half of the individuals were exposed to elevated CO(2) concentration ([CO(2)]) (530 ppm) using a free-air, atmospheric CO(2)-enrichment system. In late July, after the first eight weeks of drought, mean predawn leaf water potential about 30 m above ground was -0.9 MPa across all trees, dropping to a mean of -1.5 MPa in mid-August when the top 1 m of the soil profile had no plant accessible moisture. Mean stomatal conductance and rates of maximum net photosynthesis decreased considerably in mid-August across all species. However, daily peak values of sap flow remained surprisingly constant over the whole period in Quercus petraea (Matt.) Liebl., and decreased to only about half of the early summer maxima in Fagus sylvatica L. and Carpinus betulus L. (stomatal down- regulation of flux). Although we detected no differences in most parameters between CO(2)-treated and control trees, predawn leaf water potential tended to be less negative in trees exposed to elevated [CO(2)]. Leaf longevity was greater in 2003 compared with the previous years, but the seasonal increase in stem basal area reached only about 75% of that in previous years. Our data suggest that the investigated tree species, particularly Q. petraea, did not experience severe water stress. However, an increased frequency of such exceptionally dry summers may have a more serious impact than a single event and would give Q. petraea a competitive advantage in the long run.  相似文献   

Transcriptional maps of 10 human chromosomes at 5-nucleotide resolution     

Cheng J  Kapranov P  Drenkow J  Dike S  Brubaker S  Patel S  Long J  Stern D  Tammana H  Helt G  Sementchenko V  Piccolboni A  Bekiranov S  Bailey DK  Ganesh M  Ghosh S  Bell I  Gerhard DS  Gingeras TR 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5725):1149-1154

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