Anthocyanins in wild blueberries of Quebec: extraction and identification   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

Nicoué EE  Savard S  Belkacemi K 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2007,55(14):5626-5635

Anthocyanins were extracted from a mixture of berries of Vaccinium angustifolium and Vaccinium myrtillo?des at 7.7 degrees C, 26 degrees C, and 79 degrees C using ethanol alone or ethanol acidified with hydrochloric, citric, tartaric, lactic, or phosphoric acids at a solvent to solid ratio of 10. The effect of these parameters on extracted anthocyanins stability was investigated. The pH-differential and HPLC-DAD methods were used to determine anthocyanin contents. Extracted anthocyanins were purified on a C-18 solid-phase extraction cartridge and characterized by HPLC/electrospray ionization/mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS). Anthocyanins were identified according to their HPLC retention times, elution order, and MS fragmentation pattern and by comparison with standards and published data. Anthocyanin extractions gave different yields depending on the type of added acid and the extraction temperature. High yields of monomeric and total anthocyanins (26.3 and 28.9 mg/g of dry matter) were obtained at 79 degrees C using phosphoric acid. Extraction using tartaric acid at 79 degrees C provided the lowest degradation index (1.05). Anthocyanins were stable and browning by polyphenol oxidase was inhibited under these conditions. Of the six common anthocyanindins, five were identified in the extracts, namely, delpinidin, cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin, and malvidin; pelargonidin was not found. In addition to well-known major anthocyanins, new anthocyanins were identified for the first time in extracts of wild blueberries from Quebec.  相似文献   

Murine I-A beta chain polymorphism: nucleotide sequences of three allelic I-A beta genes   总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14  

E Choi  K McIntyre  R N Germain  J G Seidman 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1983,221(4607):283-286

The polymorphism of immune response genes plays a critical role in determining the immune capabilities of a particular individual. The molecular nature of this polymorphism was studied by examining the structure of the coding portions of three alleles of the I-A beta chain gene, an immune response gene whose protein product constitutes a subunit of the I-A molecule. Comparison of the I-A beta chains encoded by these alleles revealed an amino acid sequence divergence of 5 to 8 percent. The differences were found to be a series of short alterations clustered in the amino terminal half of the polypeptide.  相似文献   

Intensifying weathering and land use in Iron Age Central Africa     

Bayon G  Dennielou B  Etoubleau J  Ponzevera E  Toucanne S  Bermell S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,335(6073):1219-1222

About 3000 years ago, a major vegetation change occurred in Central Africa, when rainforest trees were abruptly replaced by savannas. Up to this point, the consensus of the scientific community has been that the forest disturbance was caused by climate change. We show here that chemical weathering in Central Africa, reconstructed from geochemical analyses of a marine sediment core, intensified abruptly at the same period, departing substantially from the long-term weathering fluctuations related to the Late Quaternary climate. Evidence that this weathering event was also contemporaneous with the migration of Bantu-speaking farmers across Central Africa suggests that human land-use intensification at that time had already made a major impact on the rainforest.  相似文献   

A decade of imaging cellular motility and interaction dynamics in the immune system   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Germain RN  Robey EA  Cahalan MD 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2012,336(6089):1676-1681

To mount an immune response, lymphocytes must recirculate between the blood and lymph nodes, recognize antigens upon contact with specialized presenting cells, proliferate to expand a small number of clonally relevant lymphocytes, differentiate to antibody-producing plasma cells or effector T cells, exit from lymph nodes, migrate to tissues, and engage in host-protective activities. All of these processes involve motility and cellular interactions--events that were hidden from view until recently. Introduced to immunology by three papers in this journal in 2002, in vivo live-cell imaging studies are revealing the behavior of cells mediating adaptive and innate immunity in diverse tissue environments, providing quantitative measurement of cellular motility, interactions, and response dynamics. Here, we review themes emerging from such studies and speculate on the future of immunoimaging.  相似文献   

FC‐48
Reliability of the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Scoring Index     

P. A. Germain  E. Bensignor 《Veterinary dermatology》2004,15(Z1):36-36

Objective assessment of canine atopic dermatitis severity is very difficult and only a few scoring systems have been developed. The most commonly used is the Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Scoring Index (CADESI), adapted from the human SCORAD. Despite wide use of this score in clinical trials, no validation has been performed to our knowledge. The aim of this study was to determine the reliability of the CADESI in clinical practice. First, a set of 28 pictures taken from dogs diagnosed with atopic dermatitis was scored by six different investigators for three items: erythema, lichenification and excoriation. Next, 23 dogs with clinical signs compatible with atopic dermatitis were graded by two investigators using the CADESI. Erythema, lichenification and excoriation were assessed on 39 areas. With the pictures, significant correlations (Spearman's r, P < 0.05) were found for each combination of investigators for erythema and lichenification, but only in 10 of 15 combinations for excoriation. Interobserver agreement ranged between poor and fair (0.221 < Cohen's κ <0.508, mean = 0.395). For the living animals, significant correlations (P < 0.0001), but poor interobserver agreement, were found for the three items (κ_erythema = 0.366, κ_{lichenification} = 0.385, and κ_excoration = 0.226). A significant correlation (P < 0.05) was found for each location, and interobserver agreement varied between very poor and good (0.16 < κ < 0.66). These results suggest that erythema and lichenification are reliably assessed, but that grading excoriation is more difficult. Also, the assessment of severity varied depending on the site studied. Funding: Self‐funded.  相似文献   

Interaction of Fusarium graminearum and F. moniliforme in Maize Ears: Disease Progress, Fungal Biomass, and Mycotoxin Accumulation     

Reid LM  Nicol RW  Ouellet T  Savard M  Miller JD  Young JC  Stewart DW  Schaafsma AW 《Phytopathology》1999,89(11):1028-1037

ABSTRACT To investigate the interaction between two major ear-rotting pathogens, maize ears were inoculated with either Fusarium graminearum, F. moniliforme, or an equal mixture of the two. Silk and kernel tissues were periodically harvested throughout the growing season so that a time course of the experimental variables (disease severity, ergosterol content, fungal DNA content, and mycotoxin concentration) could be recorded. Over the 3 years tested (1992 to 1994), the highest levels of disease and ergosterol were found in the F. graminearum treatment, followed by the mixture treatment (F. graminearum plus F. moniliforme) and, finally, the F. moniliforme treatment. Kernel ergosterol content and disease rating were correlated for both pathogens, but the highest correlation coefficients were obtained in the F. graminearum treatment. The DNA analysis revealed that, in the mixed inoculum, F. moniliforme had a greater growth rate than did F. graminearum. In 1994, appreciable F. moniliforme from natural inoculum was found in the F. graminearum treatment. Fumonisin B(1) levels did not differ between the F. moniliforme treatment and the mixed inoculum treatment. The effect of temperature on the growth rate of the two species explained some of the field results, with temperatures in the silks being more favorable to F. moniliforme. Data on the growth rate on silks obtained by the incorporation of radiolabeled precursor to ergosterol demonstrated that F. graminearum was able to grow well at 26 to 28 degrees C, whereas F. moniliforme grew well over a broader range, including at higher temperatures.  相似文献   

Modulation of some estrogen-responsive genes in the vena cava of ovariectomised Wistar rats by griffonianone C, an isoflavone derived from Millettia griffoniana Baill. (Fabaceae)     

Germain Jean Magloire Ketcha Wanda  Georg Kretzschmar  Dieudonn Njamen  Maurice Tagatsing Fotsing  Emmanuel Yankep  Günter Vollmer 《Fitoterapia》2010,81(8):1232-1238

In the present study, we investigated whether griffonianone C (Griff C), extracted from root bark of Millettia griffoniana, changes the expression of several estrogen-responsive genes in the vena cava of ovariectomised rats. For this purpose, we subcutaneously administered Griff C (2, 10, or 20 mg/kg/d BW), 17β-estradiol (E2: 10 μg/kg/d BW) as positive control, and a vehicle control respectively for three days. Relative expression levels of estrogen receptor α (ERα), progesterone receptor (PR), cyclooxygenase2 (Cox-2), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), VEGF-receptor 2, angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE), endothelial NO synthase (eNOS), proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) and Ki67 mRNA extracted from the vena cava of these rats were quantified by real-time PCR. Results showed that Griff C up-regulated the expression of PR, ACE, ERα, VEGF, VEGFR2 and Ki67. However, the results of Cox-2, PCNA, and eNOS expression did not reach significance in the E2 and Griff C treated samples. These results show that griffonianone C regulated a few of the analysed genes in a similar fashion than estradiol; however, others showed a different pattern. This suggests that some of the biological effects attributed to M. griffoniana are mediated via ER pathway others may be mediated via other pathways.  相似文献   

Phenacoccus madeirensis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae): a new species of mealybug in Tunisia     

M. B. Halima‐Kamel  J. F. Germain  L. Mdellel  K. Abdelaoui 《EPPO Bulletin》2014,44(2):176-178

In August 2013, Phenacoccus madeirensis Green, 1923 (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) was identified for the first time in Tunisia, in the region of Akouda (Sousse, coastal area of Tunisia) on Cestrum nocturnum (Solanaceae) during a survey. The infestation was observed on leaves, shoots and also on the collar. This is the first record of P. madeirensis in Tunisia and the first record of this pest in North Africa. Two other mealybugs Peliococcus cycliger and Planococcus citri were also recorded during this survey. They have previously been reported in Tunisia.  相似文献   

Setting the net lower: A potential low-cost mitigation method to reduce cetacean bycatch in drift gillnet fisheries     

Jeremy J. Kiszka  Muhammad Moazzam  Germain Boussarie  Umair Shahid  Babar Khan  Rab Nawaz 《水产资源保护:海洋与淡水生态系统》2021,31(11):3111-3119

1. Bycatch is the most significant threat to marine megafauna (sea turtles, marine mammals, elasmobranchs, seabirds) worldwide, and the leading cause of the decline of several cetacean species. The bycatch issue in the Indian Ocean is poorly understood, but high bycatch levels in gillnet fisheries have been documented for the past two decades, in both small-scale and semi-industrial fisheries. Unfortunately, methods to reduce bycatch are often unavailable, financially non-viable or socially unacceptable to fishermen.
2. Using a network of trained boat captains in the tuna drift gillnet fishery in the Arabian Sea, targeted catch and bycatch data were collected from 2013 to 2017 off the coast of Pakistan (northern Indian Ocean). Two fishing methods using multifilament gillnets were used: surface deployment and subsurface deployment (i.e. headline of net set below 2 m depth).
3. Predicted catch rates for targeted species did not differ significantly between the two fishing practices, although a drop in tuna (6.2%) and tuna-like (10.9%) species captures was recorded in subsurface sets. The probability of cetacean bycatch, however, was 78.5% lower in subsurface than in surface sets.
4. Cetacean bycatch in tuna drift gillnet fisheries has the potential to be significantly reduced at a relatively low cost for fishers. However, further research with an appropriate sampling design and a large sample size is required to confirm the efficacy of the proposed mitigation method. The acceptability and adoption of subsurface setting by fishers also needs to be further investigated. Despite some limitations, this preliminary study also highlights the importance of crew-based observer data as an alternative source of data when observers cannot be deployed on fishing vessels.

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Assistance of microbial glycolipid antigen processing by CD1e   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

de la Salle H  Mariotti S  Angenieux C  Gilleron M  Garcia-Alles LF  Malm D  Berg T  Paoletti S  Maître B  Mourey L  Salamero J  Cazenave JP  Hanau D  Mori L  Puzo G  De Libero G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,310(5752):1321-1324

Complexes between CD1 molecules and self or microbial glycolipids represent important immunogenic ligands for specific subsets of T cells. However, the function of one of the CD1 family members, CD1e, has yet to be determined. Here, we show that the mycobacterial antigens hexamannosylated phosphatidyl-myo-inositols (PIM6) stimulate CD1b-restricted T cells only after partial digestion of the oligomannose moiety by lysosomal alpha-mannosidase and that soluble CD1e is required for this processing. Furthermore, recombinant CD1e was able to bind glycolipids and assist in the digestion of PIM6. We propose that, through this form of glycolipid editing, CD1e helps expand the repertoire of glycolipidic T cell antigens to optimize antimicrobial immune responses.  相似文献