Räumliche Spannungsmessungen mit dem Stress State Transducer (SST) in ungesättigten aggregierten Böden - theoretische Betrachtungen und erste Ergebnisse     

Rainer Horn  Clarence  Johnson  Harald Semmel  Robert Schafer  Matthias Lebert 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1992,155(4):269-274

Stress measurements in undisturbed unsaturated soils with a Stress State Transducer (SST) - theory and first results A method to quantify the spatial stress distribution will be introduced and first results will be discussed. This method allows the detailed analysis of principal and shear stresses as well as the determination of the direction angle of principal stresses and the octahedral shear stress angle. The described Stress State Transducer (SST) is composed of six single strain gage sensors that enable the accurate and reproducable recording of stresses in six directions in a wide load range. Their data form the base for calculation of spatial stress distribution. Some first results show that in a luvisol derived from loess wheeling at a wheel load of 4.0 Mg induces high shear stresses in a depth of 30 cm. This probably causes plastic soil deformation.  相似文献   

Developing a kinetic alternative in modeling soil aluminium     

Mattias Alveteg  Harald Sverdrup  Per Warfvinge 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,79(1-4):377-389

Soil chemistry models often use gibbsite solubility and similar equilibrium models to predict Al concentrations in soil solution. A kinetic alternative was developed with the goal of finding universal rate constants instead of the site- and depth-specific solubility constants usually associated with the equilibrium approach. The behavior of the two approaches was studied within the framework of the steady-state soil chemistry model PROFILE using data from Solling, Germany and Gårdsjön, Sweden, two sites with different mineralogy and land use history. The kinetic alternative uses a mass balance to predict Al concentrations. The sources of Al in soil water are deposition, weathering and mineralization. The sinks are leaching and the formation of an aluminosilicate precursor. The precursor slowly transforms into an ordinary clay mineral. Both formation and transformation of the precursor are treated as irreversible processes. The kinetic model introduces a new relationship between pH and Al and produces a systematic pattern of different apparent gibbsite equilibrium constants at different depths. Results show that the kinetic model systematically underestimates Al concentration in the upper horizons, which indicates that there may be additional sources of Al in the upper horizons not accounted for in the model. Predicted values of pH and Al concentrations are comparable with field observations.  相似文献   

The Fas signaling pathway: more than a paradigm     

Wajant H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5573):1635-1636

Apoptosis and related forms of cell death have central importance in development, homeostasis, tumor surveillance, and the function of the immune system. Apoptosis is initiated by two principal pathways. The intrinsic pathway emerges from mitochondria, whereas the extrinsic pathway is activated by the ligation of death receptors. This Viewpoint introduces the basic mechanisms of the extrinsic pathway, using the example of the prototypical death receptor Fas and its role in apoptosis, but it also points out the increasingly understood importance of this receptor as a non-apoptotic signal transducer.  相似文献   

Three-dimensional plasmon rulers     

Liu N  Hentschel M  Weiss T  Alivisatos AP  Giessen H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,332(6036):1407-1410

Plasmon rulers can be used to determine nanoscale distances within chemical or biological species. They are based on the spectral shift of the scattering spectrum when two plasmonic nanoparticles approach one another. However, the one-dimensionality of current plasmon rulers hampers the comprehensive understanding of many intriguing processes in soft matter, which take place in three dimensions. We demonstrated a three-dimensional plasmon ruler that is based on coupled plasmonic oligomers in combination with high-resolution plasmon spectroscopy. This enables retrieval of the complete spatial configuration of complex macromolecular and biological processes as well as their dynamic evolution.  相似文献   

Dynamic visualization of thrombopoiesis within bone marrow     

Junt T  Schulze H  Chen Z  Massberg S  Goerge T  Krueger A  Wagner DD  Graf T  Italiano JE  Shivdasani RA  von Andrian UH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2007,317(5845):1767-1770

Platelets are generated from megakaryocytes (MKs) in mammalian bone marrow (BM) by mechanisms that remain poorly understood. Here we describe the use of multiphoton intravital microscopy in intact BM to visualize platelet generation in mice. MKs were observed as sessile cells that extended dynamic proplatelet-like protrusions into microvessels. These intravascular extensions appeared to be sheared from their transendothelial stems by flowing blood, resulting in the appearance of proplatelets in peripheral blood. In vitro, proplatelet production from differentiating MKs was enhanced by fluid shear. These results confirm the concept of proplatelet formation in vivo and are consistent with the possibility that blood flow-induced hydrodynamic shear stress is a biophysical determinant of thrombopoiesis.  相似文献   

影响烟草特有亚硝胺积累的因素   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

杨焕文  崔明午  Lowell P. Bush  Harald R. Burton 《西南大学学报(自然科学版)》2000,22(2):164-166

把Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｐｌｕｍｂａｇｉｎｉｆｏｌｉａ的基因突变种子和普通种子发芽后嫁接在Ｗｅｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ３８烟株上,与温室条件下正常盆栽生长的Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｐｌｕｍｂａｇｉｎｉｆｏｌｉａ和母体Ｗｅｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ３８分析比较,试验结果得出：Ｗｅｓｃｏｎｓｉｎ３８上嫁接Ｎｉｃｏｔｉａｎａ ｐｌｕｍｂａｇｉｎｉｆｏｌｉａ基因突变种子还原酶活性最高,晾制后烟叶中烟草特有的亚硝胺含量次之;温室盆栽的  相似文献   

Scaling in the time domain: universal dynamics of order fluctuations in Fe3Al     

Mocuta C  Reichert H  Mecke K  Dosch H  Drakopoulos M 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,308(5726):1287-1291

By focusing a highly brilliant synchrotron x-ray beam to a micrometer spot on a sample, we measured in real time the x-ray intensity fluctuations associated with order fluctuations in crystalline materials. We applied this method to the binary alloy Fe3Al near its continuous A2-B2 phase transformation and determined a specific four-point time correlation function for the order parameter. From a detailed theoretical analysis, dynamical scaling in the time domain with a transition from noncritical to critical dynamics is disclosed.  相似文献   

Neuroscience. Microglia: the enemy within?     

Kempermann G  Neumann H 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,302(5651):1689-1690

  相似文献   

Complex multicolor tilings and critical phenomena in tetraphilic liquid crystals     

Zeng X  Kieffer R  Glettner B  Nürnberger C  Liu F  Pelz K  Prehm M  Baumeister U  Hahn H  Lang H  Gehring GA  Weber CH  Hobbs JK  Tschierske C  Ungar G 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2011,331(6022):1302-1306

T-shaped molecules with a rod-like aromatic core and a flexible side chain form liquid crystal honeycombs with aromatic cell walls and a cell interior filled with the side chains. Here, we show how the addition of a second chain, incompatible with the first (X-shaped molecules), can form honeycombs with highly complex tiling patterns, with cells of up to five different compositions ("colors") and polygonal shapes. The complexity is caused by the inability of the side chains to separate cleanly because of geometric frustration. Furthermore, a thermoreversible transition was observed between a multicolor (phase-separated) and a single-color (mixed) honeycomb phase. This is analogous to the Curie transition in simple and frustrated ferro- and antiferromagnets; here spin flips are replaced by 180° reorientations of the molecules.  相似文献   

The role of weathering and forestry in determining the acidity of Lakes in Sweden     

Harald Sverdrup  Per Warfvinge 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1990,52(1-2):71-78

The long term acidity level of a lake is determined by the balance between acidity input to the catchment and the generation of alkalinity in the catchment. If the input of acidity through biomass net production and the production of alkalinity through weathering of minerals can be estimated, then the steady-state acidity level can be calculated for the lake under a certain acid deposition rate. Such a calculation has been carried out for 8 lakes ranging from acid to neutral. For lakes with the most sensitive soils in the catchment, the critical acid deposition load that will permit the lake to stay neutral, may be less than zero acidity, indicating that the forest growth is contributing to the acidification of very sensitive system under the present forest managements methods.  相似文献