Effects of gaze on amygdala sensitivity to anger and fear faces     

Adams RB  Gordon HL  Baird AA  Ambady N  Kleck RE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2003,300(5625):1536

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Functional neuroanatomical differences between adults and school-age children in the processing of single words     

Schlaggar BL  Brown TT  Lugar HM  Visscher KM  Miezin FM  Petersen SE 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2002,296(5572):1476-1479

A critical issue in developmental cognitive neuroscience is the extent to which the functional neuroanatomy underlying task performance differs in adults and children. Direct comparisons of brain activation in the left frontal and extrastriate cortex were made in adults and children (aged 7 to 10 years) performing single-word processing tasks with visual presentation; differences were found in circumscribed frontal and extrastriate regions. Conceivably, these differences could be attributable exclusively to performance discrepancies; alternatively, maturational differences in functional neuroanatomy could exist despite similar performance. Some of the brain regions examined showed differences attributable to age independent of performance, suggesting that maturation of the pattern of regional activations for these tasks is incomplete at age 10.  相似文献   

Marsh Soils as Potential Sinks for Bacteroides Fecal Indicator Bacteria,Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge,Georgetown, SC,USA     

Drexler  Judith Z.  Johnson  Heather E.  Duris  Joseph  Krauss  Ken W. 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2014,225(2):1-7

A soil core collected in a tidal freshwater marsh in the Waccamaw National Wildlife Refuge (Georgetown, SC) exuded a particularly strong odor of cow manure upon extrusion. In order to test for manure and determine its provenance, we carried out microbial source tracking using DNA markers for Bacteroides, a noncoliform, anaerobic bacterial group that represents a large proportion spectrum of the fecal population. Three core sections from 0–3 cm, 9–12 cm, and 30–33 cm were analyzed for the presence of Bacteroides. The ages of core sediments were estimated using ²¹⁰Pb and ¹³⁷Cs dating. All three core sections tested positive for Bacteroides DNA markers related to cow or deer feces. Because cow manure is stockpiled, used as fertilizer, and a source of direct contamination in the Great Pee Dee River/Winyah Bay watershed, it is very likely the source of the Bacteroides that was deposited on the marsh. The mid-points of the core sections were dated as follows: 0–3 cm, 2009; 9–12 cm, 1999, and 30–33 cm, 1961. The presence of Bacteroides at different depths/ages in the soil profile indicates that soils in tidal freshwater marshes are, at the least, capable of being short-term sinks for Bacteroides and, may have the potential to be long-term sinks of stable, naturalized populations.

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High levels of habitat loss and fragmentation limit reproductive success by reducing home range size and provisioning rates of Northern saw-whet owls     

Heather Lynn Hinam  Colleen Cassady St. Clair 《Biological conservation》2008,141(2):524-535

Studies of the effects of habitat fragmentation have been heavily biased toward population and community questions, with less attention on the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation on individual behaviour and reproduction. We studied the effects of habitat amount and configuration on the foraging behaviour, provisioning rates and physiological condition of breeding male northern saw-whet owls (Aegolius acadicus) nesting in the fragmented aspen parkland of central Alberta, Canada. We then examined the relationship between provisioning behaviour and both reproductive success, and juvenile physiological condition. Males nesting in areas with little forest cover and large inter-patch distances spent more time perching, maintained smaller home ranges, and provisioned their nests less frequently. However, home range size and provisioning rates levelled off in landscapes with moderate to high forest cover. Male owls breeding in areas with low forest cover, and those raising large broods, also exhibited higher levels of chronic stress, as measured by heterophil/lymphocyte (H/L) ratios. Predictably, males that provisioned the nest less often fledged fewer young, which, in turn, exhibited higher variation in physiological condition. These results suggest that low levels of habitat loss and fragmentation may be beneficial to saw-whet owls, potentially by increasing prey abundance. However, high levels of habitat loss and fragmentation appeared to reduce the foraging efficiency of male saw-whet owls, increase their levels of physiological stress, and reduce their reproductive success. Increasing habitat loss and fragmentation may ultimately decrease population sizes of saw whet owls in this area and other species that are similarly affected by changes to in habitat composition or configuration.  相似文献   

Improved approach for analyzing bromophenols in seafood using stable isotope dilution analysis in combination with SPME     

Fuller SC  Frank DC  Fitzhenry MJ  Smyth HE  Poole SE 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2008,56(18):8248-8254

An analytical method for the measurement of five naturally occurring bromophenols of sensory relevance in seafood (barramundi and prawns) is presented. The method combines simultaneous distillation-extraction followed by alkaline back extraction of a hexane extract and subsequent acetylation of the bromophenols. Analysis of the bromophenol acetates was accomplished by headspace solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry using selected ion monitoring. The addition of (13)C 6 bromophenol stable isotope internal standards for each of the five congeners studied permitted the accurate quantitation of 2-bromophenol, 4-bromophenol, 2,6-dibromophenol, 2,4-dibromophenol, and 2,4,6-tribromophenol down to a limit of quantification of 0.05 ng/g of fish flesh. The method indicated acceptable precision and repeatability and excellent linearity over the typical concentration range of these compounds in seafood (0.5-50 ng/g). The analytical method was applied to determine the concentration of bromophenols in a range of farmed and wild barramundi and prawns and was also used to monitor bromophenol uptake in a pilot feeding trial.  相似文献   

Assessment of glutamate loss from the ganglion cell layer of young DBA/2J mice with glaucoma     

Low HC  Gionfriddo JR  Madl JE 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(2):302-309

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether glutamate contents are decreased in the ganglion cell layer (GCL) of retinas of DBA/2J mice with glaucoma, compared with unaffected control mice. SAMPLE POPULATION: 20 eyes from DBA/2J mice (9-week-old mice [n = 8] and 4- [4], 6- [4], and 12-month-old [4] mice) and 17 eyes from control CD-1 (7) and C57/BL6 (10) mice of similar age. PROCEDURE: After euthanasia, the eyes were rapidly dissected and fixed. Serial 0.5-microm sections were prepared from eyecups and stained with toluidine blue (to identify damaged cells) or immunogold (to localize glutamate). Microscopic images were captured digitally for comparison; immunostaining densities were assessed via special software. RESULTS: In the GCL of control mice, few cells appeared damaged; large amounts of glutamate were detected in 83 +/- 8.3% of cells. In DBA/2J mice > or = 9 weeks of age, damaged neurons were observed in retinal sections; the level of glutamate immunoreactivity was high in a few cells near areas of damage (13 +/- 3.2%) and in many cells in less-damaged regions of the same sections (82 +/- 4.2%). Many neurons with low amounts of glutamate in damaged regions did not appear damaged histologically. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In retinas of young DBA/2J mice, damaged and undamaged GCL cells had decreased levels of immunostaining for glutamate, compared with less-damaged adjacent regions or retinas from control mice. The loss of neuronal glutamate in damaged retinal regions suggests that glutamate is contributing to early retinal damage prior to changes in intraocular pressure.  相似文献   

Pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin in blue and gold macaws (Ara ararauna)     

Carpenter JW  Hunter RP  Olsen JH  Henry H  Isaza R  Koch DE 《American journal of veterinary research》2006,67(6):947-950

OBJECTIVE: To determine the pharmacokinetics of marbofloxacin after single IV and orally administered doses in blue and gold macaws. ANIMALS: 10 healthy blue and gold macaws. PROCEDURES: In a crossover study, marbofloxacin (2.5 mg/kg) was administered orally (via crop gavage) to 5 birds and IV to 5 birds. Blood samples were obtained at 0, 0.5, 1, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours after marbofloxacin administration. After a 4-week washout period, the study was repeated, with the first 5 birds receiving the dose IV and the second 5 birds receiving the dose orally. Serum marbofloxacin concentrations were quantitated by use of a validated liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry assay. RESULTS: After oral administration, mean +/- SD area under the curve was 7.94 +/- 2.08 microg.h/mL, maximum plasma concentration was 1.08 +/- 0.316 microg/mL, and bioavailability was 90.0 +/- 31%. After IV administration of marbofloxacin, the apparent volume of distribution was 1.3 +/- 0.32 L/kg, plasma clearance was 0.29 +/- 0.078 L/h/kg, area under the curve was 9.41 +/- 2.84 microg.h/mL, and the harmonic mean terminal half-life was 4.3 hours. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Single IV and orally administered doses of marbofloxacin were well tolerated by blue and gold macaws. The orally administered dose was well absorbed. Administration of marbofloxacin at a dosage of 2.5 mg/kg, PO, every 24 hours may be appropriate to control bacterial infections susceptible to marbofloxacin in this species.  相似文献   

Pentatomid host suitability and the discovery of introduced populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trissolcus japonicus</Emphasis> in Oregon     

Christopher Hedstrom  David Lowenstein  Heather Andrews  Barry Bai  Nik Wiman 《Journal of pest science》2017,90(4):1169-1179

Trissolcus japonicus is an egg parasitoid of Halyomorpha halys, brown marmorated stink bug, a severe agricultural pest in the USA. T. japonicus is being evaluated in quarantine as a classical biological control agent to manage H. halys populations in the USA. To determine T. japonicus’ potential for successful management of the pest, we performed a series of no-choice and paired-host-range tests, evaluating parasitism and host recognition in ten nontarget insects. In laboratory no-choice tests, T. japonicus successfully parasitized egg masses of seven Pentatomidae native to Oregon in addition to H. halys. Mean parasitism proportions of egg masses were greater than 40% in two species, B. dimidiata and H. abbreviatus, and were statistically similar to parasitism of H. halys. However, paired-host tests identified higher proportions of parasitized H. halys egg masses compared to four other pentatomids. T. japonicus was equally attracted to volatiles produced by H. halys and other pentatomids but demonstrated significantly longer arrestment response time on surfaces with H. halys contact kairomones. Although host acceptance patterns were similar between stink bug species, our results suggest a greater potential for parasitoid development in H. halys eggs compared to the native pentatomids. During host-range testing, we detected field populations of T. japonicus at 11 sites in Portland, OR, indicating an unintentional introduction and establishment. Further work is needed to characterize its nontarget activity and dispersal patterns in areas where H. halys causes economic damage in Oregon.  相似文献   

Predicting Soil Electrical Conductivity of the Saturation Extract from a 1:1 Soil to Water Ratio     

Heather L. Matthees  Yangbo He  Rachel K. Owen  David Hopkins  Bob Deutsch  John Lee 《Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis》2017,48(18):2148-2154

Since 1954, the electrical conductivity of the saturated paste extract (ECe) has been the preferred index for soil salinity. Based on this value, remediation strategies were developed and widely used but this approach is time consuming and not routinely offered by many soil testing facilities. However, many laboratories determine the EC_1:1 value of a 1:1 soil to solution ratio extract. The objective of this study was to identify the relationship between ECe and EC_1:1 and determine if EC_1:1 can be used as a proxy in the northern Great Plains for ECe. Samples were collected across five studies and from AGVISE Laboratory. The samples were analyzed for EC_1:1 and ECe. The relationship between the ECe and EC_1:1 showed that soil parent materials need to be considered in the conversion of EC_1:1 values to ECe values. A failure to consider parent materials in this conversion may have short and long-term sustainability ramifications.  相似文献   

Evaluating integrated pest management tactics for spotted lanternfly management in vineyards     

Heather Leach  Tom Mariani  Michela Centinari  Julie Urban 《Pest management science》2023,79(10):3486-3492

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