Strangles in horse studs: incidence, risk factors and effect of vaccination     

JK FAIRLEY 《Australian veterinary journal》1991,68(8):282-283

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Changes in productivity and profitability of wool-growing farms that follow recommendations from agricultural and veterinary studies     

GR LEAN  AL VIZARD  JK WEBB WARE 《Australian veterinary journal》1997,75(10):726-731

Objective To estimate the changes in productivity and profitability in a group of wool-growing farms as they adopted major recommendations from agricultural and veterinary studies.
Farms Four wool-growing farms in south western Victoria were selected from the clients of the Mackinnon Project, a farm consultancy service run from the University of Melbourne. Each farm had closely followed recommended procedures, kept comprehensive financial and physical records and had been clients for at least 5 years. The comparison group was the South Western Victoria Monitor Farm Project (SWVMFP), about 45 farms in the same region as the study farms that were monitored annually by Agriculture Victoria.
Procedure For a 7-year period, the financial and physical performance of both groups of farms was estimated. Stocking rate, wool production, gross farm income, farm operating costs, net farm income and return on assets were compared.
Results Mean gross farm income of the four study farms steadily rose from 86% of the average SWVMFP farm before the adoption of recommendations to an average of 155%. During the same period, net farm income rose from 70% to 207% of the average of the SWVMFP. Return on asset of the four farms rose irregularly from 26% to 145% of the average of the SWVMFP. Farm operating costs on the four farms were higher than for the SWVMFP group, but the ratio of costs remained relatively constant.
Conclusion The adoption of proven research results was associated with large increases in net farm income. An increase in gross income, rather than a reduction in costs was the main reason for this. Research results offer a way to increase the financial viability of wool-growing farmers, many of whom are currently unable to maintain their lifestyle, resources and infrastructure.  相似文献   

Elevated atmospheric CO(2) affects the chemical quality of brassica plants and the growth rate of the specialist, Plutella xylostella, but not the generalist, Spodoptera littoralis     

Reddy GV  Tossavainen P  Nerg AM  Holopainen JK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(13):4185-4191

Cabbage, Brassica oleracea subsp. capitata (cv. Lennox and Rinda), and oilseed rape, Brassica rapa subsp. oleifera (cv. Valo and Tuli), plants were grown under ambient CO(2) (360 ppm) or elevated CO(2) (720 ppm) at 23/18 degrees C and under a photoperiod of 22/2 h light (250 micromol m(-)(2) s(-)(1))/dark regime for up to 5 weeks. Afterward, the performance of the crucifer specialist Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) and the generalist Spodoptera littoralis (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) on those plants was studied. The mean relative growth rate (RGR) of P. xylostella larvae, feeding on both cultivars of oilseed rape or on the Lennox cultivar of cabbage leaves grown at an elevated CO(2) concentration, was significantly reduced as compared to ambient CO(2). A negative larval growth rate at elevated CO(2) was observed for P. xylostella on both oilseed rape cultivars, but the growth rate was reduced but positive on cabbage. Conversely, the RGR of S. littoralis on either plant species was not affected by CO(2) treatment but was lower on cabbage cv. Rinda than on cv. Lennox. The mortality of the larvae was not affected by CO(2) treatment either. At the same time, elevated CO(2) significantly decreased the concentrations of leaf phytochemical constituents in oilseed rape, i.e., total phenolics and total nitrogen, but not in cabbage. The effect of elevated CO(2) on the leaf glucosinolate concentrations of both plant species was marginal. In addition, the observed significant changes in individual glucosinolate concentrations of oilseed rape leaves were not consistent among cultivars. However, our results demonstrate for the first time quite strong effects of CO(2) enrichment on the larval performance of P. xylostella, which is an important pest of Brassica plants around the world. Further studies are still required to increase our understanding of why elevated CO(2) differently affects the performance of specialist and generalist insect herbivores on Brassica plants.  相似文献   

Effects of gaseous air pollutants on aphid performance on Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings     

J. K. Holopainen  P. Kainulainen  J. Oksanen 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1995,85(3):1431-1436

Aphids are frequently found on conifers, but mass outbreaks are seldom reported. On trees stressed by air pollutants the natural resistance can be broken and insect attack combined with pollution stress may promote plant damages. To evaluate effects of air pollution on conifer aphids Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings have been exposed to gaseous pollutants (O₃, SO₂ and NO₂) in growth chambers. The studied aphid species were Cinara pilicornis Hartig on Norway spruce, C. pinea (Mordv.) and Schizolachnus pineti Fabr. on Scots pine in SO₂ fumigations and S. pineti in O₃ and NO₂ fumigations. C. pilicornis nymphs had peaked dose response to SO₂ concentration. Both the first and third instar larvae of C. pilicornis showed highest mean relative growth rate (MRGR) at 100 ppb SO₂ concentration. MRGR of C. pinea peaked at 50 and 150 ppb SO₂ The response of S. pineti was more inconsistent During fumigation the peak MRGR of S. pineti was at 100 ppb and after exposure at 50 ppb SO₂. MRGR of S. pineti nymphs was not significantly affected during fumigation or after the end of fumigation experiment by 100 ppb O₃ or 100 ppb NO₂ or the mixtures. The results suggest that SO₂ affects more distinctively on aphid performance on conifers than O₃ or NO₂. Especially stem-feeding aphids on spruce can exploit physiological disturbance of host plant under pollution stress.  相似文献   

The Water Dipole Moment in Water Clusters     

JK Gregory  DC Clary  K Liu  MG Brown  RJ Saykally 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1997,275(5301):814-817

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Influence of carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis) feeding or exogenous limonene or methyl jasmonate treatment on composition of carrot (Daucus carota) leaf essential oil and headspace volatiles     

Nissinen A  Ibrahim M  Kainulainen P  Tiilikkala K  Holopainen JK 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(22):8631-8638

The effect of carrot psyllid (Trioza apicalis F?rster) feeding and limonene and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) treatments on the essential oil composition and headspace volatiles of carrot (Daucus carota ssp. sativus), cvs. Parano and Splendid, leaves was studied. Carrot psyllid feeding significantly increased the concentrations of sabinene, beta-pinene, and limonene, whereas limonene treatment increased the concentration of (Z)-beta-ocimene in the leaves of both cultivars. The limonene treatment significantly increased the concentration of total phenolics in the leaves of both cultivars, and MeJA treatment increased phenolic concentration in the leaves of Parano. Exogenous limonene spray did not decrease the number of carrot psyllid eggs laid either 2 or 24 h after treatment. The results suggest that carrot psyllid feeding induces changes in the endogenous monoterpene pool in the carrot leaves. Limonene and MeJA treatments affect some induced defenses of the carrot, but the exogenous limonene spray is not an effective oviposition deterrent against carrot psyllid.  相似文献   

Diarrhoea due to trichostrongylid larvae in Merino sheep - repeatability and differences between bloodlines     

JWA LARSEN  AL VIZARD  JK WEBB WARE  N. ANDERSON 《Australian veterinary journal》1995,72(5):196-197

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Drought damage in the park forests of the city of Helsinki   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Markus Holopainen  Olli Leino  Hannu Kmri  Mervi Talvitie 《Urban Forestry & Urban Greening》2006,4(2):75-83

During spring and summer 2003 severe drought-caused damage was observed in the park forests of the city of Helsinki; especially in barren site pine and spruce stands. The objectives of this study were to map and document the extent of the damage through the use of existing geographical information, digital aerial photography and field surveys and to examine the feasibility of assessing drought damage by visual interpretation of digital aerial photography. Our aim was also to assess the reasons for drought damage in Helsinki city park forests using geographic information system (GIS) analyses of existing interpretative and geographical data, i.e. digital aerial photographs, rainfall statistics and the compartmentwise GIS database of the park forest site and soil types.The total amount of area falling into serious damage classes represented approximately 25 ha (the total forested area in Helsinki is about 3700 ha). A majority of these areas were located on rocky sites having low stem volumes. The total proportion of damaged stock volume was estimated as 17 300 m³, which is 3.3% of the total stock volume in the study area. An accuracy assessment showed that visual interpretation of digital aerial photos is an excellent tool for assessing drought damage. The mean estimation error was 0.7 classes, and errors comprising 2 classes were found in all test grids. The overall correct percentage of photointerpretation was 46%, and estimation was unbiased (kappa 0.264). The forest site and soil type together with the tree species on site showed the greatest correlation with drought damage. The drier and more barren the site, the more likely that damage will occur. Roadside forests were in better condition than areas located further off the roads. Hills clearly impacted the condition of the trees through soil type and flow.  相似文献   

Response of Boar Sperm to the Treatment with Cholesterol‐Loaded Cyclodextrins Added Prior to Cryopreservation     

E Blanch  C Tomás  JK Graham  E Mocé 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2012,47(6):959-964

Cryopreserved boar sperm is not used extensively for artificial insemination, owing to the poor fertility rates of the sperm after freezing and thawing. The sperm membrane is damaged as the cells are cooled from body temperature to 5°C (cold shock), as well as during the freeze–thaw process. Increasing the cholesterol content of boar sperm membranes could help them survive cryopreservation, similar to sperm from other species that are cold shock sensitive. The aim of this study was to determine the optimal cholesterol‐loaded cyclodextrin (CLC) concentration to use for boar sperm cryopreservation, and the influence of CLCs on the cryosurvival of sperm from boars classified as good or poor freezers. Treating boar sperm with 1 mg of CLC/120 × 10⁶ sperm slightly improved (p < 0.05) the percentage of viable sperm after freezing–thawing. On the other hand, sperm, from both good and poor freezers, responded similarly to CLC treatment. Nevertheless, additional studies will be needed to study the effect of this treatment on other parameters of sperm quality.  相似文献   

Wheat Bran AX Properties and Choice of Xylanase Affect Enzymic Production of Wheat Bran‐Derived Arabinoxylan‐Oligosaccharides     

Valerie Van Craeyveld  Emmie Dornez  Ulla Holopainen  Emilia Selinheimo  Kaisa Poutanen  Jan A. Delcour  Christophe M. Courtin 《Cereal Chemistry》2010,87(4):283-291

Wheat bran‐derived arabinoxylan‐oligosaccharides (AXOS) recently have been shown to potentially exert prebiotic effects. In this study, 15 bran samples obtained by milling different wheat cultivars were treated with xylanases from Hypocrea jecorina (XHJ), Aspergillus aculeatus (XAA), and Pseudoalteromonas haloplanktis (XPH) to assess the effect of bran source and xylanase properties on the AXOS yield and structure. The total arabinoxylan (AX) extraction yield was higher with XHJ (8.2–10.7%) and XAA (8.2–10.8%) than with XPH (6.9–9.5%). Irrespective of the enzyme, a significant negative correlation was observed between extraction yield and arabinose to xylose (A/X) ratio of bran AX (r = –0.7), but not between yield and bran AX level. The A/X ratio of the extracted material was 0.27–0.34 for all bran samples and all enzymes, which combined with yield data and microscopic analysis, indicated primary hydrolysis of aleurone and nucellar epidermis AX. The average degree of polymerization (avDP) of the extracted AX was very low for all enzymes (2–3), owing to the release of high levels of monomeric arabinose and xylose. The release of these monosaccharides could be ascribed to 1) the activity of wheat bran‐associated enzymes (arabinofuranosidases and xylosidases); 2) the hydrolytic properties of the xylanases themselves; and 3) the presence of xylosidases as contaminations in enzyme preparation, in that order of importance. Heat treatment of bran before xylanase treatment significantly decreased the levels of monomeric arabinose and xylose in the extract, without affecting the extraction yield, resulting in a higher avDP of 3–7, thus yielding true AXOS. Overall, for AXOS production, wheat cultivars with a low bran A/X ratio of the AX are preferable as starting materials, and inactivation of bran‐associated enzymes before incubation is desirable. The XHJ xylanase was the best enzyme for wheat bran‐derived AXOS production.  相似文献