Using Systematic Reviews to Critically Appraise the Scientific Information for the Bovine Veterinarian     

Jean-Michel Vandeweerd  Peter Clegg  V. Hougardy  Sébastien Buczinski 《Veterinary Clinics of North America: Food Animal Practice》2012

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Understanding veterinary practitioners' decision-making process: implications for veterinary medical education     

Vandeweerd JM  Vandeweerd S  Gustin C  Keesemaecker G  Cambier C  Clegg P  Saegerman C  Reda A  Perrenoud P  Gustin P 《Journal of veterinary medical education》2012,39(2):142-151

Understanding how veterinary practitioners make clinical decisions, and how they use scientific information to inform their decisions, is important to optimize animal care, client satisfaction, and veterinary education. We aimed to develop an understanding of private practitioners' process of decision making. On the basis of a grounded-theory qualitative approach, we conducted a telephone survey and semi-structured face-to-face interviews. We identified a decision-making framework consisting of two possible processes to make decisions, five steps in the management of a clinical case, and three influencing factors. To inform their decision, veterinary surgeons rarely take the evidence-based medicine (EBM) approach. They consult first-opinion colleagues, specialists, laboratories, and the Internet rather than scientific databases and peer-reviewed literature, mainly because of limited time. Most interviewees suggested the development of educational interventions to better develop decision-making skills in veterinary schools. Adequate information and EBM tools are needed to optimize the time spent in query and assessment of scientific information, and practitioners need to be trained in their use.  相似文献   

Genetics of adaptation and domestication in livestock     

Sandrine Mignon-Grasteau  Alain Boissy  Jean-Michel Faure  Geoffrey N. Hinch  Pierre Le Neindre  Patrick Prunet  Catherine Beaumont 《Livestock Production Science》2005,93(1):3-14

In this review, we assess the current state of knowledge on domestication of the major livestock species. We present first some historical background on location and dates of domestication of livestock. The characteristics that favoured domestication are described, especially gregariousness, precocity of young and diet. We then describe the genetic processes involved during domestication, i.e. uncontrolled processes such as inbreeding and genetic drift, partially controlled processes such as relaxation of natural selection and natural selection in captivity and controlled processes such as active selection. Details are also given on how the resource allocation theory explains changes occurring during domestication. The methods used to assess the extent to which domestication has changed animals (comparisons of wild and domestic stocks, longitudinal analysis and molecular genetics) are also listed. Finally, major behavioural modifications observed during domestication are described, including relationships with humans and predators, and social, feeding, reproductive and maternal behaviours as well as morphological changes.  相似文献   

Organ-resident, nonlymphoid cells suppress proliferation of autoimmune T-helper lymphocytes   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

R R Caspi  F G Roberge  R B Nussenblatt 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》1987,237(4818):1029-1032

Local presentation of autoantigen by organ-resident cells inappropriately expressing Ia determinants has been implicated in organ-specific autoimmunity. Experimental autoimmune uveoretinitis, induced in rats by immunization with retinal soluble antigen, is used as a model of organ-specific autoimmunity. In an in vitro system derived from this model, uveitogenic rat T-helper lymphocytes specific to the retinal soluble antigen, or control T-helper lymphocytes reactive to the purified protein derivative of tuberculin, were cocultured with Ia-expressing syngeneic retinal glial cells (Müller cells) in the presence of specific antigen. Antigen presentation was not apparent under ordinary culture conditions, and the Müller cells profoundly suppressed the proliferative response of primed T-helper lymphocytes to antigen presented on conventional antigen-presenting cells, as well as their subsequent interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent expansion. Suppression of proliferation was accompanied by inhibition of IL-2 production in response to antigen, as well as by reduction in high-affinity IL-2 receptor expression, and proceeded via a contact-dependent mechanism. These results suggest a role for locally acting suppression mechanisms in immune regulation and maintenance of tissue homeostasis.  相似文献   

Serologic survey in a colony of captive common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) after infection with herpes simplex type 1-like virus.     

Jean-Michel Hatt  Paula Grest  Horst Posthaus  Walter Bossart 《Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine》2004,35(3):387-390

An outbreak of herpesvirus caused the death of four of five common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) in a private colony. Gross lesions included acute ulcerative gingivitis, glossitis, and enlarged mandibular lymph nodes. Histologically, all fatal cases showed meningoencephalitis and eosinophilia with intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons and glial cells. A herpes simplex-like virus was cultured from the brain and was identified as herpes simplex type 1 virus or a closely related virus by immunofluorescence. Serologic testing (complement fixation test) indicated that the surviving adult female was serologically positive for more than 4 yr and that the offspring she produced was seronegative. The most likely source of the outbreak was the owner who mouth fed hand-raised offspring.  相似文献   

Cytotoxicity on human cancer cells of ophidiacerebrosides isolated from the African starfish Narcissia canariensis     

Farokhi F  Wielgosz-Collin G  Clement M  Kornprobst JM  Barnathan G 《Marine drugs》2010,8(12):2988-2998

The starfish Narcissia canariensis harvested from the coasts off Dakar, Senegal, was investigated for glycolipids (GL). This report deals with the isolation, characterization and biological activity of a fraction F13-3 separated from the GL mixture and selected according to its ability to inhibit KB cell proliferation after 72 hours of treatment. Firstly, a GL mixture F13 was obtained that accounted for 1.36% of starfish biomass (dry weight) and 0.36% of total lipids. The fraction F13-3 obtained from F13 contained three homologous GL identified as peracetylated derivatives on the basis of chemical and spectroscopic evidence. These contained a β-glucopyranoside as sugar head, a 9-methyl-branched 4,8,10-triunsaturated long-chain aminoalcohol as sphingoid base and amide-linked 2-hydroxy fatty acid chains. The majority (63%) had an amide-linked 2-hydroxydocosanoic acid chain and was identified as the ophidiacerebroside-C, firstly isolated from the starfish Ophidiaster ophidiamus. The minor components of F13-3 differed by one more or one less methylene group, and corresponded to ophidiacerebroside-B and -D. We found that F13-3 displayed an interesting cytotoxic activity over 24 hours on various adherent human cancerous cell lines (multiple myeloma, colorectal adenocarcinoma and glioblastoma multiforme) with an IC(50) of around 20 μM.  相似文献   

Soil characteristics below <Emphasis Type="Italic">Erythrina poeppigiana</Emphasis> in organic and conventional Costa Rican coffee plantations     

Fidel Payán  Davey L. Jones  John Beer  Jean-Michel Harmand 《Agroforestry Systems》2009,76(1):81-93

The impact of Erythrina poeppigiana on soil characteristics, at three different positions relative to the shade tree and from three different soil depths, was evaluated in pairs of comparable Costa Rican coffee farms (organic and conventional) in 2000 and 2004. In the conventional system at 0–5 cm, higher C and N concentrations were found close to the shade tree versus the positions 2 m from the trunk (5.04 vs. 4.18%). This positive effect could influence only 20% of the farm area when high population of E. poeppigiana were used. This finding highlighted the importance of E. poeppigiana in maintaining SOM levels. In contrast, the organic system showed similar C and N concentrations for all positions probably due to an even distribution of pruning residues and to the use of organic amendments. A trend to higher total C and N concentrations for organic farms in comparison to conventional farms was found. No significant temporal changes in soil C or N concentrations were found between 2000 and 2004.  相似文献   

Statistical Analysis with Bootstrap Diagnostics of Atmospheric Pollutants Predicted in the Apsis Experiment     

Archer  Graeme  Giovannoni  Jean-Michel 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1998,106(1-2):43-81

Predictions of O₃ and NO₂ delivered by three eulerian models the APSIS study are compared with observed levels of the phenomen recorded on 25 May 1990, over the greater Athens area, Greece. A variety of measures are used to test model performances, including normalised mean square error, bias and correlation, for which confidence intervals are consteucted. Causes of differences in the model differences are briefly discussed. A jackknife diagnostic check is performed on the adequacy of the bootstrap procedure used to make the intervals, which are found to be suitably robust. Similarities in model behaviour, and specific performancies, are detected. Some statistical criteria seem to give a slight advantage to one of the three sets of model results, although important biases can occur locally, between observations and predictions. On the whole, no one of the set of model results emerges as significantly superior to the others.  相似文献   

Parasitism of canola aphids in France in autumn     

Nicolas Desneux  Jean-Michel Rabasse  Yannick Ballanger  Laure Kaiser 《Journal of pest science》2006,79(2):95-102

In light of a recent increase in the aphid populations on young canola (Brassica napus) in autumn in Northwestern Europe, we carried out a survey of their parasitoid species during this season. The study was done in France from 1998 to 2001 using different sampling methods. Results highlighted the presence of two main species of Aphidiinae, Aphidius matricariae and Diaeretiella rapae (and to a lesser extent Aphidius ervi) on Myzus persicae, and of D. rapae on Brevicoryne brassicae. Nine other Aphidiinae species were found occasionally as well as some Aphelinidae parasitoids and hyperparasitoids. There was no difference in parasitoid species pattern between fields in Northern and Southern France. The principal parasitoid species found in the fields were reared in the laboratory to confirm their ability to develop on the canola aphids. Aphidius matricariae and D. rapae were reared successfully on M. persicae, but a low parasitism rate was obtained for A. ervi on this aphid. This study showed that A. matricariae and D. rapae could develop on aphids on canola and that they are present naturally in canola in autumn. However, the parasitism rate is low in autumn, so the options could be the use of these parasitoids in augmentative release biological control programs or in an IPM project on canola fields during this time of the year.  相似文献   

Antimalarial Activity of Axidjiferosides,New β-Galactosylceramides from the African Sponge Axinyssa djiferi     

Fereshteh Farokhi  Philippe Grellier  Monique Clément  Christos Roussakis  Philippe M. Loiseau  Emilie Genin-Seward  Jean-Michel Kornprobst  Gilles Barnathan  Ga?tane Wielgosz-Collin 《Marine drugs》2013,11(4):1304-1315

The marine sponge, Axinyssa djiferi, collected on mangrove tree roots in Senegal, was investigated for glycolipids. A mixture containing new glycosphingolipids, named axidjiferoside-A, -B and -C, accounted for 0.07% of sponge biomass (dry weight) and for 2.16% of total lipids. It showed a significant antimalarial activity, with a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC₅₀) of 0.53 ± 0.2 μM against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum. They were identified as homologous β-galactopyranosylceramides composed of 2-amino-(6E)-octadec-6-en-1,3,4-triol, and the major one, axidjiferoside-A (around 60%), contained 2-hydroxytetracosanoic acid. Cytotoxicity was studied in vitro on human cancer cell lines (multiple myeloma, colorectal adenocarcinoma, glioblastoma and two lung cancer NSCLC-N6 and A549). Results of this investigation showed that axidjiferosides are of interest, because they proved a good antiplasmodial activity, with only a low cytotoxicity against various human cell lines and no significant antitrypanosomal and antileishmanial activity. Thus, it seems that galactosylceramides with a β anomeric configuration may be suitable in searching for new antimalarial drugs.  相似文献