Development and application of functional markers in maize   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

Thomas Lübberstedt  Imad Zein  Jeppe Reitan Andersen  Gerhard Wenzel  Birte Krützfeldt  Joachim Eder  Milena Ouzunova  Shi Chun 《Euphytica》2005,146(1-2):101-108

Summary Functional markers (FMs) are derived from polymorphic sites within genes causally involved in phenotypic trait variation (Andersen, J.R. & T. Lübberstedt, 2003. Trends Plant Sci 8: 554–560). FM development requires allele sequences of functionally characterized genes from which polymorphic, functional motifs affecting plant phenotype can be identified. In maize and other species with low levels of linkage disequilibrium, association studies have the potential to identify sequence motifs, such as a few nucleotides or insertions/deletions, affecting trait expression. In one of the pioneering studies, nine sequence motifs in the dwarf8 gene of maize were shown to be associated with variation for flowering time (Thornsberry, J.M., M.M. Goodman, J. Doebley, S. Kresovich, D. Nielsen & E.S. Buckler, 2001. Nat Genet 28: 286–289). Proof of sequence motif function can be obtained by comparing isogenic genotypes differing in single sequence motifs. At current, the most appropriate approach for this purpose in crops is targeting induced local lesions in genomes (TILLING) (McCallum, C.M., L. Comai, E.A. Greene & S. Henikoff, 2000. Nat Biotechnol 18: 455–457). In central Europe, maize is mainly grown as forage crop, with forage quality as major trait, which can be determined as proportion of digestible neutral detergent fiber (DNDF). Brown midrib gene knock out mutations have been shown to be beneficial for forage quality but disadvantageous for overall agronomic performance. Two brown midrib genes (bm1 and bm3) have been shown to be involved in monolignol biosynthesis. These two and additional lignin biosynthesis genes have been isolated based on sequence homology. Additional candidate genes putatively affecting forage quality have been identified by expression profiling using, e.g., isogenic bm lines. Furthermore, we identified an association between a polymorphism at the COMT locus and DNDF in a collection of European elite inbred lines.  相似文献   

Möglichkeiten und Ansätze für einen Gentransfer bei der Zuckerrübe (Beta vulgaris L.)     

Joachim Schiemann 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1989,37(1):15-27

Zusammenfassung Durch Übertragung von klonierten Fremdgenen läßt sich die genetische Variabilität der Kulturpflanzen wesentlich erweitern. Insbesondere die Übertragung monogen bedingter Resistenzeigenschaften gelingt bei einer zunehmenden Zahl von Kulturpflanzen. Für die ökonomisch wichtige Zuckerrübe ist ein etabliertes Gentransferverfahren bisher nicht verfügbar. Während Einschleusung, Integration und Expression von Fremdgenen in Zuckerrübenzellen und -gewebe mit einer Vielzahl von Gentransfermethoden erreicht werden können, ist die Regeneration transgener Zuckerrübenzellen zu transgenen Pflanzen bisher nur in wenigen Laboratorien gelungen. Die experimentellen Details wurden bisher nicht publiziert. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt Verfahren, die sich für einen Gentransfer bei der Zuckerrübe eignen sollten. Expression und meiotische Stabilität der transferierten Gene werden behandelt sowie Anwendungsmöglichkeiten des Gentransfers bei der Zuckerrübe kurz diskutiert.

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Chances and approaches for gene transfer in sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.)

Summary The genetic variability of cultivated plants can be extensively increased by the transfer of cloned genes. Especially the transfer of monogeneously coded resistancies is established for an increasing number of cultivated plants. A routine gene transfer method is not available for the economicly important sugar beet. Though transfer, integration and expression of foreign genes in cells and tissues of sugar beet can be achieved by a number of gene transfer methods, only a few laboratories succeeded in the regeneration of transgenic cells of sugar beet to transgenic plants. The experimental details have not been published until now. This paper deals with methods which could be useful for gene transfer in sugar beet. Expression and meiotic stability of transferred genes are described and the aims of gene transfer in sugar beet are shortly discussed.

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(Beta vulgaris L.)

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Water acidification by air pollutants in the Federal Republic of Germany     

Dr. Ing. Joachim Wieting 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1986,31(1-2):247-256

In the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), airborne pollutants are leading to an increased rate of acidification of aquatic systems. In particular, the upper reaches of rivers and obligotrophic lakes in low-carbonate areas are affected. These areas are a minority of the total number of waterways, but are of great importance for environmental protection. Water acidification cannot be viewed as an isolated issue. In forested areas, it is associated with damage to the entire ecosystem. In lakes and streams, one of the most significant effects of water acidification is fish mortality; several bodies of water in which fish were once plentiful are now devoid of fish. With increasing acidification of the ground water, drinking-water supply problems may also be expected, All measures which can be taken to prevent the entry of pollutants into aquatic systems are preferred to those which merely treat the symptoms of acidified aquatic systems (e.g. addition of lime). The Federal Environmental Agency therefore considers the reduction of air pollutants to be the most effective solution to the problem of acidified of aquatic systems.  相似文献   

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1981/1982     

Dr. Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Dr. Reinhard Fritsch  Dr. Karl Hammer  Dr. Peter Hanelt  Dr. Joachim Kruse  Dr. Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1983,31(2):299-316

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Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1980/1981     

Dr. Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Dr. Reinhard Fritsch  Dr. Karl Hammer  Dr. Peter Hanelt  Dr. Joachim Kruse  Dr. Helga I. Maass  Dr. Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1982,30(2):273-291

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1980 and 1981 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1980/1981

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1980 und 1981 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1980–1981 .

, 1980 1981 . .

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Herrn Prof. Dr. Dr. h. c. mult. H.Stubbe aus Anlaß der 80. Wiederkehr seines Geburtstages gewidmet.  相似文献   

Taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants: Literature review 1988/1989     

Jürgen Schultze-Motel  Reinhard Fritsch  Karl Hammer  Peter Hanelt  Joachim Kruse  Helga I. Maass  Harald Ohle  Klaus Pistrick 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1990,38(3):417-434

Summary Important papers on taxonomy and evolution of cultivated plants published in 1988 and 1989 were compiled and briefly discussed.

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Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen: Literaturübersicht 1988/1989

Zusammenfassung Wichtige Arbeiten über Taxonomie und Evolution der Kulturpflanzen aus den Jahren 1988 und 1989 wurden zusammengestellt und kurz kommentiert.

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: 1988–1989

, 1988 1989 . .

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Organochlorine and Metal Accumulation in Fish (Phoxinus phoxinus) Along a North-South Transect in the Alps     

Rudolf Hofer  Reinhard Lackner  Joachim Kargl  Bertha Thaler  Danilo Tait  Leopoldo Bonetti  Raffaele Vistocco  Giovanna Flaim 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2001,125(1):189-200

Southern populations of the European minnow fromremote oligotrophic mountain lakes along an Alpinenorth-south transect accumulated more p,p DDE andPCBs than northern populations. As these semi-volatileorganochlorines predominantly evaporate in warmcountries, higher rates of condensation (deposition)are assumed to occur in the southern slopes of theAlps. The higher accumulation of lead and cadmium insouthern population is rather attributed to geogenicand specific environmental impacts than to atmosphericdeposition. Increasing liver ratios of [glutathionedisulfide]/[glutathione], a potential indicator foroxidative stress, from north to south reflect thegenerally higher toxic load at remote sites at thesouthern edge of the Alps. However, histopathologicalchanges in the liver did not correlate withaccumulated toxicants indicating that deposition doesnot lead to severe lesions but induces specificmechanisms for detoxification.  相似文献   

Suitability of the ESS laboratory method to determine the equilibrium soil solution composition of agricultural soils,and suggestions for simplification of the experimental procedure     

Gunda Matschonat  Joachim Ingwersen  Thilo Streck 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2003,166(6):742-749

The proper selection of the background electrolyte is of special importance studying element availability and mobility in the laboratory. The determination of the background solution composition can be done with the equilibrium soil solution method ESS (Matschonat and Vogt, 1997). The ESS method is a procedure to find out a salt solution of major cations and anions that does not undergo changes in its composition when brought into contact with a specific soil sample. This composition is experimentally approximated in an iterative procedure until certain quality criteria are fulfilled. We tested if the ESS method, which was developed for forest soils, can successfully be applied also to agricultural soils. The solution composition was confirmed by an independent method. We used samples of a glasshouse and an arable loess soil. Because the ESS method is relatively time and work consuming, we tested modifications which should simplify the procedure: the use of dried and frozen samples instead of field fresh soil, an approximation according to the solution's electric conductivity only, and the modeling of cation exchange to omit iteration steps. The ESS method caused slight overestimation (10–25 %) in cation concentrations, but in general, these were well met. Individual anion concentrations, however, were not buffered in this soil and could not unequivocally be determined. We recommend to adjust the anion concentrations in the ESS procedure according to their proportions in an initial water extract. As ion concentrations are functions of the soil : solution ratio, any method based on addition of water to the soil, like the so‐called soil saturation extract (Germany: Bodensättigungsextrakt), runs a risk to seriously underestimate ion concentrations at field conditions. The ESS method may therefore be especially well suited for soils with a low water content. The use of frozen soil gave good results and the omission of iteration steps by cation exchange modeling was promising and will be explored with the aim to operationalize it in forthcoming work.  相似文献   

Long-term nitrogen balance for pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) in an acid sandy soil of Niger     

Hermann Hafner  Joachim Bley  Andr Bationo  Peter Martin  Horst Marschner 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》1993,156(2):169-176

On acid sandy soils of Niger (West Africa) fertilizer N recovery by pearl millet (Pennisetum glaucum L.) is often more than 100 per cent in years with normal or above average rainfall. Biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) by N₂-fixing bacteria may contribute to the N supply in pearl millet cropping systems. For a long-term field experiment comprising treatments with and without mineral fertilizer (F) and with and without crop residue application (CR) a N balance sheet was calculated over a period of six years (1983-1988). After six years of successive millet cropping total N uptake (36-77 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) was distinctly higher than the amount of fertilizer N applied (30 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). The atmospheric input of NH₄-N and NO₃-N in the rainwater was about 2 kg N ha_?1 yr^?1, 70 % in the form of NH₄-N. Gaseous NH₃ losses from urea (broadcast, incorporated) were estimated from other experiments to amount to 36 % of the fertilizer N applied. Nitrogen losses by leaching (15 to > 25 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1) were dependent on the treatment and on the quantity and distribution of single rainfall events (>50 mm). Decline in total soil N content (0-60 cm) ranged from 15 to 48 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. The long-term N balance (1983-1988) indicated an annual net gain between 6 (+CR-F) and 13 (+CR+F) kg N ha^?1 yr^?1. For the control (-CR-F) the long-term N balance was negative (10 kg N ha^?1 yr^?1). In the treatment with crop residues only, the N balance was mainly determined by leaching losses, whereas in treatments with mineral fertilizer application the N balance depended primarily on N removal by the millet crop. The annual net gain in the N balance increased from 7 kg ha^?1 with mineral fertilizer to 13 kg ha^?1 in the combination mineral fertilizer plus crop residues. In both the rhizosphere and the bulk soil (0-15 cm), between 9 and 45% of the total bacterial population were N₂-fixing (diazotrophic) bacteria. The increased N gain upon crop residue application was positively correlated with an increase in the number of diazotrophic and total bacteria. The data on bacterial numbers suggest that the gain of N in the longterm N balance is most likely due to an N input by biological nitrogen fixation. In addition, evidence exists from related studies that the proliferation of diazotrophs and total bacteria in the rhizosphere due to crop residue application stimulated root growth of pearl millet, and thus improved the phosphorus (P) acquisition in the P deficient soil.  相似文献   

Relationships between soil properties and feeding activity of soil fauna in acid forest soils     

Violette Geissen  Joachim Gehrmann  Lutz Genssler 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(5):632-639

We investigated the relationships between soil chemical properties, humus form, and feeding activity in eight forest sites in Northrhine‐Westphalia, Germany. The study sites varied in forest type (oak, oak‐hornbeam, spruce, and pine). Three study sites were located under the same climatic conditions, and five study sites were distributed all over Northrhine‐Westphalia. We determined humus form, soil chemical properties, and feeding activity in three replication plots per site. We used the bait‐lamina test to determine feeding activity of soil fauna. Independent of forest type, all study sites were very acid with pH(CaCl₂) values in the Ah horizon between 2.8 and 4.0. The three study sites located under the same climatic conditions showed very homogenous soil chemical properties (pH in Ah: 2.9–3.0), whereas the five other sites varied significantly due to their soil chemical parameters (pH in Ah: 2.8–4.0). All single sites presented feeding activities with a very low spatial heterogeneity. Forest types and climatic conditions were not related to activity of soil fauna. Feeding activity and thickness of the O layer were strongly negatively correlated, whereas the activity was strongly positively correlated to soil pH in the five study sites with a wide range of soil chemical parameters. The three extremely acid forest sites presented significant differences in feeding activities that were not related to soil chemical properties.  相似文献