Use of poultry manure and plant cultivation for the reclamation of burnt soils     

F. J. Vázquez  V. Petrikova  M. C. Villar  T. Carballas 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》1996,22(3):265-271

Annual (Pisum sativum L. and Vicia sativa L.) and perennial (Trifolium repens L. and Lotus corniculatus L.) leguminous species were grown in pots containing samples from the ash layers of two Cambisols under Pinus sylvestris L., which has been affected by high-intensity wildfires 3 and 15 days before the sampling. The gramineous Lolium perenne L. was cultivated as a second plant after Trifolium and Lotus harvesting. Three treatments were compared: soils without fertilization and soils fertilized with two doses of poultry manure (1 and 2 g total N kg^-1 dry soil). The aim of the work was to study the capacity of the ash layer to sustain vegetation and the influence of plants and organic manure on the recovery of vegetation cover, ash layer fixation and soil structure formation to avoid erosion. The ash samples were able to sustain vegetation without fertilization. The organic manure increased the yields of all the plants tested, the lower dose being the optimal for the first crop whereas the higher dose was beneficial for the second crop. The annual legumes grew very quickly. The mixture of Trifolium and Lotus seemed very suitable for reclamation of soil degraded by wildfires because Trifolium produced more phytomass than Lotus in the first growing stages whereas the development of Lotus was higher in the later growing stages. Ash layer conditions did not inhibit nodulation, which was, however, stimulated by the organic manure, particularly in the case of Lotus. Lolium after perennial legumes was the best plant combination because it produced the highest phytomass, particularly root phytomass, and thus improved vegetation cover and ash layer fixation. All the plants tested improved the formation of soil aggregates, particularly the combination of perennial legumes and Lolium. However, wet aggregate stability was higher when plants were grown on soils fertilized with poultry manure than when plants were cropped on unmanured soils, which points to the favourable influence of the organic manure on soil aggregation.  相似文献   

Solubility of purified lutein diesters obtained from Tagetes erecta in supercritical CO(2) and the effect of solvent modifiers   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Naranjo-Modad S  López-Munguía A  Vilarem G  Gaset A  Bárzana E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2000,48(11):5640-5642

Purified lutein diesters deposited on commercial nonporous glass beads were solubilized in supercritical CO(2) in a computerized batch extractor, and their solubilities were compared to their solubilities in hexane. Densities of 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 g/mL were evaluated without modifiers. Both pressure and temperature increased solubility, although temperatures >50 degrees C promoted carotenoid loss as determined by mass balance. Solubility was enhanced by the use of modifiers and was related to their log P. Chloroform (log P = 2) increased 2.8 times the amount of solubilized lutein diesters compared to pure CO(2) at the same extraction conditions (0.9 g/mL and 40 degrees C) to yield 65% of the amount extracted with hexane. Supercritical CO(2) extraction of lutein diesters could represent a cleaner technology as compared to the current industrial use of hexane with important ecological and health-related implications.  相似文献   

Determination of thiamin in cooked sausages     

Valls F  Checa MA  Fernández-Muiño MA  Sancho MT 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》1999,47(1):170-173

A reliable and rapid high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been set up for the determination of total thiamin in difficult sample matrices such as cooked sausages. Different hydrolysis conditions and enzymes were tested to release the vitamin from its phosphate ester. The best data in the enzymatic digestion were obtained by incubating the samples with 6% clara-diastase at 50 degrees C for 3 h. After oxidation of thiamin to thiochrome, the sample extracts were purified by using a C(18) Sep-Pak cartridge. Final determination was performed by reversed-phase HPLC with fluorescence detector (excitation 360 nm, emission 430 nm), on a low-cost 25 cm x 4 mm i.d. Spherisorb C(8) cartridge using a mixture of 5 mM phosphate buffer pH 7.0 and acetonitrile (70:30, v/v) as mobile phase. Precision of the method was 1.5% (within a day) and 5. 2% (between days). The detection limit was 0.015 mg/100 g. All the recoveries from the different cooked sausages were better than 90% of thiamin hydrochloride added to samples of meats. In the samples analyzed, the mean value for thiamin was between 0.039 and 0.508 mg/100 g fresh weight.  相似文献   

Measurement of coupled nitrification-denitrification in paddy fields affected by Terrazole,a nitrification inhibitor   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

David?CarrascoEmail author  Eduardo?Fernández-Valiente  Yoanna?Ariosa  Antonio?Quesada 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2004,39(3):186-192

Coupled nitrification-denitrification and potential denitrification were measured as ¹⁵N₂O and ¹⁵N₂ evolution rates in ammonium sulphate-treated rice soils with or without Terrazole [5-ethoxy-3 (trichloromethyl) 1,2,3 Thiadizole] under laboratory and field conditions. The greatest coupled nitrification-denitrification activity was found after drying and rewetting the soil, with maximum values of 322 ng N cm^–2 h^–1 in the laboratory and 90.8 ng N cm^–2 h^–1 in the field. These ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution rates were about 10 times lower than potential denitrification in these soils. These results and the observed decrease in ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution rate in soils treated with Terrazole (60% under laboratory conditions and 52% under field conditions) indicate that denitrification was limited by coupled nitrification-denitrification activity. Oxygen and previous addition of ammonium sulphate appear to control the rate of ¹⁵N₂O + ¹⁵N₂ evolution in ammonium sulphate-fertilised soils.  相似文献   

Variation and genetic diversity for gliadins in Spanish spelt wheat accessions     

L. Caballero  L.M. Martín  J.B. Alvarez 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2004,51(7):679-686

Gliadin composition has been analysed in 403 accessions of spelt wheat (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta); 61 different patterns were found for the -gliadins, 44 for the -gliadins, 19 for the -gliadins and 15 for the -gliadins. A subset of 333 accessions belonging to fifty populations from Asturias, North of Spain, showed high levels of genetic variation (A = 3.89, P = 0.88, Ne = 3.35 and He = 0.553), indicating that 82.5% of the genetic variation was within populations, and only 18.5% among populations. Thirty-five of these populations presented more of five accessions, in this new subset the values of genetic variation were higher that those of fifty populations (A = 4.49, P = 0.91, Ne = 3.80 and He = 0.595). The genetic variation within populations was 59.7% of the total, and 40.3% among populations, which could be associated to fixation effects of some alleles by genetic drift.  相似文献   

Have spermatophores in Eisenia fetida (Oligochaeta, Lumbricidae) any reproductive role?: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002     

Fernando Monroy  Manuel Aira  Alberto Velando  Jorge Domínguez 《Pedobiologia》2003,47(5-6):526-529

  相似文献   

Effects of two species of earthworms (Allolobophora spp.) on soil systems: a microfaunal and biochemical analysis: The 7th international symposium on earthworm ecology · Cardiff · Wales · 2002     

Manuel Aira  Fernando Monroy  Jorge Domínguez   《Pedobiologia》2003,47(5-6):877-881

  相似文献   

The effect of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Hormogaster elisae</Emphasis> (Hormogastridae) on the abundance of soil Collembola and Acari in laboratory cultures     

M.?Gutiérrez López  M.?Ramajo Matesanz  J.?B.?Jesús Lidón  D.?J.?Díaz CosínEmail author 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,37(4):231-236

This microcosm study investigated the effect of Hormogaster elisae on the abundance of soil Collembola and Acari in laboratory cultures. Two types of microcosm were prepared: type I consisted of plastic boxes with a 2-mm mesh cage containing two H. elisae, and type II consisted of plastic boxes without a cage. The respective controls contained no earthworms. All of them were kept at 18°C and 20% moisture for 21 days. After this period of time the microcosms were tested and microarthropods were extracted, identified and counted. In general, more microarthropods were recovered from the soils without earthworms. There were significant differences between the soils with respect to the abundance of Collembola (Isotomidae and Sminthuridae), and Acari (Gamasida and Oribatida). The results suggest that, under the experimental conditions employed, H. elisae reduces the abundance of these groups of microarthropods. This may be due to several reasons. A change in environmental heterogeneity produced by H. elisae is suggested. A possible interspecific relationship between these two groups due to competition or depredation is also discussed.  相似文献   

Volatile compounds in Spanish, French, and American oak woods after natural seasoning and toasting     

Cadahía E  Fernández de Simón B  Jalocha J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(20):5923-5932

The volatile composition (volatile phenols, phenolic aldehydes, furanic compounds, lactones, phenyl ketones, and other related compounds) of Spanish oak heartwood of Quercus robur, Quercus petraea,Quercus pyrenaica, and Quercus faginea was studied by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry, in relation to the processing in barrels cooperage and in relation to the French oak of Quercus robur (Limousin) and Quercus petraea (Allier) and American oak of Quercus alba (Missouri), which are habitually used in cooperage. The volatile composition of seasoned oak woods varied according to individual trees, species, and origins, and the differences were more significant in Spanish species with respect to American species than with respect to French species. The toasting process influenced the volatile composition of wood. It led to high increases in the concentration of volatile phenols, furanic aldehydes, phenyl ketones, and other related structures, but the effect on w-lactones levels depended on species and origin. The volatile composition in Spanish oak species evolved during toasting like in French and American oak, but quantitative differences were found, especially important in American species with respect to European species.  相似文献   

Volatile compounds in a spanish red wine aged in barrels made of Spanish, French, and American oak wood   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

De Simón BF  Cadahía E  Jalocha J 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(26):7671-7678

A red Rioja wine was aged in barrels made of Spanish oak wood (Quercus robur, Quercus petraea,Quercus pyrenaica, and Quercus faginea) during 21 months. The concentrations of some volatile compounds [syringaldehyde, vanillin, eugenol, maltol, guaiacol, 4-ethylphenol, cis and trans isomers of beta-methyl-gamma-octalactone, 2-furfuraldehyde, 5-methyl-2-furfuraldehyde, 5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-furfuraldehyde, and furfuryl alcohol] were studied in these wines and compared with those of the same wine aged in barrels made from French oak of Q. robur (Limousin, France) and Q. petraea (Allier, France) and American oak of Quercus alba (Missouri). Similar concentrations of these compounds were found in wines aged in Spanish and French oak wood barrels, and significantly different concentrations were found with respect to wines aged in barrels made of American oak wood, indicating a different behavior. Thus, wines with different characteristics were obtained, depending on the kind of wood. Also, the kind of wood had an important influence on sensory characteristics of wine during the aging process. Spanish oak wood from Q. robur, Q. petraea, and Q. pyrenaica can be considered to be suitable for barrel production for quality wines, because a wine aged in barrels made of these Spanish oak woods showed similar and intermediate characteristics to those of the same wine aged in French and American oak woods usually used in cooperage.  相似文献