Evolutionary impact assessment: accounting for evolutionary consequences of fishing in an ecosystem approach to fisheries management     

Ane T Laugen  Georg H Engelhard  Rebecca Whitlock  Robert Arlinghaus  Dorothy J Dankel  Erin S Dunlop  Anne M Eikeset  Katja Enberg  Christian Jørgensen  Shuichi Matsumura  Sébastien Nusslé  Davnah Urbach  Loїc Baulier  David S Boukal  Bruno Ernande  Fiona D Johnston  Fabian Mollet  Heidi Pardoe  Nina O Therkildsen  Silva Uusi‐Heikkilä  Anssi Vainikka  Mikko Heino  Adriaan D Rijnsdorp  Ulf Dieckmann 《Fish and Fisheries》2014,15(1):65-96

Managing fisheries resources to maintain healthy ecosystems is one of the main goals of the ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF). While a number of international treaties call for the implementation of EAF, there are still gaps in the underlying methodology. One aspect that has received substantial scientific attention recently is fisheries‐induced evolution (FIE). Increasing evidence indicates that intensive fishing has the potential to exert strong directional selection on life‐history traits, behaviour, physiology, and morphology of exploited fish. Of particular concern is that reversing evolutionary responses to fishing can be much more difficult than reversing demographic or phenotypically plastic responses. Furthermore, like climate change, multiple agents cause FIE, with effects accumulating over time. Consequently, FIE may alter the utility derived from fish stocks, which in turn can modify the monetary value living aquatic resources provide to society. Quantifying and predicting the evolutionary effects of fishing is therefore important for both ecological and economic reasons. An important reason this is not happening is the lack of an appropriate assessment framework. We therefore describe the evolutionary impact assessment (EvoIA) as a structured approach for assessing the evolutionary consequences of fishing and evaluating the predicted evolutionary outcomes of alternative management options. EvoIA can contribute to EAF by clarifying how evolution may alter stock properties and ecological relations, support the precautionary approach to fisheries management by addressing a previously overlooked source of uncertainty and risk, and thus contribute to sustainable fisheries.  相似文献   

Genotyping of the fish rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus, by restriction fragment length polymorphisms     

Einer-Jensen K  Winton J  Lorenzen N 《Veterinary microbiology》2005,106(3-4):167-178

The aim of this study was to develop a standardized molecular assay that used limited resources and equipment for routine genotyping of isolates of the fish rhabdovirus, viral haemorrhagic septicaemia virus (VHSV). Computer generated restriction maps, based on 62 unique full-length (1524 nt) sequences of the VHSV glycoprotein (G) gene, were used to predict restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns that were subsequently grouped and compared with a phylogenetic analysis of the G-gene sequences of the same set of isolates. Digestion of PCR amplicons from the full-length G-gene by a set of three restriction enzymes was predicted to accurately enable the assignment of the VHSV isolates into the four major genotypes discovered to date. Further sub-typing of the isolates into the recently described sub-lineages of genotype I was possible by applying three additional enzymes. Experimental evaluation of the method consisted of three steps: (i) RT-PCR amplification of the G-gene of VHSV isolates using purified viral RNA as template, (ii) digestion of the PCR products with a panel of restriction endonucleases and (iii) interpretation of the resulting RFLP profiles. The RFLP analysis was shown to approximate the level of genetic discrimination obtained by other, more labour-intensive, molecular techniques such as the ribonuclease protection assay or sequence analysis. In addition, 37 previously uncharacterised isolates from diverse sources were assigned to specific genotypes. While the assay was able to distinguish between marine and continental isolates of VHSV, the differences did not correlate with the pathogenicity of the isolates.  相似文献   

Use of the D-xylose absorption test to measure abomasal emptying rate in healthy lactating Holstein-Friesian cows and in cows with left displaced abomasum or abomasal volvulus     

Wittek T  Schreiber K  Fürll M  Constable PD 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2005,19(6):905-913

We determined the abomasal emptying rates of Holstein-Friesian cows at different stages of lactation, with left displaced abomasum (LDA), or immediately after surgical correction of LDA or abomasal volvulus (AV). D-xylose (0.5 g/kg body weight [BW], 50% solution) was injected into the abomasum in healthy cows (group 1, 4-7 days in milk [DIM], n = 7; group 2, 90-120 DIM, n = 7; group 3, > 300 DIM, n = 7) and in cows with LDA (n = 10; group 4). D-xylose was injected into the abomasum during right flank laparotomy in cows with LDA (n = 22; group 5) and cows with AV (n = 15; group 6). The time to maximal serum D-xylose concentration was used as an index of emptying rate. The abomasal emptying rates for cows in groups 1, 2, and 3 were similar, whereas emptying was slower in cows with LDA and in cows after surgical correction of LDA or AV. The abomasal emptying rate of cows with LDA was slowed to a greater extent immediately after surgery, when compared to the rate obtained before surgery. There was no difference in abomasal emptying rate immediately after surgical correction between cows with LDA or AV. The results indicate that the increased incidence of LDA in the first month of lactation is not associated with an intrinsic decrease in abomasal emptying rate in healthy cows. Our findings also demonstrate that surgical correction further slows the emptying rate in cows with LDA.  相似文献   

Ventral abdominal approach for screw fixation of sacroiliac luxation in cadavers of cats and dogs     

Borer LR  Voss K  Montavon PM 《American journal of veterinary research》2008,69(4):542-548

OBJECTIVE: To investigate a technique for repair of sacroiliac luxation with positional screw insertion from the ventral surface of the sacral wing via a ventral abdominal approach. SAMPLE POPULATION: Hemipelvis specimens from cadavers of 5 small- to large-breed dogs and 9 European shorthair cats. PROCEDURES: An optimal entry point and a safe drill corridor for implant placement were determined (4 hemipelvis specimens). Anatomic landmarks were identified, and the surgical technique for a ventral abdominal approach was described. Single positional screw placement was performed across the sacroiliac joint in 23 hemipelvis specimens. Screws were aimed at 25 degrees (n=2), 35 degrees (2), and 45 degrees (19) angles to the vertical axis in a transverse plane (alpha angles) and at a 90 degrees angle to the longitudinal axis in a dorsal plane (beta angle). Implant placement was assessed by radiographic evaluation of the cadavers and of the hemipelvis specimens devoid of soft tissue. RESULTS: By use of alpha angles of 35 degrees and 45 degrees, 20 of 21 implants were placed adequately; screws crossed the sacroiliac joint and penetrated the wing of the ilium without damaging adjacent nerves. The measured median alpha angle was 38 degrees , and the median beta angle was 88 degrees. One complication was recorded. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Cortical positional screw placement from the ventral aspect of the sacral wing by use of a ventral abdominal approach could be an alternative to conventional techniques. This novel technique may be useful for repair of bilateral sacroiliac luxation, treatment of concomitant soft tissue injuries of the caudal portion of the abdominal cavity or abdominal wall, and repair of pelvic floor fractures in a single approach.  相似文献   

Neuropathological survey of fallen stock: active surveillance reveals high prevalence of encephalitic listeriosis in small ruminants     

Oevermann A  Botteron C  Seuberlich T  Nicolier A  Friess M  Doherr MG  Heim D  Hilbe M  Zimmer K  Zurbriggen A  Vandevelde M 《Veterinary microbiology》2008,130(3-4):320-329

This paper describes the prevalence of brain lesions in the Swiss fallen stock population of small ruminants. 3075 whole brains (75% sheep, 25% goats) were collected as part of a year-long active survey of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) in small ruminants conducted by the Swiss authorities between July 2004 and July 2005. All fallen stock brains were systematically examined by histopathology to obtain reliable data on histologically identifiable brain lesions. Lesions were found in an unexpectedly high number of animals (8.1% of all examined brains). A wide spectrum of diseases was detected showing that this approach provides an excellent opportunity to screen for the prevalence of neurological diseases. Encephalitic listeriosis was by far the most frequent cause of CNS lesions in both species and its prevalence was unexpectedly high when compared to notified confirmed cases. In conclusion, the prevalence of listeriosis as estimated by passive surveillance based on the notification of clinical suspects has been underestimated in the past.  相似文献   

Evaluation of a bovine visual pregnancy test for the detection of pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins in sheep     

Patricia Steckeler  Frank Weber  Holm Zerbe  Anna Rieger  Katja Voigt 《Reproduction in domestic animals》2019,54(2):280-288

As sheep produce similar pregnancy‐associated glycoproteins (PAGs) to cattle, a commercially available bovine visual pregnancy test based on the detection of PAGs (visual‐PAG‐test) was evaluated in sheep. The test was performed with whole blood (WhB), plasma (P) and serum (S) of 163 pregnant and 153 non‐pregnant ewes. Additionally, 11 pregnant ewes were tested weekly from day 14 to 49 of gestation and monthly from day 60 to day 149. Ten ewes were sampled weekly from the date of lambing until day 63 post‐partum (p.p.). The sensitivity in mid‐pregnancy (n = 163) was 98.16% (WhB), 99.39% (P) and 99.39% (S) compared to transabdominal ultrasonography as the gold standard while the specificity (n = 153) was 94.12% (WhB), 76.47% (P) and 93.46% (S), respectively. During early pregnancy, all 11 ewes were correctly identified as pregnant on day 42 (100%); however, the test sensitivity decreased to 54.6% (WhB) and 63.6% (S and P, respectively) at day 49. The ewes were again consistently identified as pregnant on day 63 (P) or on day 119 (S, WhB). The test was consistently negative from day 42 p.p. onwards in eight out of ten ewes. Two ewes remained consistently positive until the last sample on day 63 p.p. In conclusion, the test could be used to accurately select pregnant ewes at day 42 with a drop in sensitivity at day 49. The sensitivity of the visual‐PAG‐test was good in mid to late pregnancy, and early detection of pregnancy was possible in individual animals. In some ewes, the PAGs were however detectable for more than 63 days p.p.—the previous breeding history should therefore always be taken into account for correct interpretation of the test results.  相似文献   

Evaluation of plasma angiopoietin‐2 and vascular endothelial growth factor in healthy dogs and dogs with systemic inflammatory response syndrome or sepsis     

Maya Knig  Alice Nentwig  Eliane Marti  Jelena Mirkovitch  Katja‐Nicole Adamik  Simone Schuller 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》2019,33(2):569-577

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High-speed cinematographic evaluation of claw-ground contact pattern of lactating cows     

Schmid T  Weishaupt MA  Meyer SW  Waldern N  Peinen Kv  Nuss K 《Veterinary journal (London, England : 1997)》2009,181(2):151-157

To evaluate the manner in which a cow's claws make contact with the ground at the walk, the gait, and in particular the claw-ground contact pattern, were studied in 12 healthy, lactating dairy cows, using high-speed cinematography (500frames/s) while the animals were walking on a treadmill. The results showed that the limbs were advanced around the contralateral limbs in a sigmoid curve. The feet contacted the ground with the foot axis and the tips of the claws rotated slightly outwards. In all cows the lateral claws contacted the ground before the medial claws in the hindlimbs, and in 10/12 cows in the forelimbs. The heel of the lateral claws was the region of initial contact with the ground in the hindlimbs of all cows and in the forelimbs in 9/12 cows. Lateral 'heel first' contact in the fore and hindlimbs appeared to be the normal gait pattern in these animals. Compared with a previous study of heifers, lactating cows had a larger step width in the hindlimbs and a smaller step width in the forelimbs. These ground contact patterns offer an explanation for the predisposition to claw disorders of the lateral claw of the hindlimb. The results of this study reinforce the suggestion that soft floor surfaces should be provided for cattle to prevent mechanical injury to the claws.  相似文献   

Carbon sequestration under Miscanthus in sandy and loamy soils estimated by natural 13C abundance     

Katja Schneckenberger  Yakov Kuzyakov 《植物养料与土壤学杂志》2007,170(4):538-542

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Postmortem proteome changes of porcine muscle related to tenderness   总被引：12，自引：0，他引：12  

Lametsch R  Karlsson A  Rosenvold K  Andersen HJ  Roepstorff P  Bendixen E 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2003,51(24):6992-6997

Proteome analysis was used to investigate the relation between changes in postmortem proteome of porcine muscle and tenderness development. Muscle samples were taken at slaughter and 72 h postmortem, and the registered changes in the proteome were related to Warner-Bratzler shear force. One hundred and three protein spots were found to change significantly (P < 0.01) over time, and of these the 27 most pronounced changes were identified. Eleven out of the 27 changes were fragments of actin. Other identified myofibril proteins or fragments included myosin heavy chain, titin, myosin light chain I, myosin light II, CapZ, and cofilin. Correlation analysis revealed significant correlations between three of the identified actin fragments and the myosin heavy chain fragment to shear force. Moreover, myosin light chain II and triose phosphate isomerase I were also found to correlate significantly to shear force. The results clearly demonstrate that postmortem degradation of actin and myosin heavy chain is related to meat tenderness.  相似文献