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In order to determine the effect of stocktype and cultivation treatment on the field performance (survival and growth) and
physiological status of Picea abies in cutaway peatlands, small bare-root, large bare-root and containerised seedlings were planted in a deep ploughed and a
control site. Survival after 2 years was good across all treatment (>90%) except for the large bare-root seedlings growing
in the control site (84%). For all the morphological characteristics assessed in this study, there was no significant interaction
between stocktype and cultivation treatment indicating that the growth response to site cultivation was not stocktype dependent.
After two growing seasons, all Norway spruce seedlings performed better in the deep ploughed site and displayed also better
nutritional and physiological status. Regardless of cultivation treatment, mean height, diameter and volume increment were
significantly smaller for the large bare-root seedlings while the small bare-root seedlings displayed the greatest growth
rates. In order to promote early height growth in container and small bare-root stock, large diameter is important. Other
initial characteristics such as foliar nitrogen content may also have a strong influence on first year field performance.
The physiological status of the seedlings during the first year after outplanting was assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence
(CF) measurements. CF measurements detected a higher level of stress for the large-bare root stock (low Fv/Fm). On the other
hand, small bare-root stock displayed highest maximum potential photochemical activity which corresponded to greatest growth
rates. Container seedlings demonstrated higher capacity for photosynthetic electron transport during the first five months
after planting suggesting that they recovered from planting stress quicker and optimised better light interception and utilization
than bare-root stock. It can be concluded that intensive management systems including deployment of best-adapted stocktype
and site cultivation can be used to enhance early height growth of Norway spruce on cutaway peatlands. 相似文献
44.
Analgesic efficacy of an oral transmucosal spray formulation of meloxicam alone or in combination with tramadol in cats with naturally occurring osteoarthritis
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WR DuBois TM Prado JCH Ko RE Mandsager GL Morgan 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2003,30(2):114-115
The anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of a low dose (LD, 0.4 mg kg?1 xylazine and 4 mg kg?1 ketamine) and a high dose (HD, 0.8 mg kg?1 xylazine and 8 mg kg?1 ketamine) of IM xylazine–ketamine combination were compared in a randomized cross‐over study using six castrated male llamas. Three llamas in each dosage group (LDT, HDT) were assigned to receive IM tolazoline (2 mg kg?1) after 30 minutes of recumbency. All IM injections were given in the semitendinosus or semimembranosus muscles. Pulse, respiratory rate, and indirect arterial blood pressure were recorded every 10 minutes, and hemoglobin oxygen saturation was recorded every 5 minutes during lateral recumbency. Samples for arterial blood gas analysis were collected 5 minutes following recumbency and every 30 minutes thereafter. Base‐to‐apex ECG was monitored continuously. Analgesia was evaluated every 5 minutes by both a 30 minutes skin pinch and a needle prick of the toe. Most llamas breathed room air throughout anesthesia. Two llamas that developed severe hypoxemia (SpO2 < 75%) received 5 minutes of nasal oxygen insufflation, but were maintained on room air for the rest of the anesthetic period. anova for repeated measures and Tukey's test were used to analyze cardiorespiratory data. Fischer's exact test was used to compare the ability of each to provide >30 minutes of lateral recumbency and analgesia. A p‐value < 0.05 was considered significant. Both dosages provided reasonably rapid induction following injection (LD: 10.8 ± 6.3 minutes; HD: 5.0 ± 1.1 minutes; p = 0.07). Duration of lateral recumbency and analgesia were 34.7 ± 6.7 and 27.3 ± 4.6 minutes, respectively, in the LDT llamas. None of the three remaining LD llamas remained in lateral recumbency for longer than 12 minutes. Duration of lateral recumbency and analgesia were 87.3 ± 18.5 and 67.7 ± 16.0 minutes, respectively, for the HD llamas that did not receive tolazoline. The HDT llamas were recumbent for a significantly shorter time (43.3 ± 0.6 minutes; p = 0.05). The ability to provide >30 minutes of recumbency and analgesia was better in the HD group (6/6) than in the LD group (2/6) (p = 0.03). No differences between dosages were seen in pulse rate, respiratory rate, or arterial pressures. No ECG abnormalities were seen. Transient hypoxemia was seen in the first 10 minutes of lateral recumbency in the HD group by both hemoglobin oxygen saturation (84 ± 9.5%) and by blood gas PaO2 (44.5 ± 5.8 mm Hg). It was concluded that the HD provided more consistent results than the LD, but induced transient hypoxemia. Tolazoline shortened the recovery time in llamas receiving the HD. 相似文献
47.
Cross-breeding of dairy cows with beef bulls is common in Ireland with the Aberdeen Angus and Belgian Blue beef breeds both widely used. These breeds differ in maturity and consequently in their suitability for production systems differing in intensity and slaughter age. The objective of this study was to compare spring-born Holstein–Friesian (FR), Aberdeen Angus × Holstein–Friesian (AA) and Belgian Blue × Holstein–Friesian (BB) steers slaughtered off pasture at the end of their second grazing season or slaughtered at the end of the second winter following indoor finishing. Fifty-four (18 per breed type) steers were managed together to 16 months of age. They were then blocked on weight within breed type and assigned to a 3 (breed types) × 2 (finishing strategies) factorial experiment. The two finishing strategies were (i) concentrate supplementation (mean 3.65 kg/day) at pasture for 105 days to slaughter, and (ii) pasture only for 105 days followed by indoor finishing on grass silage plus concentrates for 141 days to slaughter. Mean slaughter and carcass weights per day of age for FR, AA and BB were 852, 802 and 834 (S.E. 13.1) g, and 427, 412 and 452 (S.E. 7.3) g, respectively. Corresponding kill-out proportions, carcass conformation and carcass fat classes were 501, 514 and 542 (S.E. 2.4) g/kg, 1.90, 2.15 and 2.89 (S.E. 0.073), and 3.09, 3.27 and 2.59 (S.E. 0.122), respectively. The response to concentrates at pasture was 101 g live weight and 83 g carcass weight per kg dry matter. It is concluded that there were few differences between FR and AA in carcass growth and composition but BB had heavier carcasses of better conformation with higher proportions of lean meat and high-value lean joints than both FR and AA. Acceptable live weight and carcass weight gains were obtained on pasture plus concentrates but BB and FR carcasses were not acceptably finished off pasture. Both FR and AA produced acceptable carcasses following indoor finishing and BB carcasses, while below the target fat class, were acceptably finished based on internal fat and dissected carcass fat proportions. 相似文献
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1998年春从中国林科院的实验点甘肃临夏回族自治州林科所引入北方型美洲黑杨(P.deltoides)×青杨(P.cathayana)杂种无性系 137个,扦插在内蒙奈曼旗兴隆沼林场二分场。1998年秋选出 13个无性系,加入我地区新近确定的推广无性系──白城 41作对照,1999年建无性系测试圃,2000年春平茬,2000年秋对这 13个无性系生长量和抗性的调查与评价,以白城 41为对照,初步选择出 10个无性系,高生长较对照大 30%以上的有 4个,20%以上 5个;径生长大 50%的 3个,30%以上 2个,20%以上 4个;所有无性系的抗锈病情况都好于对照。为丰富三北地区营造杨树农田防护林品种和改善三北地区杨树品种单一的问题有望选出新无性系。 相似文献
50.
The physiological status of ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea (Matt.)) and sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.) seedlings sampled from nurseries in Ireland between October and May, 1995/1996 and 1996/1997 was investigated. The results of heat treatments applied to taproots in vitro and evaluated using root electrolyte leakage (REL) indicated that sycamore was more easily damaged than the other species but lift date effects were small in all species. Dormancy release began later each year in ash (mid-November) than in oak or sycamore (late October to early November). The results of the REL and other data indicated that there was little change in stress resistance from November to about March (and April for some parameters). Sycamore was most active (highest shoot xylem pressure potential, REL, and root growth potential) during the winter, suggesting that adverse handling during this period is likely to reduce plant quality than in ash or oak. Field performance was good regardless of lifting/planting date. 相似文献