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91.
Effect of in vitro propagation methods on field performance of two strawberry cultivars 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Summary Strawberry cultivars, Redcoat and Veestar, propagated by meristem culture (MC), callus culture (CC) and direct shoot regeneration (DR) from leaf disks were compared for their vegetative and reproductive characters with standard runner (SR) propagated plants under field conditions. In the planting year, in vitro propagated plants of both cultivars had the same number of leaves as SR plants, but in vitro propagated Redcoat produced fewer stolons per plant than SR plants. However, in the following year, in vitro propagated mother plants of both cultivars had more leaves and higher runner production than SR mother plants. Flowering and fruiting behaviour of Veestar was not appreciably influenced by in vitro propagation methods. However, in vitro propagated plants of Redcoat flowered earlier and produced more flowers and fruits than SR plants, but still maintained normal berry weight. Among in vitro propagated plants, DR plants of Redcoat were the earliest to flower, whereas MC plants produced more flowers and fruits. The field performance of the first daughter plants derived from the in vitro propagated plants was consistent with their respective mother plants. Leaf shape of both cultivars was not altered by in vitro propagation. Phenotypic abnormalities were mainly confined to occurrence of yellow leaf variants in MC and CC plants and occasional appearance of plants with irregular flowering and growth habit among CC plants.NRCC No. 38004 相似文献
92.
Jeffrey W. Hoy Keith. P. Bischoff Scott. B. Milligan Kenneth. A. Gravois 《Euphytica》2003,129(2):237-240
Clonal propagation of sugarcane(interspecific hybrids of Saccharum)is conducive to spread of systemicdiseases, such as ratoon stunting disease,caused by Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli. This important disease iscontrolled by obtaining and plantinghealthy seed-cane. In Louisiana, commercialseed-cane initially produced through tissueculture is available to sugarcane farmersand is being widely planted. Long-termacceptability of this seed-cane productionmethod depends on the production of healthyplants that do not differ significantly inphenotypic and yield characteristics fromthe clones originally selected and releasedas commercial cultivars. To determinewhether tissue culture affects yield or itscomponents, three cultivars, CP 70-321, LCP85-384, and HoCP 85-845, were compared inthree successive crops initially plantedwith stalks from three sources: plantsderived from callus culture of the leafroll above the apical meristem, directregeneration from the apical meristem, andconventional bud propagation. Stalks ofplants derived from both explant sourceswere typical of seed-cane farmers wouldpurchase for planting that had beenpreviously rogued for phenotypic variantsand increased by bud propagation.Differences in yield components amongtissue culture explant sources and budpropagated cane only occurred in CP 70-321.Stalk diameter and stalk weight were lowerand stalk population was higher for plantsderived from leaf roll callus compared tobud propagated cane. Yield components weresimilar for plants derived from an apicalmeristem and bud propagation. Individualplant phenotypic variants resulting fromsomaclonal variation were not observed inany of the cultivars derived from eitherexplant source. In summary, genotype andexplant source affected persistent, uniformphenotypic variation resulting from tissueculture that changed some yield components. However, apical meristem culture wassuitable for production of seed-cane, assugarcane derived by meristem culture ofthree cultivars did not differsignificantly from the original germplasmfor any measured yield trait. 相似文献
93.
Gregory P. Lewis Jennifer D. Mitchell C. Brannon Andersen Dennis C. Haney Min-Ken Liao Kenneth A. Sargent 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,182(1-4):303-323
Naturally high total dissolved solids and upstream agricultural runoff often mask the influence of urban land cover on stream chemistry and biology. We examined the influence of headwater urbanization on the water chemistry, microbiology, and fish communities of the Big Brushy Creek watershed, a 96 km2 drainage basin in the piedmont of South Carolina, USA. Concentrations of most major anions and cations (especially nitrate, sulfate, chloride, sodium, potassium, and calcium) were highest in the urban headwaters and decreased downstream. Generally, the highest concentrations of suspended coliform bacteria occurred in the urban headwaters. In contrast, stream habitat quality and the abundance, species richness, and species diversity of fishes did not differ significantly between urban and rural sites. Discharge of wastewater treatment plant effluent at one rural location caused an increase in concentrations of many solutes and possibly the abundance of benthic algae. We hypothesize that atmospheric dry deposition and domestic animal wastes are important sources of stream solutes and of coliform bacteria, respectively, in the urban headwaters. The lack of significant differences in fish abundance and diversity between urban and rural sites may indicate that urban development in the Big Brushy Creek watershed has not yet degraded habitat conditions greatly for stream fishes. Alternatively, agriculture or other land uses may have degraded stream habitat quality throughout the watershed prior to urbanization. 相似文献
94.
Landscape evaluation of female black bear habitat effectiveness and capability in the North Cascades, Washington 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
We used logistic regression to derive scaled resource selection functions (RSFs) for female black bears at two study areas in the North Cascades Mountains. We tested the hypothesis that the influence of roads would result in potential habitat effectiveness (RSFs without the influence of roads) being greater than realized habitat effectiveness (RSFs with roads). Roads consistently had a negative influence on black bear RSFs across seasons and study areas. Roads reduced habitat effectiveness during all seasons at both study areas and changes in the potential habitat values ranged from 1.7% to 16.9%. The greatest reduction in habitat values occurred during the early-season on the west-side study area due to high open road densities. These results support the hypothesis that roads reduce habitat effectiveness for black bears. The influence of roads could be reduced through road closures to reduce open road densities and limit traffic volumes. We then used the scaled RSFs in a habitat-based population model to assess the influences of timber harvest and roads on potential black bear population sizes. On the west-side study area the potential black bear population size was most influenced by moderate use roads and timber harvest during the early-season (41% reduction). On the east-side study area, low use roads had the greatest effect on potential black bear population during the early-season (10% reduction). During the late-season, in both study areas, roads had less influence on the potential population sizes as bears were able to access habitats away from roads. The habitat-population model provided reasonable estimates of bear densities compared to other study areas with similar habitats and could be extrapolated to estimate potential black bear populations in other areas with similar habitats. This approach may provide a useful link between the landscape ecology and population biology of black bears, and could eventually be useful in the development of habitat-based population viability analyses. 相似文献
95.
Xin-Tao He Frank J. Stevenson Richard L. Mulvaney Kenneth R. Kelley 《Soil biology & biochemistry》1988,20(6):857-862
Studies were conducted on an 15N-enriched Illinois Mollisol (Flanagan silt loam) to determine the extractability of newly immobilized N with aqueous phenol (45%, v/v). In comparison to mild extradants proposed as indexes of plant available N (i.e. 10 mw NaHCO3 and hot 10 m
CaCl2), phenol showed the highest selectivity for the immobilized N, both with regard to the amount of biomass N extracted and the magnitude of the extractability ratio (ER). Aqueous phenol was also more selective in removing the immobilized N than reagents used for extraction of soil organic matter (i.e. 150 m
Na4P2O7 and 100 m
KOH). Results with soils incubated for up to 120 days showed that the amount of 15N extracted with aqueous phenol fluctuated with time and was related to changes in the soil microbial population, e.g. ER was highest when the bacterial population was maximal. Aqueous phenol shows promise as a selective extradant of potentially-available (labile) organic N in soils. 相似文献
96.
Marlina?D.?NasutionEmail author Cavell?Brownie Kenneth?H.?Pollock Roger?A.?Powell 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2004,9(1):27-41
Models are described for the joint analysis of live-trapping and radio telemetry data from a study on black bears (Ursus americanus) in which all animals received ear tags and a subset also received radio tags. Concerns about bias in survival estimates
led to investigation of identifiability and estimator precision for a series of models that allowed differenttelemetry relocation
rates for living and dead animals, in addition to emigration and seasonal variation in survival. Identifiability was determined
by showing that the expected information matrix was nonsingular. Models with fidelity constant across time, and with the same
degree of time specificity for survival rates and relocation rates for dead animals, were determined to be nonidentifiable.
More general models, with a greater degree of time specificity for survival rates, were near-singular, and estimators under
these near-singular models had poor precision. Analysis of data from the study on black bears illustrated that estimates of
survival have poor precision when relocation rates are estimated separately for live and dead animals. It is recommended that
the effort expended to relocate both living and dead animals be consistently high in each telemetry survey, so that relocation
rates will be high and constant across time and mortality status. 相似文献
97.
Zafar TA Weaver CM Jones K Moore DR Barnes S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2004,52(10):2827-2831
The effect of inulin on isoflavone absorption and the effect of isoflavones and synergy with inulin on calcium absorption in rats was investigated. Rats (n = 48) were divided into three groups and fed inulin (50 mg/g), isoflavone (8 mg/g) or inulin + isoflavone (50 mg/g + 8 mg/g) diets for 21 days. After a 2-h fast, rats were given (45)Ca orally or intraperitoneally, together with 25 mg of calcium as calcium acetate. Blood and femurs were collected 4 days later. Sera were analyzed for isoflavones using HPLC-MS, femurs for (45)Ca by beta-scintillation counting, and total femoral calcium by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Both groups fed isoflavones had similar and significantly higher weight-adjusted total femoral calcium content compared to the inulin-fed group (p < 0.0001). (45)Ca absorption was significantly higher (p < 0.01) when isoflavones were added to the diet, and serum equol was significantly lower (p < 0.01) when inulin was added to the diet containing isoflavones. We conclude that isoflavones enhance calcium absorption, without synergy from inulin, and that inulin decreases equol production. 相似文献
98.
Nathan?C.?HealeyEmail author Ayse?Irmak Timothy?J.?Arkebauer David?P.?Billesbach John?D.?Lenters Kenneth?G.?Hubbard Richard?G.?Allen Jeppe?Kjaersgaard 《Irrigation and Drainage Systems》2011,25(3):151-178
Water consumed through evapotranspiration (ET) impacts local and regional hydrologic regimes on various spatial and temporal
scales. Estimating ET in the Great Plains is a prerequisite for effective regional water resource management of the Ogallala
(High Plains) Aquifer, which supplies vital water resources in the form of irrigation for extensive agricultural production.
The Sand Hills region of Nebraska is one of the largest grass-stabilized eolian (windblown) sand dune formations in the world,
with an area of roughly 50,000–60,000 km2 that supports a system of five major land cover types: (1) lakes, (2) wetlands (with lakes, ~5%), (3) subirrigated meadows
(water table is within ~1 m of surface; ~10%), (4) dry valleys (water table is 1–10 m below surface; ~20%), and (5) upland
dunes (water table is more than 10 m below surface; ~65%). Fully understanding the hydrologic regime of these different ecosystems
is a fundamental challenge in regional water resource assessment. The surface energy and water balances were analyzed using
Bowen Ratio Energy Balance Systems (BREBS) at three locations: (1) a meadow, (2) a valley, and (3) an upland dune. Measurement
of the energy budget by BREBS, in concert with Landsat remote sensing image processing for 2004 reveals strong spatial gradients
between sites in latent heat flux that are associated with undulating topographic relief. We find that daily estimates of
ET from BREBS measurements and remote sensing agree well, with an uncertainty within 1 mm, which is encouraging when applying
remote sensing results across such a broad spatial scale and undulating topography. 相似文献
99.
Stuart J. SmythMichael Gusta Kenneth BelcherPeter W.B. Phillips David Castle 《Agricultural Systems》2011,104(5):403-410
The commercial production of herbicide tolerant (HT) canola began in Western Canada in 1997. With more than a decade of use, the actual farm-level environmental impact of HT canola can be evaluated. This article reports on a spring 2007 survey of nearly 600 canola farmers in the three prairie provinces of Western Canada. Producers were asked about their crop production experiences for 2005 and 2006 and expected crop planting for 2007. A reduction in the total number of chemical applications over the 3-year period was reported, resulting in a decrease of herbicide active ingredient being applied to farmland in Western Canada of nearly 1.3 million kg annually. Fewer tillage passes over the survey period were reported, improving moisture conservation, decreasing soil erosion and contributing to carbon sequestration in annual cropland. An estimated 1 million tonnes of carbon is either sequestered or no longer released under land management facilitated by HT canola production, as compared to 1995. The value of this carbon off-set is estimated to be C$5 million. Comparisons with similar studies and against non-adoption of HT canola can guide future decisions about HT canola adoption. 相似文献
100.
Kemner KM Kelly SD Lai B Maser J O'loughlin EJ Sholto-Douglas D Cai Z Schneegurt MA Kulpa CF Nealson KH 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,306(5696):686-687
High-energy x-ray fluorescence measurements were used to make elemental maps and qualitative chemical analyses of individual Pseudomonas fluorescens strain NCIMB 11764 cells. Marked differences between planktonic and adhered cells were seen in the morphology, elemental composition, and sensitivity to Cr(VI) of hydrated cells at spatial scales of 150 nm. This technology can be applied to natural geomicrobiological systems. 相似文献