Genetics of bulb colour variation and flavonoids in onion     

Kiran Khandagale  Suresh Gawande 《The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology》2019,94(4):522-532

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is one of the most important vegetable crops due to its diverse culinary and health promoting properties. It is a rich source of dietary phytochemicals such as flavonoids and other antioxidants which enhance the medicinal importance of onion. Onion bulb colour is one of the important quality characters actively targeted in breeding programmes. Onion bulbs with red, white, yellow, golden, pink, chartreuse, etc. colour are available and this variation is due to the mutations in structural and regulatory genes of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway. The genetics of bulb colour variation is very complex and involves multiple genes and their interactions. Further, these flavonoid compounds and their derivatives play diverse roles in plant development and stress tolerance in plants. Here, we review the biosynthesis of flavonoids, genetics and multiple alleles of genes for onion bulb colour, metabolic engineering, flavonoid in biotic and abiotic stress response and effect of cultural and storage practices on onion flavonoids.  相似文献   

Reinventing heterosis phenomenon through deployment of alien introgression lines in rice (Oryza sativa L.)     

Kiran B. Gaikwad  Naveen Singh  Dharminder Bhatia  Rupinder Kaur  Navtej S. Bains  Tajinder S. Bharaj  Kuldeep Singh 《Plant Breeding》2019,138(3):277-289

Introgression Lines (ILs) carrying alien genomic segments in the homozygous state may or may not be able to contribute positively to the phenotype on account of replacement of cultivated genome segment, however, the genetic elite in heterozygous condition can be attributed to the presence of both recipient and donor genome complements. Therefore, overdominance or pseudo‐overdominance effect at the heterozygous loci is anticipated. Set of 318 ILs, carrying several genomic segments from “A” genome donor wild species, were used for developing test hybrids with CMS line PMS17A. Of these, three hybrids observed significant yield advantage (>25%) over recurrent parents and checks. Parental ILs of these hybrids viz., IL326, IL901 and IL951 carried 5.62%, 2.52% introgression from Oryza rufipogon and 6.71% from Oryza nivara, respectively. These ILs were also crossed with their recurrent parent to develop introgression line hybrids (ILHs) to observe the contribution of the alien segment(s), in the homozygous and heterozygous state. The traits studied have higher mean value when genomic segments from wild species were in the heterozygous state as compared to the homozygous state.  相似文献   

Neuroprotective effect of naringin by modulation of endogenous biomarkers in streptozotocin induced painful diabetic neuropathy     

Kandhare AD  Raygude KS  Ghosh P  Ghule AE  Bodhankar SL 《Fitoterapia》2012,83(4):650-659

Diabetes mellitus is a serious debilitating epidemic affecting all social strata in developing as well as developed countries. Diabetic neuropathy is most common of secondary complications associated with diabetes mellitus and is characterized by slowing of nerve conduction velocity, elevated pain, sensory loss and nerve fiber degeneration. The aim of the present investigation was to evaluate the neuroprotective effect of naringin against streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic neuropathic pain in laboratory rats. Four weeks after intraperitoneal injection of STZ resulted in significant decrease in mechano-tactile allodynia, mechanical hyperalgesia, thermal hyperalgesia and motor nerve conduction velocity. Activity of endogenous antioxidant like superoxide dismutase as well as membrane bound inorganic phosphate enzyme was also found to be significantly decreased. It not only caused neural cell apoptosis but also enhanced lipid peroxide, nitrite, and inflammatory mediators' (TNF-α) level. Chronic treatment with naringin (40 and 80mg/kg) for 4 weeks significantly and dose dependently attenuated the decrease in level of nociceptive threshold, endogenous antioxidant and membrane bound inorganic phosphate enzyme. It also decreased the elevated levels of oxidative-nitrosative stress, inflammatory mediators as well as apoptosis in neural cells significantly and dose dependently. The important finding of the study is that, the naringin-insulin combination not only attenuated the diabetic condition but also reversed the neuropathic pain, whereas insulin or naringin alone only improved hyperglycemia but partially reversed the pain response in diabetic rats. Thus, naringin is a potential flavonone bearing antioxidant, antiapoptotic and disease modifying property acting via modulation of endogenous biomarker to inhibit diabetes induced neuropathic pain.  相似文献   

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 improves performance and gut function in broilers fed different levels of protein and/or under necrotic enteritis challenge     

Kosar Gharib-Naseri  Juliano C.P. Dorigam  Kiran Doranalli  Natalie Morgan  Robert A. Swick  Mingan Choct  Shu-Biao Wu 《动物营养（英文）》2021,7(1):185

Two studies were conducted to investigate the effect of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens CECT 5940 (BA) as a probiotic on growth performance, amino acid digestibility and bacteria population in broiler chickens under a subclinical necrotic enteritis (NE) challenge and/or fed diets with different levels of crude protein (CP). Both studies consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments with 480 Ross 308 mix-sexed broiler chickens. In study 1, treatments included 1) NE challenge (+/−), and 2) BA (1.0 × 10⁶ CFU/g of feed) supplementation (+/−). In study 2, all birds were under NE challenge, and treatments were 1) CP level (Standard/Reduced [2% less than standard]) and 2) BA (1.0 × 10⁶ CFU/g of feed) supplementation (+/−). After inducing NE infection, blood samples were taken on d 16 for uric acid evaluation, and cecal samples were collected for bacterial enumeration. In both studies, ileal digesta was collected on d 35 for nutrient digestibility evaluation. In study 1, the NE challenge reduced body weight gain (BWG), supressed feed conversion ratio (FCR) and serum uric acid levels (P < 0.001). Supplementation of BA increased BWG (P < 0.001) and reduced FCR (P = 0.043) across dietary treatments, regardless of challenge. Bacillus (P = 0.030) and Ruminococcus (P = 0.029) genomic DNA copy numbers and concentration of butyrate (P = 0.017) were higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with BA. In study 2, reduced protein (RCP) diets decreased BWG (P = 0.010) and uric acid levels in serum (P < 0.001). Supplementation of BA improved BWG (P = 0.001) and FCR (P = 0.005) and increased Ruminococcus numbers (P = 0.018) and butyrate concentration (P = 0.033) in the ceca, regardless of dietary CP level. Further, addition of BA reduced Clostridium perfringens numbers only in birds fed with RCP diets (P = 0.039). At d 35, BA supplemented diets showed higher apparent ileal digestibility of cystine (P = 0.013), valine (P = 0.020), and lysine (P = 0.014). In conclusion, this study suggests positive effects of BA supplementation in broiler diets via modulating gut microflora and improving nutrient uptake.  相似文献   

Optimum plant stand and nutrient doses for summer groundnut under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation in light black soils of peninsular Western India     

Ram A. Jat  Kiran K. Reddy  Rahul Solanki  Raja Ram Choudhary  Susheel Kumar Sarkar 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(8):1154-1174

Abstract

A field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of ICAR-Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagadh for consecutive three summer seasons of 2013, 2014, and 2015 with the objectives of identifying optimum plant density and nutrient doses under check basin irrigation and drip fertigation for higher productivity and net returns. The treatments were; three plant densities viz., 3,33,333 plants/ha (100% of recommended plant density; P1); 4,16,666 plants/ha (125% of recommended plant density; P2), and 4,99,999 plants/ha (150% of recommended plant density;P3) in main plots, and three nutrient doses viz., 18.75–37.5–22.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (75% of recommended nutrient dose; F1), 25-50-30 NPK kg ha^?1 (100% of recommended nutrient dose; F2), and 31.25–62.5–37.5 NPK kg ha^?1 (125% of recommended nutrient dose; F3) in sub-plots, and replicated thrice. The same sets of treatments were tested under both check basin irrigation and drip fertigation. The data were analyzed using split plot design. Pod yield, haulm yield, and net returns were significantly higher with P3 as compared to P1 under check basin irrigation but only haulm yield was found significantly higher with P3 under drip fertigation. Under check basin irrigation, NH₄–N, NO₃–N, and available P and K in soil were found in the order P1?>?P2?>?P3 (p?<?0.05) while in case of drip fertigation, differences were significant only for available K which was significantly higher in P1 over both P2 and P3. Under check basin irrigation, F2 i.e., application of 100 percent of recommended nutrient doses, being at par with F3, significantly improved pod yield, haulm yield and net returns over that with F1 however, differences were not significant under drip fertigation. NH₄–N, NO₃–N and available P and K in soil under both the irrigation systems were in the order F3?>?F2?>?F1 (p?<?0.05).  相似文献   

Disease and sprout control in individually film wrapped potatoes     

Kiran K. Shetty  Robert B. Dwelle 《American Journal of Potato Research》1990,67(10):705-718

Potatoes (Solanum tuberosum L. cv Russet Burbank) were individually wrapped in Cryovac D-955, a biaxially oriented shrink film, and stored at 24°C. The wrapped potatoes were either treated with a fungicide (thiobendazole), or the film itself was coated with an antimicrobial agent (silicon quaternary ammonium salt) to control diseases that may appear during storage and marketing. Under film wrapped conditions, disease control using a fungicide or antimicrobial agent was not completely successful; however, the marketable qualities of the potatoes were not affected. Disease spread under film wrapped conditions was minimized if the potatoes were disinfected in chlorine (0.5% sodium hypochlorite) and wrapped after they were dried. In another study dormant and post-dormant potatoes were individually film wrapped after they were treated with maleic hydrazide (MH) (pre-harvest treatment) or isopropyl N-(3-chlorophenyl) carbamate (CIPC) (postharvest treatment) for sprout control. Under film wrapped conditions, MH decreased sprouting in the dormant potatoes but not in the post-dormant potatoes. CIPC inhibited sprouting in the post-dormant film wrapped potatoes but was less effective in the dormant potatoes.  相似文献   

Relationship of the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to indirect immunofluorescent antibody test for the detection of so-called chicken anemia agent antibodies in serum from broiler breeders.     

M A Goodwin  C M Lamichhane  J Brown  M A Smeltzer  S L Miller  T Girshick  D B Snyder  T G Dickson 《Avian diseases》1992,36(3):512-514

Serum samples collected from breeder chickens ranging in age from 1 day to 55 weeks were tested for CAA antibodies by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test. The relationship of ELISA to IFA test was determined. The sensitivity of the ELISA relative to the IFA test was 82.64%, and the specificity of the ELISA relative to the IFA test was 56.25%. Agreement between the ELISA and the IFA test was highly significant (Kappa = 0.74, Z = 5.78). We concluded that the ELISA is as good as the IFA test for detecting CAA antibody in sera from chickens.  相似文献   

Agronomic evaluation of controlled release of micro urea encapsulated in rosin maleic anhydride adduct     

Zahid Majeed  Kiran Khurshid  Zainab Ajab  Qingjie Guan  Basharat Ahmad  Irsa Mumtaza 《Journal of plant nutrition》2020,43(12):1794-1812

Abstract

Plant derived bio-based materials are environmental-friendly and provide a cheap and an attractive source for synthesis of controlled release urea fertilizers which have positive impact on plants’ health. In this work, application of rosin-maleic anhydride adduct encapsulated controlled release micro urea fertilizer (RA-mCRUF) was investigated for the optimization of its controlled urea release properties and evaluation of growth promoting effect on maize (Zea mays) plant under three different soil texture classes. Through response surface methodology, the independent response variables, were optimized for controlled release response of urea. Study found optimized coating repeats, 5.00 cycles; drying time, 11.71?h; and particle size, 41.82?µm; at urea release response of 331.62?mg L^?1 in distilled water. Optical microscopy images further demonstrated a more compact and homogeneous surface of RA-mCRUF without any coating defects. Besides, RA-mCRUF predicted a better growth performance of maize plant in clay loam soil. Moreover, RA-mCRUF treated maize plant showed 9.0–24.5?mg g^?1 increase in chlorophyll contents and 7.44–12.75?g rise in plant dry biomass. This work successfully produced a new type of RA-mCRUF which has applied role in soil nutrients conservation and addressing effectively food security through crops protection.  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal trends in soil N-mineralization rates under the agroforestry systems in Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya,India     

Karki  Himani  Bargali  Kiran  Bargali  S. S. 《Agroforestry Systems》2021,95(8):1603-1617

To access the process of nitrogen mineralization in soil, the buried-bag technique was used among traditional agroforestry systems in the Bhabhar belt of Kumaun Himalaya. The present study, determined the relationship between various parameters of N-mineralization with agroforestry systems, seasons and soil depths. Season and soil depth have significantly (p?<?0.001) affected the process of ammonification, nitrification and net N-mineralization. The soil ammonium-N pool was comparatively higher than the nitrate-N pool. Highest amount of ammonium and nitrate-N were recorded in the agri-horticulture (AH) system, and lowest in the agri-horti-silviculture (AHS) system. Among the systems, highest amount of inorganic-N (ammonium?+?nitrate) was recorded during rainy season while, lowest during winter season. The highest ammonification rate (6.47?±?1.47 mg kg^?1 month^?1) was observed in agri-silviculture system and lowest (5.67?±?1.68 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system, while nitrification value was maximum (2.53?±?0.40 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AH system and minimum (2.23?±?0.37 mg kg^?1 month^?1) in AHS system. The values of net N-mineralization were ranged from 4.03?±?0.53 to 13.29?±?0.44 mg kg^?1 month^?1. The values of inorganic-N and net N-mineralization were significantly more (P?<?0.01) in the surface soil layer (0–20 cm) than the subsurface layers (20–40 cm and 40–60 cm). Nitrogen mineralization was negatively correlated with the soil pH and positively correlated with soil organic carbon and total soil nitrogen. Higher rate of N-mineralization in AHS system indicated rapid turnover of nitrogen due to soil management practices and suggested that the changes in agroforestry based land-use systems alter the process of net N-mineralization, nitrification and ammonification.

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A new medium for the detection of fluorescent pigment production by pseudomonads     

J. R. Lamichhane  L. Varvaro 《Plant pathology》2013,62(3):624-632

Two media (King’s B [KB] and CSGA) commonly used for the detection of fluorescent pigment by Pseudomonas spp. were compared to a new medium proposed in this study, PGS agar. Thirty‐nine strains of 10 different species of Pseudomonas from several geographic regions were screened. The efficacies of these media were examined under several conditions, including the addition of iron‐binding substances or supplementation with extra iron. The medium developed, which included an iron‐binding agent, was the most permissive for production of fluorescent pigments when compared to KB and CSGA. Thirty‐seven of the 39 pseudomonad strains screened were highly fluorescent on this new medium compared to 15 and 16 strains, respectively, on KB or CSGA. The optimal composition of the medium per litre was Bacto peptone 10 g, gelatin 20 g, sucrose 20 g, agar 15 g, dipotassium hydrogen phosphate 1 g, magnesium sulphate heptahydrate 1 g and conalbumin 2 g. Protocol validation tests performed through an intra‐laboratory study in comparison to KB demonstrated the effectiveness of the new PGS medium.  相似文献