Approach to the potential usage of two wood ashes waste as soil amendments on the basis of the dehydrogenase activity and soil oxygen consumption     

Juan A. Campos  Jesús D. Peco  José A. De Toro  Carmen Moreno  José A. Amorós  Marta M. Moreno  Eva M. García-Noguero  Pablo Higueras 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2018,18(6):2148-2156

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Study of Interaction Between Glyphosate and Goethite Using Several Methodologies: an Environmental Perspective     

Thiago Orcelli  Eduardo di Mauro  Alexandre Urbano  Daniel F. Valezi  Antonio C. S. da Costa  Cássia Thaïs B. V. Zaia  Dimas A. M. Zaia 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2018,229(5):150

Glyphosate (N-(phosphonomethyl) glycine) is one of the most widely used herbicides in the world. Experiments using distilled water or CaCl₂ extractor resulted in as much as 60% of glyphosate being desorbed from goethite. When Mehlich 1 extractor was used, desorption could reach up to 73%. At pHs 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0, an increase in salt content decreased the adsorption of glyphosate onto goethite. This indicates that most of the glyphosate is bound weakly to goethite through an outer-sphere complex. Thus, in soils with a high goethite content, glyphosate will contaminate groundwaters or rivers easily. FT-IR spectra showed that glyphosate interacts with goethite through the phosphate group and, at high pH, the amine group could be involved. Evidences of the interaction of the amine group of glyphosate with goethite were also obtained from the EPR spectra that showed, at high pH, a distortion in the octahedral symmetry of iron. In addition to the adsorption decrease with an increase in pH, a decrease of desorption at high pH occurs. This probably occurs because, at high pH, glyphosate interacts with goethite as a monodentate complex and through the amine group. The adsorption results fit best to a Freundlich isotherm model. This is in good agreement with the desorption results, indicating the presence of at least two adsorption sites—one for outer-sphere complexes and the other of inner-sphere complexes. The experimental results fit well with both pseudo-second-order and diffusion-limited models. The experimental results also fit well with a diffusion-limited model; however, the C value was different from zero. Therefore, the adsorption process was not controlled by diffusion only. Adsorption of glyphosate onto goethite is a complex process that could involve intra-particle diffusion. After adsorption of glyphosate onto goethite, a large decrease of pH_pzc was observed. The surface area and pore volume of goethite did not change with the adsorption of glyphosate.  相似文献   

Soil enzyme activity: a brief history and biochemistry as a basis for appropriate interpretations and meta-analysis     

Paolo?Nannipieri  Carmen?Trasar-CepedaEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  Richard?P.?Dick 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2018,54(1):11-19

Enzyme activity as a method for soil biochemistry and microbiology research has a long history of more than 100 years that is not widely acknowledged in terms of adherence to strict assay protocols and the interpretation of results. However, in the recent past, there is a growing lack of recognition of the historic advancements among researchers that use soil enzymology. Today, many papers are being published that use methods that either do not follow exact protocols as originally vetted in the research literature or individual labs use their own method that has not been optimized for pH, co-factors, substrate concentrations, or other conditions. This is of particular concern for fluorogenic substrates and microplate methods. Furthermore, there is a lack of understanding of the origin and location of a given enzyme being studied. Notably, regardless of the enzyme, it is too often assumed that enzyme activity equals microbial activity—which is not the case for most hydrolytic enzyme assays. Because as established by Douglas McLaren in the 1950s, a considerable amount of activity can come from catalytic enzymes stabilized in the soil matrix but that are no longer associated with viable cells (known as abiontic enzymes). In summary, today, many papers are using imperfect methods and/or misinterpret enzyme activity data that at a minimum confounds cross paper studies and meta-analysis. However, most importantly, lack of historical perspectives and ignoring strict protocols cause redundancy and fundamentally undermine the discipline and understanding of soil microbiology/biochemistry when enzymology methods are used.  相似文献   

Genomic reshuffling in advanced lines of hexaploid tritordeum     

Andreia Delgado  Ana Carvalho  Azahara Carmen Martín  Antonio Martín  José Lima-Brito 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2017,64(6):1331-1353

Genomic restructuring was detected in newly synthesized tritordeum by molecular and cytogenetic tools. Genomic stability is expected for advanced tritordeum lines (H^chH^chAABB; 2n = 42) with multiple generations of self-fertilization. This study intends to confirm or decline this hypothesis by characterizing three advanced tritordeum lines and their parental species using cytogenetics, inter-simple sequence repeat (ISSR) and retrotransposon-based markers. Mitotic chromosomes of each tritordeum line were hybridized with six synthetic oligonucleotide probes using non-denaturing fluorescence in situ hybridization. Polymorphic hybridization patterns and structural rearrangements involving SSR regions were detected. The same chromosome spreads were re-hybridized with genomic DNA of Hordeum chilense Roem. et Schult. and the 45S ribosomal DNA (rDNA) sequence pTa71. These FISH experiments allowed for parental genome discrimination, identification of nucleolar chromosomes, and detection of structural rearrangements, mostly involving rDNA loci. The chromosomes bearing SSR hybridization signals and/or chromosomes involved in structural rearrangements were identified. ISSR, retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism, inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism and inter-primer binding site markers evidenced genomic reshuffling in all tritordeum lines relative to their parents. Line HT28 was considered the most genetically stable. This work demonstrated that cytogenetic and molecular monitoring of tritordeum is needed, even after several self-fertilization generations, to guarantee the selection of the most stable lines for improvement and sustainable agriculture.  相似文献   

Flammability of some companion species in cork oak (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus suber</Emphasis> L.) forests     

Belkheir Dehane  Carmen Hernando  Mercedes Guijarro  Javier Madrigal 《Annals of Forest Science》2017,74(3):60

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Does forest biomass harvesting for energy reduce fire hazard in the Mediterranean basin? a case study in the Caroig Massif (Eastern Spain)     

Javier Madrigal  Irma Fernández-Migueláñez  Carmen Hernando  Mercedes Guijarro  Daniel J. Vega-Nieva  Eduardo Tolosana 《European Journal of Forest Research》2017,136(1):13-26

The Mediterranean basin is a fire-prone area and is expected to continue being so according to projected climate and socioeconomic changes. Sustainable exploitation of forest biomass could have a positive effect on wildfire hazard mitigation. A modelling approach was used to compare how four different Scenarios for biomass collection for energy use affect fire behaviour and potential burnt area at landscape level under extreme meteorological conditions in a typical Mediterranean Massif. A case study of Pinus halepensis stands in Valencia (Eastern Spain) was conducted. The FARSITE simulator was used to evaluate the burnt area and fire behaviour parameters. Simulations predicted a significant increase in the burnt area and the values of most fire behaviour parameters in a Scenario of rural abandonment, relative to the current situation. Biomass management through thinning reduced canopy bulk density; however, no differences in the values of the main fire behaviour parameters were detected. Thinning and understory clearing, including biomass collection in large shrub fuel model areas, significantly reduces fire hazard. Forest biomass sustainable harvesting for energy is expected to reduce fire hazard if management includes intense modification of fuel models, comprising management of shrub biomass at the landscape level. Strong modification of forest fuel models requires intensive silvicultural treatments. Therefore, forest biomass collection for energy in the Mediterranean basin reduces fire hazard only if both tree and shrub strata are managed at landscape level.  相似文献   

Nitrate influx in rose plants during day-night cycle     

Raúl Cárdenas-Navarro  Vilma del Carmen Castellanos-Morales  Luis López-Pérez  Juan José Peña-Cabriales  Fidel Vargas-De la Cruz  Idolina Flores-Cortez 《Journal of plant nutrition》2017,40(4):486-491

In herbaceous plants grown in controlled environmental conditions nitrate (NO₃^?) uptake increases during the day and decreases in the night. The aim of this work was to measure NO₃^? uptake rates along the day-night cycle, in rose (Rosa hybrida L.) plants grown under controlled environmental conditions. Two independent experiments were conducted inside a growth chamber at 20 ºC and 25 ºC, using rose mini-plants cv. Texas, grown in a hydroponic nutrient film technique (NFT) set-up with at 3.0 mol m^?3 NO₃^? concentration. Dry matter and nitrogen (N) accumulation were registered during growth and NO₃^? uptake rates were measured during a day-night cycle, using ¹⁵N as ¹⁵NO₃^?. In both experiments the hourly estimated N-NO₃^? accumulation rates are near to the measured uptake rates of ¹⁵NO₃^? and nitrate uptake decrease during the day and increase in the night, in contrast with the herbaceous plants. Results are discussed on the basis of N plant demand and carbohydrates availability.  相似文献   

Comparison of lidocaine and lidocaine–epinephrine for the paravertebral brachial plexus block in dogs     

Amélie Choquette  Jérôme R.E. del Castillo  Maxim Moreau  Martin Guillot  Kate Alexander  Jean-Jacques Kona-Boun  Dominique Gauvin  Eric Troncy 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(2):317-328

Objective

To compare the motor and sensory block efficacy and duration of a modified paravertebral brachial plexus block (PBPB) after administration of lidocaine alone (LI) or combined with epinephrine (LE).

Study design

Prospective, randomized, blinded, crossover study.

Animals

A total of eight healthy female Beagle dogs.

Methods

Under general anesthesia, modified PBPB was performed on the left thoracic limb using neurostimulation and/or ultrasound guidance to administer lidocaine (2 mg kg^–1; 0.2 mL kg^–1) either alone (treatment LI, n = 10) or with epinephrine (1:100,000; treatment LE, n = 9). Sensory block was evaluated through reaction to a painful mechanical stimulus applied at five sites on the limb. Motor block effect was evaluated according to visual gait assessments and thoracic limb vertical force measurements under dynamic and static conditions. Data were analyzed using repeated-measures generalized estimating equations. All statistical tests were performed two-sided at the α = 0.05 significance threshold.

Results

The duration of sensory block did not differ significantly between treatments. Visible gait impairment was more persistent in LE than in LI (118 ± 63 minutes for LI and 163 ± 23 minutes for LE; mean ± standard deviation) (p = 0.027). At nadir value, dynamic peak vertical force was lower in LE than in LI (p = 0.007). For both dynamic and static evaluations, the nadir and the return to baseline force were delayed in LE (return to normal at 180–200 minutes) when compared with LI (130–140 minutes) (p < 0.005).

Conclusions and clinical relevance

The addition of epinephrine to lidocaine prolonged the duration and increased the intensity of the regional block, as verified by visual gait assessment and kinetic analysis. No significant difference was noted between treatments regarding sensory blockade. Kinetic analysis could be useful to evaluate regional anesthetic effect in dogs.  相似文献   

Plasma concentration and cardiovascular effects of intramuscular medetomidine combined with three doses of the peripheral alpha2-antagonist MK-467 in dogs     

Flavia Restitutti  M. Johanna Kaartinen  Marja R. Raekallio  Otto Wejberg  Emmi Mikkola  Jerome R.E. del Castillo  Mika Scheinin  Outi M. Vainio 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):417-426

Objective

We investigated the plasma concentrations and cardiovascular effects of intramuscularly (IM) administered medetomidine, administered alone or with three different doses of MK-467.

Study design

Prospective, randomized, open, crossover trial.

Animals

Eight purpose-bred healthy Beagle dogs.

Methods

Each dog was administered four treatments: medetomidine 20 μg kg^–1 IM alone or mixed in the same syringe with MK-467 (200 μg kg^–1, 400 μg kg^–1 or 600 μg kg^–1). Instrumentation was performed under standardized anaesthesia. The dogs were allowed to recover before measurement of baseline values. Composite sedation scores, cardiovascular variables, i.e., heart rate (HR), cardiac output (CO), mean arterial and central venous blood pressures (MAP and CVP) and arterial blood gases were recorded at baseline and for 60 minutes after treatment. Drug concentrations in venous plasma were analysed. Generalized linear mixed models for repeated measures with post hoc Bonferroni correction were used with statistical significance level set at α = 0.05.

Results

All treatments initially demonstrated the effects of medetomidine: HR and CO decreased and CVP increased. MAP transiently increased and then significantly decreased from baseline with the two highest MK-467 doses. The cardiovascular effects of medetomidine disappeared more rapidly with MK-467 than with medetomidine alone. With medetomidine alone, sedation scores remained high until the end of the 60 minute follow-up. Maximum concentrations of medetomidine were more rapidly achieved and were higher with MK-467.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Initial haemodynamic effects of medetomidine were not prevented by MK-467, but these effects were attenuated and their duration shortened by MK-467, independently of dose. Absorption of medetomidine was accelerated by MK-467, when administered concomitantly IM, resulting in faster sedation; addition of MK-467 shortened the sedative effect of medetomidine.  相似文献   

Effect of detomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion on plasma lactate concentration and inhalant requirements during isoflurane anaesthesia in horses     

MC Niimura del Barrio  Rachel C. Bennett  J.M. Lynne Hughes 《Veterinary anaesthesia and analgesia》2017,44(3):473-482

Objective

Influence of detomidine or romifidine constant rate infusion (CRI) on plasma lactate concentration and isoflurane requirements in horses undergoing elective surgery.

Study design

Prospective, randomised, blinded, clinical trial.

Animals

A total of 24 adult healthy horses.

Methods

All horses were administered intramuscular acepromazine (0.02 mg kg^?1) and either intravenous detomidine (0.02 mg kg^?1) (group D), romifidine (0.08 mg kg^?1) (group R) or xylazine (1.0 mg kg^?1) (group C) prior to anaesthesia. Group D was administered detomidine CRI (10 μg kg^?1 hour^?1) in lactated Ringer's solution (LRS), group R romifidine CRI (40 μg kg^?1 hour^?1) in LRS and group C an equivalent amount of LRS intraoperatively. Anaesthesia was induced with ketamine and diazepam and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Plasma lactate samples were taken prior to anaesthesia (baseline), intraoperatively (three samples at 30 minute intervals) and in recovery (at 10 minutes, once standing and 3 hours after end of anaesthesia). End-tidal isoflurane percentage (Fe′Iso) was analysed by allocating values into three periods: Prep (15 minutes after the start anaesthesia–start surgery); Surgery 1 (start surgery–30 minutes later); and Surgery 2 (end Surgery 1–end anaesthesia). A linear mixed model was used to analyse the data. A value of p < 0.05 was considered significant.

Results

There was a difference in plasma lactate between ‘baseline’ and ‘once standing’ in all three groups (p < 0.01); values did not differ significantly between groups. In groups D and R, Fe′Iso decreased significantly by 18% (to 1.03%) and by 15% (to 1.07%), respectively, during Surgery 2 compared with group C (1.26%); p < 0.006, p < 0.02, respectively.

Conclusions and clinical relevance

Intraoperative detomidine or romifidine CRI in horses did not result in a clinically significant increase in plasma lactate compared with control group. Detomidine and romifidine infusions decreased isoflurane requirements during surgery.  相似文献