Hybridization between wild and cultivated potato species in the Peruvian Andes and biosafety implications for deployment of GM potatoes   总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1  

Maria Scurrah  Carolina Celis-Gamboa  Susana Chumbiauca  Alberto Salas  Richard G. F. Visser 《Euphytica》2008,164(3):881-892

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Responses to divergent selection for cob color in maize   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

Pierangelo Landi  Maria A. Canè  Elisabetta Frascaroli 《Euphytica》2008,164(3):645-658

Previous studies showed that in materials derived from maize (Zea mays L.) single cross A632 × Mu195 there is association between agronomic traits and cob color (affected by P1 gene). Objectives of this study were to evaluate the responses to divergent selection for cob color in F₂-Syn 0 (obtained by selfing A632 × Mu195), estimate the genetic parameters of the involved putative quantitative trait loci (QTL), and evaluate the responses to divergent selection for cob color in A632 and Mu195 backgrounds. The populations selected in F₂-Syn 0 for red (R0) or white cob (W0) were tested in four trials. Differences between R0 and W0 were found for grain yield (85.0 vs. 75.0 g/plant) and other traits; most of these differences were related to leaf number/plant. Then, population F₂-Syn 1, derived after one random mating generation, was divergently selected for cob color, thus producing R1 and W1. Populations R0, W0, R1, and W1 were tested in two trials, allowing the estimate of genetic effects and recombination frequencies for putative QTL of several traits. Finally, a divergent selection for cob color was conducted in segregating materials of A632 and Mu195 backgrounds. The two pairs of selected populations were compared in two trials; the responses were similar to those detected by comparing R0 and W0. We conclude that divergent selection for cob color in F₂-Syn 0 is effective for several traits, that such responses are due to putative QTL linked to P1, and that selection is also effective in different genetic backgrounds.  相似文献   

Breeding objectives and the relative importance of traits in plant and animal breeding: a comparative review     

Johann Sölkner  Heinrich Grausgruber  Ally Mwai Okeyo  Peter Ruckenbauer  Maria Wurzinger 《Euphytica》2008,161(1-2):273-282

Breeding objectives always involve consideration of multiple traits, even in situations where output of a single trait is dominant. We review literature dealing with formal definition of breeding objectives. Involvement of farmers in the process of setting up breeding objectives is also considered. In the optimal selection index, the relative importance of a trait is scaled by its economic value, derived as marginal profit related to a change in expression of defined size. Normative approaches to derive economic values use partial derivatives of a profit equation with respect to the traits involved or model the bio-economic system with various techniques. The theory is well developed and includes consideration of non-linear profit functions and traits with an intermediate optimum. It is frequently applied in animal breeding. In dairy cattle breeding, a major change of focus from traits related to output (i.e., milk yield) to traits related to cost of input (health, fertility, feed efficiency) has taken place recently. Plant breeders find the concept of deriving relative economic weights of traits difficult to apply and often replace the optimal index by restricted or desired gains indices. A change of paradigms similar to that in cattle breeding seems advisable. Participatory approaches to evaluate the relative importance of traits are more frequently applied in plant breeding than in animal breeding. We review two studies, dealing with methods of acquiring information about selection criteria of farmers planting maize in the Ethiopian highlands and of pastoralists keeping cattle in Uganda, in detail.  相似文献   

Analysis of meiotic behavior in selecting potential genitors among diploid and artificially induced tetraploid accessions of Brachiaria ruziziensis (Poaceae)     

Maria Suely Pagliarini  Claudicéia Risso-Pascotto  Alice Maria de Souza-Kaneshima  Cacilda Borges do Valle 《Euphytica》2008,164(1):181-187

Sexuality is correlated with diploidy and apomixis with polyploidy in the Brachiaria genus. Brachiaria ruziziensis is a key species in Brachiaria breeding due to its obligate sexuality and intrinsic agronomic qualities. Interspecific crosses in the genus became feasible only when a few diploid accessions of B. ruziziensis were artificially tetraploidized and remained sexual. Hybridization has been done since, using natural tetraploid apomictic accessions of B. brizantha or B. decumbens as pollen donors. Twenty two accessions of B. ruziziensis from the Embrapa Beef Cattle germplasm collection (Campo Grande, MS, Brazil) were cytologically analyzed: 16 are natural diploids (2n = 2x = 18) and six are artificially induced tetraploids (2n = 4x = 36). The meiotic behavior in the 16 diploid accessions varied. The mean of meiotic abnormalities per accession ranged from zero to 24.46%. Meiotic behavior in the induced tetraploid accessions also varied with the mean of meiotic abnormalities ranging from 5.20% to 54.71%. The most common abnormalities observed in both the diploid and the tetraploid accessions, were those related to irregular chromosome segregation. In one tetraploid accession, with a high frequency of those, other irregularities involving chromosome orientation at metaphase plate and chromosome convergence to the poles, a meiotic mutation known as divergent spindle, were recorded. Meiotic behavior should be considered in selecting potential genitors for breeding.  相似文献   

Chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of Momordica charantia seed essential oil   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Braca A  Siciliano T  D'Arrigo M  Germanò MP 《Fitoterapia》2008,79(2):123-125

The essential oil obtained from the seeds of Momordica charantia was analyzed by GC/MS. Twenty-five components, representing 90.9% of the oil, were identified. The main constituents were trans-nerolidol, apiole, cis-dihydrocarveol and germacrene D. Furthermore, the oil was tested for its antibacterial and antifungal activities. Staphylococcus aureus was found to be the most sensitive microorganism with MIC values <500 microg/ml.  相似文献   

Early induction of LDL receptor gene expression by genistein in DLD-1 colon cancer cell line     

Caruso MG  Messa C  Orlando A  D'Attoma B  Notarnicola M 《Fitoterapia》2008,79(7-8):524-528

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SAGE transcript profiling of the juvenile cambial region of Eucalyptus grandis     

Gallo de Carvalho MC  Caldas DG  Carneiro RT  Moon DH  Salvatierra GR  Franceschini LM  de Andrade A  Celedon PA  Oda S  Labate CA 《Tree physiology》2008,28(6):905-919

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Variations in growth, survival and carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) among Pinus pinaster populations of different geographic origins     

Correia I  Almeida MH  Aguiar A  Alía R  David TS  Pereira JS 《Tree physiology》2008,28(10):1545-1552

To evaluate differences in growth and adaptability of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.), we studied growth, polycyclism, needle tissue carbon isotope composition (delta(13)C) as an estimate of water-use efficiency (WUE) and survival of seven populations at 10 years of age growing in a performance trial at a provenance test site in Escaroupim, Portugal. Six populations were from relatively high rainfall sites in Portugal and southwestern France (Atlantic group), and one population was from a more arid Mediterranean site in Spain. There were significant differences between some populations in total height, diameter at breast height, delta(13)C of bulk needle tissue, polycyclism and survival. A population from central Portugal (Leiria, on the Atlantic coast) was the tallest and had the lowest delta(13)C. Overall, the variation in delta(13)C was better explained by the mean minimum temperatures of the coldest month than by annual precipitation at the place of origin. Analyses of the relationships between delta(13)C and growth or survival revealed a distinct pattern for the Mediterranean population, with low delta(13)C (and WUE) associated with the lowest growth potential and reduced survival. There were significant negative correlations between delta(13)C and height or survival in the Atlantic group. Variation in polycyclism was correlated with annual precipitation at the place of origin. Some Atlantic populations maintained a high growth potential while experiencing moderate water stress. A detailed knowledge of the relationships between growth, survival and delta(13)C in contrasting environments will enhance our ability to select populations for forestry or conservation.  相似文献   

Effects of drought and canopy ozone exposure on antioxidants in fine roots of mature European beech (Fagus sylvatica)     

Haberer K  Herbinger K  Alexou M  Rennenberg H  Tausz M 《Tree physiology》2008,28(5):713-719

We quantified ascorbate, glutathione and alpha-tocopherol in fine roots of mature Fagus sylvatica L. under free-air canopy ozone (O(3)) exposure (twice ambient O(3) concentration, 2x[O(3)]) during two growing seasons that differed in the extent of summer drought (exceptional drought year 2003, average year 2004). This design allowed us to test whether O(3) exposure or drought, or both, affected root antioxidants during the growing season. In both years, root ascorbate and alpha-tocopherol showed a similar relationship with volumetric soil water content (SWC): ascorbate concentrations on a root dry mass basis increased from about 6 to 12 micromol g(-1) when SWC dropped from 25 to 20%, and a-tocopherol increased from 100 to 150 nmol g(-1) at SWC values below 20%. Root glutathione showed no relationship with SWC or differences between the dry and the average year, but it was significantly and consistently diminished by 2x[O(3)]. Our results were inconclusive as to whether shoot-root translocation of glutathione or glutathione production in the roots was diminished. Phloem glutathione concentrations in the canopy remained constant, but reduced transport velocity in the phloem and, as a consequence, reduced mass flow of glutathione cannot be ruled out.  相似文献   

Control of seed-borne pathogens on legumes by microbial and other alternative seed treatments     

Federico Tinivella  Lucia M. Hirata  Mikael A. Celan  Sandra A. I. Wright  Tahsein Amein  Annegret Schmitt  Eckhard Koch  Jan M. van der Wolf  Steven P. C. Groot  Dietrich Stephan  Angelo Garibaldi  Maria Lodovica Gullino 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2009,123(2):139-151

Greenhouse trials were carried out in order to test the efficacy of different seed treatments as alternatives to chemicals against Colletotrichum lindemuthianum cause of anthracnose on bean and Ascochyta spp. cause of Ascochyta blights on pea, respectively. Resistance inducers, commercially formulated microorganisms, non-formulated selected strains of different microorganisms (fungi, bacteria and yeasts) and plant extracts were applied as dry or liquid seed treatments on naturally infested seeds. Seedling emergence and disease incidence and/or severity were recorded. Almost all seed treatments turned out to be ineffective in controlling the Ascochyta infections, which is in line with the literature stating that these pathogens are difficult to control. The only alternative treatments that gave some control of Ascochyta spp. were thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea. The resistance inducers tested successfully controlled infections of bean by C. lindemuthianum. Among the formulated microorganisms, Bacillus subtilis-based formulations provided the best protection from anthracnose. Some strains of Pseudomonas putida, a disease-suppressive, saprophytic strain of Fusarium oxysporum and the mustard powder-based product Tillecur also proved to be effective against bean anthracnose. However, among the resistance inducers as well as among the other groups, certain agents caused a significant reduction of plant emergence. Different alternative seed treatments can therefore be used for the control of C. lindemuthianum on bean, while on pea only thyme oil and a strain of Clonostachys rosea showed some effectiveness against Ascochyta spp.  相似文献