Differences in Organochlorine Accumulation in Masu Salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou between Fluvial and Sea-run Forms     

Mayuko Oka  Takaomi Arai  Nobuyuki Miyazaki 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2007,178(1-4):309-313

Masu salmon Oncorhynchus masou masou divides into two life histories after a year of life in the river, the sea-run form and the fluvial form. Since salmons are anadromous, the sea-run form salmons are known to pollute the river sediments during spawning migration. In this study, we have studied the accumulation of organochlorines in the fluvial form as well as the sea-run form, and discussed their differences. In order to elucidate the accumulation patterns of organochlorines in both the fluvial and sea-run form masu salmons, the concentrations of organochlorines were determined in the muscle of both life histories. The organochlorines in the sea-run form were 7 to 21 times higher than those of fluvial form. Since salmons are semelparous, the carcasses of polluted sea-run form pollute the river sediments. The trans-nonachlor/trans-chlordane (N/C) ratio in the fluvial form (1.93) was significantly lower than that of sea-run form (23.8). This indicates that the fluvial form is polluted by comparatively newly input chemicals. These results suggest that sea-run form masu salmons have the potential to pollute the river sediments secondarily as vectors, but from the difference in N/C ratio between the two forms, the fluvial fish does not seem to be polluted by those organochlorine compounds of sea-run fish origin yet.  相似文献   

Structure-function relationships of soybean proglycinins at subunit levels     

Prak K  Nakatani K  Katsube-Tanaka T  Adachi M  Maruyama N  Utsumi S 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(9):3650-3657

  相似文献   

Analysis of eight capsaicinoids in peppers and pepper-containing foods by high-performance liquid chromatography and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Kozukue N  Han JS  Kozukue E  Lee SJ  Kim JA  Lee KR  Levin CE  Friedman M 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2005,53(23):9172-9181

Diverse procedures have been reported for the isolation and analysis of secondary metabolites called capsaicinoids, pungent compounds in the fruit of the Capsicum (Solanaceae) plant. To further improve the usefulness of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), studies were carried out on the analysis of extracts containing up to eight of the following capsaicinoids: capsaicin, dihydrocapsaicin, homocapsaicin-I, homocapsaicin-II, homodihydrocapsaicin-I, homodihydrocapsaicin-II, nonivamide, and nordihydrocapsaicin. HPLC was optimized by defining effects on retention times of (a) the composition of the mobile phase (acetonitrile/0.5% formic acid in H2O), (b) the length of the Inertsil column, and (c) the capacity values (k) of the column packing. Identification was based on retention times and mass spectra of individual peaks. Quantification was based on the UV response at 280 nm in HPLC and recoveries from spiked samples. The method (limit of detection of approximately 15-30 ng) was successfully used to quantify capsaicinoid levels of parts of the pepper fruit (pericarp, placenta, seeds, and in the top, middle, and base parts of whole peppers) in 17 species of peppers and in 23 pepper-containing foods. The results demonstrate the usefulness of the method for the analysis of capsaicinoids ranging from approximately 0.5 to 3600 microg of capsaicin equiv/g of product. The water content of 12 fresh peppers ranged from 80.8 to 92.7%. The described freeze-drying, extraction, and analysis methods should be useful for assessing the distribution of capsaicinoids in the foods and in defining the roles of these biologically active compounds in the plant, the diet, and medicine.  相似文献   

The first chemical enrichment in the universe and the formation of hyper metal-poor stars     

Iwamoto N  Umeda H  Tominaga N  Nomoto K  Maeda K 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2005,309(5733):451-453

The recent discovery of a hyper-metal-poor (HMP) star, with a metallicity Fe/H smaller than 1/100,000 of the solar ratio, together with one earlier HMP star, has raised a challenging question whether these HMP stars are the actual first-generation, low-mass stars of the universe. We argue that these HMP stars are second-generation stars formed from gases that were chemically enriched by the first-generation supernovae. The key to this solution is the very unusual abundance patterns of these HMP stars and the similarities and differences between them. We can reproduce these abundance features with core-collapse "faint" supernova models that include extensive matter mixing and fallback during explosions.  相似文献   

Plant viruses and viroids in Japan     

Fuji  Shin-ichi  Mochizuki  Tomofumi  Okuda  Mitsuru  Tsuda  Shinya  Kagiwada  Satoshi  Sekine  Ken-Taro  Ugaki  Masashi  Natsuaki  Keiko T.  Isogai  Masamichi  Maoka  Tetsuo  Takeshita  Minoru  Yoshikawa  Nobuyuki  Mise  Kazuyuki  Sasaya  Takahide  Kondo  Hideki  Kubota  Kenji  Yamaji  Yasuyuki  Iwanami  Toru  Ohshima  Kazusato  Kobayashi  Kappei  Hataya  Tatsuji  Sano  Teruo  Suzuki  Nobuhiro 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2022,88(2):105-127

Journal of General Plant Pathology - An increasing number of plant viruses and viroids have been reported from all over the world due largely to metavirogenomics approaches with technological...  相似文献   

Efficient virus-induced gene silencing in apple, pear and Japanese pear using Apple latent spherical virus vectors     

Sasaki S  Yamagishi N  Yoshikawa N 《Plant methods》2011,7(1):15-11

Background

Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an effective technology for the analysis of gene functions in plants. Though there are many reports on virus vectors for VIGS in plants, no VIGS vectors available for Rosaceae fruit trees were reported so far. We present an effective VIGS system in apple, pear, and Japanese pear using Apple latent spherical virus (ALSV) vectors.

Results

Inoculation of ALSV vectors carrying a partial sequence of endogenous genes from apple [ribulose-1, 5-bisphosphate carboxylase small subunit (rbcS), alpha subunit of chloroplast chaperonin (CPN60a), elongation factor 1 alpha (EF-1a), or actin] to the cotyledons of seeds by a particle bombardment induced highly uniform knock-down phenotypes of each gene on the true leaves of seedlings from 2~3 weeks after inoculation. These silencing phenotypes continued for several months. Northern blot and RT-PCR analyses of leaves infected with ALSV containing a fragment of rbcS gene showed that the levels of rbcS-mRNA drastically decreased in the infected apple and pear leaves, and, in reverse, rbcS-siRNAs were generated in the infected leaves. In addition, some of apple seedlings inoculated with ALSV vector carrying a partial sequence of a TERMINAL FLOWER 1 gene of apple (MdTFL1) showed precocious flowering which is expected as a knock-down phenotype of the silencing of MdTFL1 gene.

Conclusions

The ALSV-based VIGS system developed have provides a valuable new addition to the tool box for functional genomics in apple, pear, and Japanese pear.  相似文献   

Evaluation of the Affinity of Some Toxic Elements to Schwertmannite in Natural Streams Contaminated with Acid Mine Drainage     

Tetsushi Nagano  Nobuyuki Yanase  Yukiko Hanzawa  Morio Takada  Hisayoshi Mitamura  Tsutomu Sato  Hirochika Naganawa 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2011,216(1-4):153-166

In order to evaluate fixation potential of schwertmannite for fluvial transport of various toxic elements, we examined bottom precipitates and stream waters collected from the rivers contaminated with acid mine drainage (AMD), which arose from the abandoned Nishinomaki mine (Shimonita, Gunma, Japan). Mineralogical and morphological observations revealed that schwertmannite was the main mineral of the precipitates. The affinity of various toxic ions to schwertmannite was evaluated on the basis of (1) apparent solid?Cliquid partition coefficients (K _d??s) between precipitates and stream waters, (2) coprecipitation behaviors during schwertmannite formation in a laboratory test, and (3) consideration on coprecipitation processes using partial charge model (PCM). As a result, oxyanions of V, As, Mo and Sb, K _d??s of which were relatively large (>10⁴ (ml g^?1)), were considered to be immobilized by schwertmannite precipitates. A laboratory test also demonstrated that these ions except Mo coprecipitated with schwertmannite. In addition, partial charges and average electronegativities predicted on the basis of PCM suggested that the oxyanions of V, As, Mo, and Sb could create stable inner sphere complexes with schwertmannite embryos, which results in their high affinity to schwertmannite. On the other hand, cationic ions of Mn, Cu, Zn, Sr, Cs, and U, K _d??s of which were relatively small (<10⁴ (ml g^?1)), were thought to have a tendency to flow downstream without uptake by schwertmannite precipitates. All these results suggested that schwertmannite has high fixation potential for fluvial transport of various toxic oxyanions in AMD-contaminated rivers.  相似文献   

Marine sponge: a potential source for methoxylated polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the Asia-Pacific food web     

Haraguchi K  Kato Y  Ohta C  Koga N  Endo T 《Journal of agricultural and food chemistry》2011,59(24):13102-13109

Marine sponges collected in Palau, Micronesia, were investigated for hydroxylated or methoxylated analogues of brominated diphenyl ethers (BDEs), brominated dibenzo-p-dioxin (BDD), and brominated biphenyls. The neutral fractions of Haliclona sp. and Callyspongia sp. contained 2'-methoxy-2,3',4,5'-tetraBDE, 6-methoxy-2,2',4,4'-tetraBDE, 2',6-dimethoxy-2,3',4,5-tetraBDE 2,2'-dimethoxy-3,3',5,5'-tetrabromobiphenyl, several methoxy-triBDEs, and dimethoxy-penta-/hexaBDEs. The methoxylated BDEs in sponges were strikingly similar to those of local fish living in the western Pacific Ocean. The total concentrations of these compounds (ΣMeO-PBDE) in both sponges were 63.5 μg/g extractable organic matter (EOM) for Haliclona sp. and 36.5 μg/g EOM for Callyspongia sp., which were about 2 orders of magnitude higher than the levels seen in tropical coral reef fish (unicornfish or surgeonfish) (280-290 ng/g lipid) and groupers (550 ng/g lipid) from Okinawan coastal waters. The phenolic fractions of both sponges contained hydroxy-methoxy tetra-/pentaBDEs as well as hydroxy-tetraBDD, in addition to the corresponding phenolic tetraBDE analogues. Although the total concentrations of phenolic products (27-80 μg/g EOM) in both sponges fell within a range comparable to the methoxylated products, ΣOH-PBDE in local fish were trace level (less than 10 ng/g lipid of) or undetectable. This survey indicates that marine sponges are a possible source of the MeO-PBDE analogues that biomagnify via the food chain to the higher trophic organisms in the western Pacific, whereas the distribution of the corresponding hydroxylated analogues is limited.  相似文献   

Some characteristics of rapidly labeled nucleic acids in barley coleoptiles grown at cold temperature     

Nobuyuki Shiomi  Shiro Hori 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):93-96

Some plants, for example winter wheat, require a low temperature period during the early germination and establishment stage to further flowering. In another case, the incubation of plant seeds at low temperature promotes their flowering. The phenomenon was named “jarovization” first by LYSENKO and WUYTE later suggested the name “vernalization” (1).  相似文献   

Relationship between nitrogen fixation and numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts in fifteen Azolla strains     

Kazuhiro Maejima  Eiji Uheda  Nobuyuki Shiomi  Shunji Kitoh 《Soil Science and Plant Nutrition》2013,59(3):447-449

The relationship between nitrogen fixation and the numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts in the mature leaves of fifteen Azolla strains from five species was examined. The nitrogenase (acetylene reduction) activity per leaf and the numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts in the mature region varied depending on the Azolla strains. The numbers of cyanobionts and heterocysts, particularly the number of heterocysts, were closely correlated with the nitrogenase activity per leaf. However, the nitrogenase activity per leaf was not correlated with the nitrogenase activity per heterocyst. The results indicate that the variation in the nitrogenase activity of the leaves among Azolla strains mainly resulted from the variation in the number of heterocysts and not from the variation in the nitrogenase activity per heterocyst.  相似文献