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991.
Effects of genetically modified plants on microbial communities and processes in soil 总被引:16,自引:0,他引:16
M.?Bruinsma G.?A.?Kowalchuk J.?A.?van?VeenEmail author 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,37(6):329-337
The development and use of genetically modified plants (GMPs) has been a topic of considerable public debate in recent years. GMPs hold great promise for improving agricultural output, but the potential for unwanted effects of GMP use is still not fully understood. The majority of studies addressing potential risks of GMP cultivation have addressed only aboveground effects. However, recent methodological advances in soil microbial ecology have allowed research focus to move underground to try to gain knowledge of GMP-driven effects on the microbial communities and processes in soil that are essential to key terrestrial ecosystem functions. This review gives an overview of the research performed to date on this timely topic, highlighting a number of case studies. Although such research has advanced our understanding of this topic, a number of knowledge gaps still prevent full interpretation of results, as highlighted by the failure of most studies to assign a definitively negative, positive or neutral effect to GMP introduction. Based upon our accumulating, yet incomplete, understanding of soil microbes and processes, we propose a synthesis for the case-by-case study of GMP effects, incorporating assessment of the potential plant/ecosystem interactions, accessible and relevant indicators, and tests for unforeseen effects. 相似文献
992.
M.?L.?ElliottEmail author E.?A.?Guertal E.?A.?Des?Jardin H.?D.?Skipper 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,37(6):348-354
Bacterial populations in constructed and fumigated golf course putting greens is a topic that has not been widely explored. The objective of this project was to evaluate the root mass and rhizosphere bacterial populations of creeping bentgrass (Agrostris palustris Huds. Crenshaw) greens over time as affected by root-zone mix and nitrogen rate. Individual miniature putting greens (1x0.5 m) were built at ground level. Two root-zone mixes (80%/20% sand-peat and 100% sand) and two N rates (1.0 and 0.5 g N m–2 week–1 all year) were evaluated, with four replications of each root-zone x N rate treatment. Quarterly (February, May, August, November) root samples (10 cm deep) were removed from each green for 3 years. Standard dilution plating techniques were used to enumerate fluorescent pseudomonads, gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia-like bacteria, actinomycetes, heat-tolerant bacteria, and total aerobic bacteria. There was rarely a significant N rate x root-zone mix interaction, although main effects of N rate and root-zone mix did affect microbial populations at some samplings. If differences did exist, bacterial populations were higher in the sand-peat root-zone mix or in the treatments receiving the higher N rate. While a significant decrease in all bacterial populations enumerated was observed between November 1998 and February 1999, no similar decrease was observed for the same time period in 1997–1998 or 1999–2000. In general, there were no obvious population trends in any microbial population over the 3-year sampling period. Populations of total bacteria ranged from a low of 5.4 to a high of 8.3 log10 CFU per gram of root and rhizosphere soil throughout the 3-year sampling period. 相似文献
993.
Annemie?ElsenEmail author Raf?Beeterens Rony?Swennen Dirk?De?Waele 《Biology and Fertility of Soils》2003,38(6):367-376
In this study, the effect of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) and two migratory endoparasitic nematodes on Musa plant growth, including the root system, were examined. In addition, the AMF-nematode interaction was studied. Seven Musa genotypes with different root systems were selected. Based on their relative mycorrhizal dependency, two genotypes (Calcutta 4 and Obino l'Ewai) were selected for AMF-nematode interaction studies. The experiments were performed under greenhouse conditions. Mycorrhization with Glomus mosseae resulted in a significantly better plant growth even in the presence of nematodes. The effect of AMF on the root system was genotype-dependent and seemed to be related to the relative mycorrhizal dependency of the genotype. The nematodes also affected the root system, decreasing branching. Nematode population densities were significantly reduced in the presence of AMF, except for Pratylenchus coffeae in Obino l'Ewai. In the root system, it appeared that the decreased branching caused by the nematodes was counterbalanced by the increased branching caused by the AMF. 相似文献
994.
Alaa?R.?MostafaEmail author Assem?O.?Barakat Yaorong?Qian Terry?L.?Wade 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(3):173-179
Aim and Background Little data are available on the levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the sediments of the Mediterranean Sea
Coast of Egypt in general and the Alexandria coastal zone in particular. It was therefore deemed necessary to set up a monitoring
programme to determine the current concentrations of PAHs in bottom sediments, and to identify any area where high concentrations
of these potential hazardous contaminants were present in the Western Harbour of Alexandria.
Methods The composition, distribution and the source of PAHs in surficial sediments of the harbour were investigated. To document
the spatial PAH input, surficial sediment samples from 23 locations throughout the harbour were analysed. as]Results and Discussion
The total PAH load determined in the surficial sediment samples ranged from 8 to 131150 ng g1 dry wt, generally with most of the samples having total concentrations of PAHs greater than 5000 ng g1 dry weight. The highest concentration of total PAHs was recorded in sediments of the inner harbour. Ratio values of specific
compounds such as phenanthrene to anthracene, fluoranthrene to pyrene, methyl-phen-anthrene to phenanthrene, methyl-dibenzothiophenes
to dibenzothiophenes, alkylated to non-alkylated and high molecular weight to low molecular weight PAH, were calculated to
evaluate the possible source of PAH contamination in the harbour sediments.
Conclusions Two main sources of PAH in the study area have been found: pyrolytic and petrogenic. Interferences of rather petrogenic and
pyrolytic PAH contaminations were noticed for most samples. The dominant sources of PAH appear to be the combustion processes
through run-off, industrial and sewage discharges, and atmospheric input. The concentrations of PAHs were generally above
levels expected to cause adverse biological effects.
Recommendations and outlook Information from this study and any other relevant studies should be useful in designing future strategies for environmental
protection and management of the harbour. 相似文献
995.
Jason?M.?ConderEmail author Roman?P.?LannoEmail author 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(1):13-20
Background. Earthworm heavy metal concentrations (critical body residues, CBRs) may be the most relevant measures of heavy
metal bioavailability in soils and may be linkable to toxic effects in order to better assess soil ecotoxicity. However, as
earthworms possess physiological mechanisms to secrete and/or sequester absorbed metals as toxicologically inactive forms,
total earthworm metal concentrations may not relate well with toxicity.
Objective The objectives of this research were to: i) develop LD50s (total earthworm metal concentration associated with 50% mortality) for Cd, Pb, and Zn; ii) evaluate the LD50 for Zn in a lethal Zn-smelter soil; iii) evaluate the lethal mixture toxicity of Cd, Pb, and Zn using earthworm metal concentrations
and the toxic unit (TU) approach; and iv) evaluate total and fractionated earthworm concentrations as indicators of sublethal
exposure.
Methods Earthworms (Eisenia fetida (Savigny)) were exposed to artificial soils spiked with Cd, Pb, Zn, and a Cd-Pb-Zn equitoxic mixture to estimate lethal CBRs
and mixture toxicity. To evaluate the CBR developed for Zn, earthworms were also exposed to Zn-contaminated field soils receiving
three different remediation treatments. Earthworm metal concentrations were measured using a procedure devised to isolate
toxicologically active metal burdens via separation into cytosolic and pellet fractions.
Results and Discussion Lethal CBRs inducing 50% mortality (LD50, 95% CI) were calculated to be 5.72 (3.54-7.31), 3.33 (2.97-3.69), and 8.19 (4.78-11.6) mmol/kg for Cd, Pb, and Zn, respectively.
Zn concentrations of dead earthworms exposed to a lethal remediated Zn-smelter soil were 3-fold above the LD50 for Zn and comparable to earthworm concentrations in lethal Zn-spiked artificial soils, despite a 14-fold difference in total
soil Zn concentration between lethal field and artificial soils. An evaluation of the acute mixture toxicity of Cd, Pb, and
Zn in artificial soils using the Toxic Unit (TU) approach revealed an LD50 (95% CI) of 0.99 (0.57-1.41) TU, indicating additive toxicity.
Conclusions Total Cd, Pb, and Zn concentrations in earthworms were good indicators of lethal metal exposure, and enabled the calculation
at LD50s for lethality. The Zn-LD50 developed in artificial soil was applicable to earthworms exposed to remediated Zn-smelter soil, despite a 14-fold difference
in total soil Zn concentrations. Mixture toxicity evaluated using LD50s from each single metal test indicated additive mixture toxicity among Cd, Pb, and Zn. Fractionation of earth worm tissues
into cytosolic and pellet digests yielded mixed results for detecting differences in exposure at the sublethal level
Recommendation and Outlook CBRs are useful in describing acute Cd, Pb, and Zn toxicity in earthworms, but linking sublethal exposure to total and/or
fractionated residues may be more difficult. More research on detoxification, regulation, and tissue and subcellular partitioning
of heavy metals in earthworms and other invertebrates is needed to establish the link between body residue and sublethal exposure
and toxicity. Keywords: Bioavailability; Cd; critical body residues; earthworms; metals; Pb; soil; Zn
An erratum to this article is available at . 相似文献
996.
Peter?Schr?derEmail author Beate?Huber Jean?Charles?Munch 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(4):223-226
All forms of agriculture cause changes in the balances and fluxes of preexisting ecosystems, thereby limiting self-regulatory
ecosystem (resiliency) functions. The intensive agriculture of the past, with its strong reduction of landscape structures
and vast decoupling of energy and matter cycles, has caused stress and degradation of the production base; massive influence
has also been exerted on neighboring compartments. This has resulted in the well known problems of pesticide loads, high phosphate
loads to surface waters via over-fertilized soils or erosion as such. To overcome the economic, social and political inadequacies
leading to ecological degradation, the demand for sustainable agricultural management needs to be transposed into knowledge-based
practical instructions and political regulations on a regional scale. Thus, applied research for a sustainable and ecologically
compatible land use aimed at sufficient food production is ever so important. In the FAM, thirty German research institutes
have merged to perform research on this topic. 相似文献
997.
998.
Kay?HamerEmail author Astrid?Hadeler Thomas?Muschalla Jürgen?Schr?ter Günter?Timmer 《Journal of Soils and Sediments》2003,3(4):284-291
Goal
Annually, 400.000 m3 harbour sediments are dredged to maintain the water depth in the harbours of Bremen and Bremerhaven. The sediment contains organic and inorganic pollutants and hence is deposited on a landfill. Because of the limited capacity of that landfill alternative treatment techniques are investigated. This study aims to evaluate the production of Light Weight Aggregates (LWA) from harbour sediments with respect to the product quality and environmental aspects of the use of the LWA. 相似文献999.
Maria?SchipperEmail author Evert?Meelis 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2003,8(1):122-137
As environmental monitoring data are collected successively in time, the data are suitable for sequential analysis. An earlier article proposed a refined sequential probability ratio test (SPRT) to test against a minimal relevanttrend, assuming no serial correlations and without modeling the spatial covariance matrix. As the model parameters are unknown in advance, a minimal number of observations(n min) is required for estimation prior to analysis. Leaving the spatial covariance matrix unstructured, n min increases if the number of sampling locations increases. Therefore, assumptions on the spatial covariance matrix are proposed, thereby reducing the number of nuisance parameters, thus reducingn min. This article studies. three simple types of spatial covariance matrix structures and derives an adjusted SPRT for each of these types. Furthermore, we examine the robustness against deviations from the assumed spatial covariance matrix structure. Simulation studies show that adjusted SPRTs can be derived rather easily and that they are in general robust against deviations from the assumed type of spatial covariance matrix. Sequential analysis of simulated data, which are based on monitoring data of bats in the Netherlands, illustrates the use of one of the derived SPRTs. 相似文献
1000.
Markus?Neuh?userEmail author Bernd?Leisler Ludwig?A.?Hothorn 《Journal of Agricultural, Biological & Environmental Statistics》2003,8(1):29-35
The aquatic warbler, Acrocephalus paludicola, is one of a few species in which nestlings from a single nest can be sired by up to four different fathers. Data from a DNA fingerprinting study suggest that there is a trend: the larger the number of fathers in a brood the larger is the number of nestlings. However, the number of young within a single nest cannot be smaller than the number of fathers. This restriction causes an inherent trend and, consequently, can lead to a false-positive trend test result. For this nonstandard situation, we propose a trend test that differentiates between the inherent trend and a “real” trend, that is, a larger brood size through multiple paternity. Using DNA fingerprinting data, we performed a randomization test using the proposed new trend test statistic and obtained a significant result (P=0.047). This indicates that a larger number of fathers per brood is associated with a larger brood size. In addition, we consider an umbrella alternative, that is, a downturn in effect may occur after the optimal number of fathers per brood is exceeded. An appropriate test for this alternative also leads to a significance (P=0.011). 相似文献