Determinants and Utility of the Anion Gap in Predicting Hyperlactatemia in Cattle   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Peter D. Constable BSc  Phd    Robert N. Streeter  Gerard J. Koenig  Nigel R. Perkins  Hani M. Gohar  Dawn E. Morin 《Journal of veterinary internal medicine / American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine》1997,11(2):71-79

The objectives of this study were to investigate the determinants of the anion gap (AG) in cattle and to evaluate the utility of AG in detecting hyperlactatemia in sick neonatal calves and adult cattle. The AG was calculated as AG = ([Na+] + [K+]) - ([Cl^-] + [HCO₃]), with all values in mEq/L. The AG of healthy neonatal calves (n = 16) was 29.6 ± 6.2 mEq/L (mean ± SD), and the blood L-lactate concentration ranged from 0.5 to 1.2 mM/L. The AG was significantly (P > .05) correlated with serum phosphate (r = .66) and creatinine (r = .51) concentrations. The AG of neonatal calves with experimentally induced diarrhea (n = 16) was 28.6 ± 5.6 mEq/L, and the blood L-lactate concentration ranged from 1.1 to 2.9 mM/L. The AG was significantly correlated with blood L-lactate concentration (r = .67), serum phosphate concentration (r = .63), creatinine concentration (r = .76), and blood pH (r = -.61). The AG of adult cattle with abomasal volvulus (n = 41) was 20.5 ± 7.8 mEq/L, and the blood L-lactate concentration ranged from 0.6 to 15.6 mM/L. The AG was significantly correlated with blood L-lactate concentration (r = .60), serum phosphate concentration (r = .71), creatinine concentration (r = .65), albumin concentration (r = .47), total protein concentration (r = .54), blood pyruvate concentration (r = .67), and blood pH (r = -.41) but not plasma β-OH butyrate concentration. The results indicate that the AG in cattle is only moderately correlated with blood L-lactate concentration and is similarly correlated with serum phosphate and creatinine concentrations in neonatal calves and adult cattle, as well as with serum albumin and total protein concentrations in adult cattle. Anion gap determination is of limited usefulness in predicting blood L-lactate concentration in sick cattle, whereas the correlation between AG and serum creatinine concentration in sick cattle suggests that an increased AG should alert the clinician to the potential presence of uremic anions.  相似文献   

What the soil reveals: Potential total ecosystem C stores of the Pacific Northwest region, USA     

Peter S. Homann  Mark Harmon  Suzanne Remillard  Erica A.H. Smithwick 《Forest Ecology and Management》2005,220(1-3):270-283

How much organic C can a region naturally store in its ecosystems? How can this be determined, when land management has altered the vegetation of the landscape substantially? The answers may lie in the soil: this study synthesized the spatial distribution of soil properties derived from the state soils geographic database with empirical measurements of old-growth forest ecosystem C to yield a regional distribution of potential maximum total-ecosystem organic C stores. The region under consideration is 179,000 square kilometers extending from the southern Oregon border to the northern Washington border, and from the Pacific Ocean to the east side of the Cascade Mountains. Total ecosystem organic C (TEC) was measured in 16 diverse old-growth forests encompassing 35 stands and 79 pedons to a depth of 100 cm. The TEC ranged between 185 and 1200 Mg C ha⁻¹. On an average, 63% of TEC was in the vegetation, 13% in woody detritus, 3% in the forest floor, 7% in the 0–20 cm mineral soil, and 13% in 20–100 cm mineral soil. The TEC was strongly related to soil organic C (SOC) in the 0–20 cm mineral soil, yielding a monotonically increasing, curvilinear relation. To apply this relation to estimate the TEC distribution throughout the region, 211 map units of the state soils geographic database (STATSGO) were used. The SOC in the 0–20 cm mineral soil of the map units was consistent with values from previously measured pedons distributed throughout the region. Resampling of 13 second-growth forests 25 years after initial sampling indicated no regional change in mineral SOC, and supported the use of a static state soils map. The SOC spatial distribution combined with the quantitative old-growth TEC–SOC relation yielded an estimate of potential TEC storage throughout the region under the hypothetical condition of old-growth forest coverage. The area-weighted TEC was 760 Mg C ha⁻¹. This is 100 Mg C ha⁻¹ more than a previous estimate based on a coarser resolution of six physiographic provinces, and 400 Mg C ha⁻¹ more than current regional stores. The map of potential TEC may be useful in forecasting regional C dynamics and in land-management decisions related to C sequestration.  相似文献   

The conformation of wheat gluten proteins. The secondary structures and thermal stabilities of α-, β-, γ- and ω-Gliadins     

Arthur S. Tatham  Peter R. Shewry 《Journal of Cereal Science》1985,3(2):103-113

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The Equine Distal Limb: An Atlas of Clinical Anatomy and Comparative Imaging          下载免费PDF全文

Dr. Peter Fretz 《The Canadian veterinary journal. La revue veterinaire canadienne》2002,43(11):879

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Regional scale analysis of denitrification in north temperate forest soils   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Peter M. Groffman  James M. Tiedje  Delbert L. Mokma  Stephen Simkins 《Landscape Ecology》1992,7(1):45-53

Large scale analyses of biogeochemical processes are necessary for understanding anthropogenic effects on global climate and environmental quality. Regional scale estimates of denitrification from forest soils in southern lower Michigan USA were produced by stratifying the region into landscape experimental units using soil texture and natural drainage classes, and extrapolating data to larger areas using a geographic information system (GIS). Previous landscape-scale research established relationships between soil texture and drainage and denitrification and quantified annual denitrification N loss in nine soil texture/drainage groups. All forest soils within the region (64 series) were assigned to one of these nine groups based on their texture and drainage characteristics and were assigned an annual denitrification N loss value. A regional estimate of denitrification was produced by multiplying the areal extent of each of the nine soil groups by their annual denitrification N loss value. Loam-textured soils underlie 47% of the regional forest and accounted for 73% of the forest denitrification. Sandy soils were found under 44% of the regional forest but produced only 5% of the regional denitrification. Clay loam soils underlie 9% of the regional forest and produced 22% of the denitrification. Annual denitrification N loss for the region was estimated as 1.4×10⁷ kg N/yr. We used denitrification enzyme activity (DEA) as a proxy for annual denitrification N loss to determine if the relationship between denitrification and soil texture and natural drainage that we observed at the landscape scale held up at the regional scale. DEA was measured in 22 soils across the region and was strongly related to soil texture and natural drainage (r²=0.61), suggesting that extrapolation of data from the landscape to the regional scale was justified.  相似文献   

硒毒症     

Peter Aitken  张供领  肖新 《中国畜牧兽医》2002,29(5):42-43

尽管硒中毒症比较少见 ,但从 2 0世纪 30年代以来在牛、羊、猪和马等家畜中就有广泛的报道。本文就受硒中毒影响的不同畜种表现出的临床症状、诊断、治疗状况作一回顾。1　中毒原因1 .1　家畜摄取硒元素积聚植物　多种植物能从土壤中主动吸收硒 ,并能吸收很高水平的硒 ( 1 0 0 0～ 1 0 0 0 0 mg/kg) ,包括星状骨针和滨藜属类物种等在内的其它植物。这些植物因有难闻的气味 ,通常是不会被家畜采食。动物一旦摄取了这些植物 ,能引起急性硒中毒并可导致死亡。谷类、牧草和其它饲草也可积蓄硒达到 5 0 mg/kg的浓度 ,并在家畜中已引发了中毒症。…  相似文献   

Variation in the distribution of muscle fiber types in equine skeletal muscles     

Randel R. Raub  Peter J. Bechtel  Laurie M. Lawrence 《Journal of Equine Veterinary Science》1985,5(1):34-37

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Controlling sheep scab by eradication     

Sargison N  Roger P  Stubbings L  Baber P  Morris P 《The Veterinary record》2007,160(14):491-492

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Diagnosis of classical swine fever virus in a limited resource setting: The influence of pig breed on methodology and sample selection     

Khounsy S  Gleeson LJ  Van Aken D  Westbury HA  Blacksell SD 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(1):21-25

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Dynamics of natural bovine herpesvirus-1 (BoHV-1) infection in a dairy herd     

Gungor AB  Ozkul A 《Tropical animal health and production》2007,39(1):13-20

In this study, natural cycling of BoHV-1 infection was investigated in two groups of dairy cattle containing 2120 head. Group 1 comprised 127 animals and they were monitored for BoHV-1 infection virologically and serologically in six consecutive sampling periods. It consisted of naive heifers between 6 and 8 months of age, while in group 2, age, sex and the BoHV-1 serostatus of the animals were disregarded. The animals in group 1 were found to have seroconverted at the second sampling. Results of the serological study showed slight antibody response after natural BoHV-1 infection in the herd and neutralizing titres fell below protective levels in the 6–8 months after the peak. During the 2-year study period, one recurrence was detected after primary infection. Virus isolation studies revealed a cytopathic effect indicative of BoHV-1 in two nasal swabs taken during the fifth sampling period from animals with mild upper respiratory tract symptoms. As the study was carried out under natural conditions, it is not known whether the viruses isolated were from recurrences or re-infections. Data from cross-neutralization tests with herd isolates showed higher antibody response than those with the reference virus. The dynamics of BoHV-1 in both groups were found to be statistically similar.  相似文献