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Thoresen SI Havre GN Morberg H Mowinckel P 《Veterinary clinical pathology / American Society for Veterinary Clinical Pathology》1992,21(3):88-94
The stability and storage characteristics of 24 blood constituents from dogs including nine enzymes (ALP, ALT, amylase, AST, CK, GGT, GLDH, LDH, lipase), 15 metabolites and minerals (albumin, bile acids, bilirubin, calcium, cholesterol, creatinine, fructosamine, glucose, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, protein, sodium, triglycerides, urea) were studied. Conditions studied included storing of nonanticoagulated and heparinized whole blood for 3 days (Part A), and storing of serum and heparinized plasma for 3 days (Part B). The storage temperature for both studies was +4 degrees C from day 0 to day 1, and +20 degrees C, from day 1 to day 2 and 3. Eight of 24 analytes showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) for three days in whole blood. However, the stability of all 24 analytes greatly improved by storing serum or heparinized plasma compared to nonanticoagulated or heparinized whole blood. In stored serum or heparinized plasma, 20 of 24 analytes showed no significant differences (p < 0.05) for 3 days. Nine of 24 analytes showed significant differences (p < 0.05) between serum and heparinized plasma, where CK, LDH, GGT, and potassium showed differences of possible clinical importance. This study strongly supports the practice of separating serum/plasma from clot/cells as promptly as possible to achieve improved stability for most analytes under test. 相似文献
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Global trade of plants and plant products facilitates the international movement of pests. The introduction of new pests in an area may have huge economic consequences for local plant production, and should be avoided. The European Union (EU) imports large quantities of fresh fruit from all over the world, which could be a pathway for exotic pests. This review aimed to identify pests not yet present or regulated in the EU that may enter the territory with the fruit trade and damage fruit production in Europe. Pests of Vaccinium (blueberry), apple, grape, orange and mandarin were screened to assess the likelihood of their being associated with these fruit, their impact, their geographical distribution, whether they are intercepted in trade and whether they are spreading or emerging. They were further ranked to produce alert lists of 30 to 36 pests for each fruit species. These lists are presented as well as other findings on contaminants and newly introduced pests. Datasheets on those pests were prepared and are available as supporting information to this article as well as in the EPPO Global Database ( https://gd.eppo.int/ ). This work within the EU project DROPSA aimed to raise the awareness of importers and regulatory authorities to the potential risk of introducing pests with the fruit trade. 相似文献
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Kåre Nolde Nielsen Michaela Maria Aschan Sveinn Agnarsson Marta Ballesteros Alan Baudron Maria de Fátima Borges Aida Campos Rosa Chapela Anna Kristín Daníelsdóttir Karim Erzini Ólavur Gregersen Petter Holm Alessandro Lucchetti Sveinn Margeirsson Hugo Vilela Mendes Petter Olsen Mafalda Rangel Antonello Sala José Luis Santiago Sigríður Sigurðardóttir Cristina Silva Daryl Sykes Jónas Rúnar Viðarsson Massimo Virgili Laura Wise Paul George Fernandes 《Fish and Fisheries》2018,19(2):363-376
We present a framework for results‐based management (RBM) of commercial fisheries. The core idea of RBM is to reduce micromanagement by delegating management responsibility to resource users. The RBM framework represents an industrial organization approach to co‐management and comprises three defining processes, conducted by three independent “agents”: (i) an “authority” defines specific and measurable and achievable objectives (outcome targets, OTs) for the utilization of fisheries resources, (ii) resource user organizations (termed “operators”) take responsibility for achieving these OTs and provide documentation that (iii) allows independent “auditors” to evaluate the achievement of OTs. Using incentive mechanisms, notably deregulation, RBM grants operators the flexibility to develop and implement innovative and cost‐effective ways to achieve OTs. The feasibility of implementing RBM in five European fisheries was investigated in cooperation with relevant stakeholders through artificial planning processes and computer simulations. The operators involved were enthusiastic, and new management plans were drafted based on the framework. These included socioeconomic OTs in addition to traditional stock objectives, encompassing an ecosystem approach. Several issues are in need of further research to consolidate the approach and prepare the ground for practical implementation, including: the specification of the legal and regulatory framework required to underpin RBM, details of transitional arrangements when shifting towards RBM (including cost‐sharing) and the development of necessary organizational capacity for operators. Initially, we therefore envisage the framework being applied to high‐value single‐species fisheries, with a limited number of participants, which are adequately represented by a competent organization. 相似文献
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OBJECTIVE: To investigate item non-response in a postal food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ), and to assess the effect of substituting/imputing missing values on dietary intake levels in the Norwegian Women and Cancer study (NOWAC). We have adapted and probably for the first time applied k nearest neighbours (KNN) imputation to FFQ data. DESIGN: Data from a recent reproducibility study were used. The FFQ was mailed twice (test-retest) about 3 months apart to the same subjects. Missing responses in the test FFQ were imputed using the null value (frequencies = null, amount = smallest), the sample mode, the sample median, KNN, and retest values. SETTING: A methodological substudy of NOWAC, a national population-based cohort. SUBJECTS: A random sample of 2000 women aged 46-75 years was drawn from the cohort in 2002 (response 75%). The imputation methods were compared for 1430 women who completed at least 50% of the test FFQ. RESULTS: We imputed 16% missing values in the overall test data matrix. Compared to null value imputation, the largest differences in estimated dietary intake were seen for KNN, and for food items with a high proportion of missing. Imputation with retest values increased total energy intake, indicating that not all missing values are caused by respondents failing to specify no consumption, and that null value imputation may lead to underestimation and misclassification. CONCLUSION: Missing values in FFQs present a methodological challenge. We encourage the application and evaluation of newer imputation methods, including KNN, which may reduce imputation errors and give more accurate intake estimates. 相似文献
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Françoise Petter Anne Sophie Roy Ian Smith 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2008,121(3):331-337
For the last 10 years, the European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) has run a European Panel on diagnostics, which has developed regional standards on diagnostic protocols. Nearly 80 such standards have now been approved, and are in active use in EPPO countries. In 2003, the Commission for Phytosanitary Measures (CPM) of FAO, in reviewing global needs for International Standards for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPMs), recognized that there is a strong interest in developing diagnostic protocols for all contracting parties to the International Plant Protection Convention (IPPC). Such protocols would support the harmonization of detection and identification procedures worldwide, contribute to greater transparency and comparability in the diagnostics for regulated pests, and assist in the resolution of disputes between trading partners. In addition, such protocols would be very useful in technical assistance programmes. In 2004, the CPM adopted a mechanism for rapid development of ISPMs in specific areas, particularly suitable for diagnostic protocols. A Technical Panel was accordingly established to develop protocols for specific pests and meets on an annual basis. A format for international diagnostic protocols was adopted in 2006 and a list of priority pests was established. In 2003, EPPO initiated a new programme on quality management and accreditation for plant pest laboratories and Standards are now also being developed in this area. In 2006, a survey of existing diagnostic capacities in EPPO member countries was undertaken and a database on diagnostic expertise was created. 相似文献
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Emad Farahat Peng Zhang Björn E. Gunnarson Mauricio Fuentes Petter Stridbeck 《Scandinavian Journal of Forest Research》2018,33(2):114-124
Standing dead trees (snags) play important roles in forest ecology by storing carbon as well as providing habitats for many species. Moreover, snags preserved for hundreds of years can provide useful data to extend tree-ring chronologies used for climatological and ecological studies beyond the lifespans of living trees. Here we examined the growth patterns of Scots pine snags from the central Scandinavian Mountains, in relation to still living trees. Using changes point analyses, we showed that a majority (74%) of the snags displayed significant negative growth changes prior (on average 17 years) to death. Change points around the same years were also seen in living trees, but they recovered their growth. The average growth reduction of snags showing negative growth changes before death was 46%. In most cases the final growth change points coincided with very cold summers, or to a lesser degree to period of cool summers. It was suggested that pines ending up as snags were less resilient than the trees which continued living, and thus not able to recover after cold summer events. Since the snag growth reductions prior to death were partly unrelated to climate, care should be taken when using such data in dendroclimatological studies. 相似文献