Generational growth rate estimates of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Diabrotica virgifera virgifera</Emphasis> populations (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae)     

Márk Szalai  Judit Papp Komáromi  Renata Bažok  Jasminka Igrc Barčić  József Kiss  Stefan Toepfer 《Journal of pest science》2011,84(1):133-142

Modelling population dynamics of the maize pest Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte (western corn rootworm; Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) requires knowledge on the growth rate (=net reproductive rate) of the species. We investigated the generational (=annual) growth rate of D. v. virgifera in isolated maize fields in southern Hungary and eastern Croatia over several years. The population densities of D. v. virgifera were assessed by absolute counts of emerging adults in 90 gauze cages per study field. Emergence ranged from 1.3 to 30.7 adults per m² in continuous maize field sections, and from 0.3 to 5.1 adults per m² in adjacent first-year maize sections. The annual growth rates of D. v. virgifera ranged from 0.5 to 13, and averaged in close to 4. These experimentally assessed growth rates could complement growth estimates in population dynamic models, particularly those for forecasting the population growth to economic thresholds or for estimating population build-ups after new introductions of this alien species in Europe. As an example, the determined growth rate was used to estimate that the first documented successful introduction of this species into Europe occurred between 1979 and 1984, which is 8–13 years before the detection of this species and its larval damage in maize fields near Belgrade, Serbia, in 1992.  相似文献   

Distribution of race-specific resistance against <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bremia lactucae</Emphasis> in natural populations of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Lactuca serriola</Emphasis>     

Irena Petrželová  Aleš Lebeda 《European journal of plant pathology / European Foundation for Plant Pathology》2011,129(2):233-253

A metapopulation approach was applied to population studies of a common weed, Lactuca serriola (prickly lettuce). Seedlings grown from seed samples collected from 752 individual L. serriola plants in 50 populations occurring along an east-to-west transect across four European countries (Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands and United Kingdom) were screened for resistance to 10 common races of Bremia lactucae. Based on the recorded reaction patterns, host individuals were characterized into specific resistance (R-) phenotypes. Diversity of R-phenotypes, their variation and distribution among and within European populations, was evaluated at different spatial scales, i.e. from a metapopulation involving the entire European study area to individual plants occurring in local populations. Generally, European populations of L. serriola have been shown to be highly susceptible to B. lactucae. However, large variation in L. serriola resistance was found both among and within individual countries. There was a clear gradient of increasing uniformity of race-specificity moving from central to western Europe, as well as a slight decrease in the diversity of R-phenotypes. Populations in the United Kingdom were the most divergent in terms of resistance structure from other geographic regions, and also were the most homogeneous, most likely a consequence of the relatively greater degree of spatial isolation from other regions. Metapopulation, inter- and intra-population variation in host resistance is discussed from the viewpoint of occurrence of race-specific interactions in this wild plant pathosystem.  相似文献   

Immunomodulatory effect of glucan on specific and nonspecific immunity after vaccination in puppies     

Haladová E  Mojžišová J  Smrčo P  Ondrejková A  Vojtek B  Prokeš M  Petrovová E 《Acta veterinaria Hungarica》2011,59(1):77-86

The objective of the study was to determine the immunostimulatory effect of β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan in puppies. The effect exerted on the efficacy of vaccination, especially against canine parvovirus and rabies infection, was studied. The application of vaccine and glucan leads to significant increases in the nonspecific immunological parameters (phagocytic ability of leukocytes, blastogenic response of lymphocytes, metabolic and chemotactic activity of polymorphonuclear cells). The level of antibodies against canine parvovirus (Ab CPV) and rabies infection reached the most statistically significant values on the 28th day after the application of vaccine and a syrup containing β-(1,3/1,6)-D-glucan (Group GV) as compared to the control group (Group V, puppies receiving only vaccine). Dogs without glucan supplementation did not produce such significant levels of antibodies. We can conclude that glucan has relevant immunostimulatory effects in dogs with altered immunity. The glucan product tested in this study (PleraSAN V, PLEURAN, Bratislava, Slovakia) could be used in the small animal clinical practice.  相似文献   

The transport of albendazole and albendazole sulphoxide in the lancet fluke (Dicrocoelium dendriticum)     

Bártíková H  Vokřál I  Forstová-Křížová V  Skálová L  Lamka J  Szotáková B 《Veterinary parasitology》2011,176(1):27-33

Albendazole (ABZ) is one of the most important benzimidazole compounds possessing high activity against the lancet fluke, Dicrocoelium dendriticum. ABZ sulphoxide (ABZ.SO) is the main molecule present in the bloodstream of an ABZ-treated host. The aim of this study was to characterise the pattern of ex vivo uptake of ABZ and ABZ.SO by lancet flukes and the export of both anthelmintics from these parasites. Transport of these anthelmintics in both living and dead flukes was compared. The adult flukes were collected from mouflons (Ovis musimon) which had been infected naturally. Results showed that more lipophilic ABZ was imported to a higher extent than ABZ.SO, and that significantly higher concentrations of ABZ were detected within living flukes as compared to dead ones. The same pattern was revealed in the study of ABZ and ABZ.SO export from the flukes' bodies. In addition to passive diffusion, active ABZ uptake and active efflux of ABZ and ABZ.SO in D. dendriticum could be assumed.  相似文献   

Droplet-vitrification of apical shoot tips of Rubus fruticosus L. and Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.     

Tatjana Vujović  Isabelle Sylvestre  Djurdjina Ružić  Florent Engelmann 《Scientia Horticulturae》2011

Apical shoot tips excised from in vitro plantlets of blackberry (Rubus fruticosus L. ‘?a?anska Bestrna’) and cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh.) were tested for recovery after cryopreservation using the droplet-vitrification technique. Following treatment for 30 min with a loading solution comprising 1.9 M glycerol and 0.5 M sucrose, explants were dehydrated with a highly concentrated cryoprotectant solution, so called vitrification solution. Shoot tips were dehydrated for 10, 20 and 30 min at room temperature with a solution derived from the original PVS2 solution (containing 37.5% (w/v) glycerol, 15% (w/v) dimethylsulfoxide, 15% (w/v) ethylene glycol and 22.5% (w/v) sucrose) and for 60, 90 and 120 min using the PVS3 solution (containing 50% (w/v) glycerol and 50% (w/v) sucrose). Explants were cooled by direct immersion in LN in 10 μl droplets of vitrification solution placed on aluminium foil strips. Rewarming was done by direct plunging of foil strips in a preheated (37 °C) unloading solution (0.8 M sucrose) for 30 s, after which an equal volume of unloading solution (at room temperature) was added for further incubation for 30 min. As for regrowth of blackberry, PVS3 proved more effective than the modified PVS2, but the difference was significant (P < 0.05) only for the shortest treatment duration. The duration of PVS3 treatment had no significant effect on regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips (45.8–70%). By contrast, a 30-min treatment with modified PVS2 solution resulted in a significant increase in regeneration percentage (30%), as compared with a 10-min treatment with the same solution (5%). Cherry plum shoot tips were very sensitive to both vitrification solutions and growth recovery of cryopreserved samples was generally lower (5–20%) than that of blackberry explants. No significant influence of PVS treatment (both type of solution and treatment duration) on regrowth of cryopreserved shoot tips was observed with cherry plum shoot tips. Experiments performed in France and in Serbia produced similar results, thereby showing the robustness and reproducibility of the protocols developed.  相似文献   

Some Fruit Characteristics of Selected Cornelian Cherries (Cornus mas L.) from Montenegro     

Vučeta Jaćimović  Djina Božović  Sezai Ercisli  Vladislav Ognjanov  Borut Bosančić 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2015,57(3):119-124

  相似文献   

Prevalence,Characterization and Antibiotic Resistance of Salmonella Isolates in Large Corvid Species of Europe and North America Between 2010 and 2013          下载免费PDF全文

N. Janecko  A. Čížek  D. Halová  R. Karpíšková  P. Myšková  I. Literák 《Zoonoses and public health》2015,62(4):292-300

It is well understood that Salmonella is carried by animals and in majority of cases as asymptomatic hosts. Surveillance efforts have focused on the role of agriculture and contamination points along the food chain as the main source of human infection; however, very little attention has been paid to the contribution of wildlife in the dissemination of Salmonella and what effect anthropogenic sources have on the circulation of antibiotic resistant Salmonella serovars in wildlife species. A purposive survey was taken of large corvids roosting yearly between November and March in Europe and North America. Two thousand and seven hundred and seventy‐eight corvid faecal specimens from 11 countries were submitted for Salmonella spp. culture testing. Presumptive positive isolates were further serotyped, susceptibility tested and analysed for antibiotic resistance genes. Overall, 1.40% (39/2778) (CI = 1.01, 1.90) of samples were positive for Salmonella spp. Salmonella Enteritidis was the most prevalent serovar followed by S. Infantis, S. Montevideo and S. Typhimurium. No significant difference (P > 0.05) was found in the proportion of Salmonella recovered in Europe versus North America. The most variability of serovars within a site was in Kansas, USA with five different serovars recovered. European sites were significantly more likely to yield Salmonella resistant to more than one antibiotic (OR 71.5, P < 0.001, CI = 3.77, 1358) than North American sites, where no resistance was found. Resistance to nalidixic acid, a quinolone, was recovered in nine isolates from four serovars in four different sites across Europe. Large corvids contribute to the transmission and dissemination of Salmonella and resistance genes between human and animal populations and across great distances. This information adds to the knowledge base of zoonotic pathogen prevalence and antibiotic resistance ecology in wild birds.  相似文献   

Evidence of non-site-specific agricultural management effects on the score of visual soil quality indicators     

Fernando Teixeira  Tatenda Lemann  Carla Ferreira  Matjaž Glavan  Tóth Zoltán  Tamás Hermann  Jerzy Lipiec  Magdalena Frąc  Endla Reintam  Minggang Xu  Hongzhu Fan  Coen Ritsema 《Soil Use and Management》2023,39(1):474-484

This study investigates 11 agricultural management practices (AMPs) and their effects on seven visual soil quality indicators and soil aggregate stability. The survey carried out across eight pedoclimatic zones in Europe and China was based on visual soil assessments (New Zealand VSA method) performed on soils subject to different soil management practices and nearby similar soils, under similar farming features, without the distinctive soil management practice (control). Fisher's exact test was used to test if the management treatment was independent of the score of each visual soil quality indicator and to test if the management treatment produced a higher frequency of the score ‘good’. The results showed a statistically significant (α < .05) higher frequency of the score ‘good’ for ‘soil structure and consistency’ and/or ‘soil porosity’ for six AMPs. For no-till AMP, the null hypothesis can also be rejected for ‘susceptibility to erosion’ and ‘soil stability’ and for ‘mulching + permanent soil cover’ AMP, for the ‘presence of tillage pan’ and ‘soil colour’. The hypothesis that the management treatment was independent of the score of each indicator was rejected for ‘soil structure and consistency’ of three AMPs, for ‘soil porosity’ of three AMPs, for ‘soil colour’ of one AMP and for the ‘presence of tillage pan’ of one AMP. This study demonstrates that farming systems sharing a common influential soil management practice at different locations and with different soil types significantly affect the score of some visual soil quality indicators.  相似文献   

Multi Criteria Assessment of Zero Residue Apple Production     

Črtomir Rozman  Tatjana Unuk  Karmen Pažek  Mario Lešnik  Jernej Prišenk  Andrej Vogrin  Stanislav Tojnko 《Erwerbs-Obstbau》2013,55(2):51-62

During the 2008–2010 growing seasons, an alternative ‘zero residue apple production system’ was compared with integrated apple production with cvs ‘Idared’, ‘Golden Delicious’, ‘Jonagold’ and ‘Gala’ in commercial orchards at several locations throughout Slovenia, using data envelopment analysis (DEA), and multi criteria assessment by an analytical hierarchical process (AHP). The principle of the ‘zero residue apple production’ is a combination of integrated (IP) and organic apple production. During the first 3 months of the growing season (1 April–30 June), pesticides used in IP with rapid degradation (8–10 applications) were used to control pests and diseases. During the second part of the season from 1 July to harvest, organic products (6–12 applications) were employed compared with 19–25 applications overall in IP. The goal of the alternative system was to reduce the amount of applied conventional pesticides by 40 % and to minimize pesticide residues in fruits to below the limit of 0.5 % of the legal maximum residue level (MRL) or below the residue concentrations of 0.005–0.01 mg/kg and to retain the high long-term level of yield, fruit quality, and net income per hectare. The number of pesticide residues was reduced from 4.2–5.5 in IP to 1.8–3.4 in zero residue cultivation, while 3 year average yields (class 1 fruit) were 4–9 % lower than in IP. The break even prices ranged from € 0.31 for Idared in IP, € 0.34 for ‘Elstar’ of both production systems to € 0.35/kg for zero residue cultivated ‘Golden Delicious’. Overall, a price increase of just € 0.02/kg for residue free apples would make this new ‘zero residue apple production’ profitable then representing a realistic alternative to the standard integrated apple production system.  相似文献   

The peculiarities of new textile hand evaluation method     

Strazdienė Eugenija  Gutauskas Matas 《Fibers and Polymers》2006,7(4):414-419

The paper presents information concerning metrological and technical characteristics of KTU-Griff-Tester device, the optimization of its parameters and the cases of its application. It was defined that the behaviour of textile material during its extraction through a rounded hole depends upon its structure. Variations of geometrical shape of woven and knitted specimens can be described by mathematical expressions of shortened epicycloids and Cassini ovals. It is shown that waving process of disc shaped specimen can be predicted on the basis of the law of sine curve. The examples of textiles treatment with different types of commercial softeners are presented, herewith showing the suitability (sensitiveness) of the new device to detect the changes of textile hand. Meantime it is shown that the level of materials anisotropy can be decided on the basis of transformations of specimen’s geometrical shape.  相似文献