The future of forest research in a changing world     

Risto?Sepp?l?Email author 《Journal of Forest Research》2004,9(4):313-316

New challenges are facing the managers of the world’s forests, with stakeholders demanding a broader range of goods and services. Balancing the demand for forest products and the responsibility for forest protection is not an easy task. The earlier narrow perspective of wood-resources sustainability has often been transferred to an equally narrow biological diversity conservation perspective. Segregation, in which most of the fiber is produced in plantations, attempts to solve the conflict between conservation and wood production. Biotechnology offers a strategy to gain more wood on less land and with less harm to the environment. The traditional forest research community has not always been able to react properly and promptly to the needs of the users of research results. Consequently, forest research has lost ground to other disciplines. Forest researchers should not consider the newcomers as competitors but instead should try to create more collaboration with those who are interested in solving forest-related problems but do not belong to the old forestry family. There is also a clear need to improve the interface between the research and user communities. Very often the problem is not so much a need to obtain more data than in discovering how to find the most appropriate existing information. In general, forest research should be more cost-efficient. Adopting a more business-like environment should not, however, lead to an excessively result-oriented, short-term way of thinking, to the extent that basic research, and also quality of research, would be in danger.  相似文献   

Abundance and control of Lygus rugulipennis (Heteroptera: Miridae) on Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) nursery stock     

Jarmo K. Holopainen  Risto Rikala 《New Forests》1990,4(1):13-25

Population fluctuations of the European tarnished plant bug (Lygus rugulipennis Popp.) on nursery-grown Scots pine, Pinus sylvestris L. were monitored with sweep net samples over five growing seasons. The effects of cypermethrin, lindane and oxydemetonmethyl insecticide sprayings on the occurrence of Lygus adults and nymphs and prevalence of bud disorders of pine seedlings were studied. The number of Lygus bugs was highest in 1984, the first year of the study, and thereafter the annual levels of the bug declined, reaching a low in 1988. On 2- and 3-year-old Scots pine seedlings the numbers of overwintered L. rugulipennis adults and nymphs correlated positively with the occurrence of abnormal buds. Cypermethrin sprayings significantly reduced the numbers of Lygus nymphs in 1985 and 1987. In 1986 significantly fewer damaged seedlings and L. rugulipennis adults were found in pine transplants treated with cypermethrin.  相似文献   

Effects of dormancy and environmental factors on timing of bud burst in Betula pendula     

Häkkinen R  Linkosalo T  Hari P 《Tree physiology》1998,18(10):707-712

We tested three theories predicting the timing of bud burst in mature birch (Betula pendula Roth) trees utilizing a 60-year phenological time series together with meteorological temperature observations. Predictions of the timing of bud burst based on light conditions in addition to temperature were more accurate than predictions based on dormancy development and temperature (prediction standard error of 2.4 days versus 4.3 days). The signal from light conditions, represented by fixed calendar date, determined the start of bud ontogenesis rather than dormancy release. We suggest that models developed to predict the timing of bud burst be utilized in the analysis of plant responses to climate change and of climate change itself.  相似文献   

Statistical evaluation of bud development theories: application to bud burst of Betula pendula leaves     

Häkkinen R 《Tree physiology》1999,19(9):613-618

Resampling methods were used to evaluate models based on alternative bud development theories applied to Betula pendula Roth data. Statistical testing based on the bootstrap method showed that the mean square errors (MSE) of the predicted bud-burst dates of two models, in which the start of ontogenetic development depended on dormancy development only, did not differ significantly. However, the MSE of the model in which the start of ontogenesis depended on a signal from light climate, indicated by using a fixed calendar date, was significantly smaller than that of the models depending on dormancy development. Model parameters were highly multi-collinear; i.e., sensitive to changes in the data. The cross-validation method was used to determine the prediction error of the models. The predictive ability of the models was not much less for an independent data set than for the original data.  相似文献   

The effects of habitat connectivity on cryptogam richness in boulder metacommunity     

Risto Virtanen  Jari Oksanen 《Biological conservation》2007,135(3):415-422

We investigated the effects of habitat patch size and connectivity on cryptogam richness on 288 calcareous boulders. The studied boulders were found to be a particularly suitable ‘metacommunity model system’ and allowed comparison of species richness among cryptogams with differing substrate specificity, life history and red list status. The dependence of species richness on boulder surface area was modelled using Arrhenius power model, and contrasts were analysed between connected and isolated boulders. Species richness was clearly related to boulder size, but the rates of increase of species richness with increasing boulder area (z-values) were highly variable among species groups. Highest value of z (1.17) was found for species with large propagules, and values around 0.5 were obtained for calciphilous and regionally red-listed species and z = 0.42 for perennials. The lowest value of z (0.27) occurred in calcicolous species while for all species, colonists, and species with small propagules the values were 0.3-0.4. The richness of all species was 11% higher on connected than isolated boulders, while connected boulders had 31% more of both calcicolous and regionally red-listed species and 19% more of colonists. The result suggests that in the investigated system that boulder size is a crucial determinant of cryptogam richness, and their spatial configuration in terms of connectivity may further contribute to cryptogam richness. The latter result lends support to the importance of metacommunity processes for the maintenance of cryptogam richness.  相似文献   

Conducting sustainability impact assessments of forestry-wood chains: examples of ToSIA applications     

Marcus Lindner  Wendelin Werhahn-Mees  Tommi Suominen  Diana V?tter  Sergey Zudin  Matias Pekkanen  Risto P?ivinen  Martina Roubalova  Petr Kneblik  Franka Brüchert  Erik Valinger  Ludovic Guinard  Stefania Pizzirani 《European Journal of Forest Research》2012,131(1):21-34

Within the EFORWOOD project, new methodological approaches to assess the sustainability impacts of forestry-wood chains (FWC) were developed by using indicators of environmental, social and economic relevance. This paper introduces and discusses the developed approach and the two main products developed in the EFORWOOD project: the Database Client and the Tool for Sustainability Impact Assessment (ToSIA), which hold, calculate and integrate the extensive information and data collected. Sustainability impact assessment (SIA) of FWCs is based on measuring and analysing environmental, economic and social indicators for all of the production processes along the value chain. The adoption of the method varies between applications and depends on the specification of the FWC in the assessment and what questions are studied. ToSIA is very flexible and can apply forest-, product-, industry- and consumer-defined perspectives. Each perspective influences the focus of the analysis and affects system boundaries. ToSIA can assess forest value chains in different geographical regions covering local, regional, national and up to the continental scale. Potential issues and scenarios can be analysed with the tool including, for example, the impacts of different forest policies on the sustainability of an FWC. This paper presents how ToSIA can be applied to solve such diverse problems and underlines this with examples from different case studies. Differences in chain set-up, system boundaries and data requirements are highlighted and experiences with the implementation of the sustainability impact assessment methods are discussed. The EFORWOOD case studies offer valuable reference data for future sustainability assessments.  相似文献   

HPLC separation and subsequent detection of aromatic heptaene polyenes in peat after treatment with Streptomyces griseoviridis     

Olavi J. Raatikainen  Tuulikki H. Pivinen  Risto T. Tahvonen 《Pest management science》1994,41(2):149-154

Aromatic heptaene polyenes (AHPs), the largest group of antifungal polyene antibiotics, were detected in steam-sterilized Sphagnum peat after treatment with a new biofungicide containing fermenter-cultivated Streptomyces griseoviridis Anderson K61, a bacterium capable of producing AHPs in vitro. Three concentrations (0.05 g litre^?1, 0-2 g litre^?1 and 2.0 g litre^?1) of the biofungicide were used and compared to untreated controls. The substrates were incubated for seven weeks under greenhouse conditions, with and without cucumber seedlings, and samples were analysed for heptaene polyenes by HPLC using a photodiode array detector. Changes in AHP concentrations indicated that the fermenter-cultivated mycelium was a partial source of extractable heptaenes in peat. The identification of p-aminoacetophenone (PAAP) by HPLC-MS in peat hydrolysates verified the presence of AHPs.  相似文献   

The time series of flowering and leaf bud burst of boreal trees (1846–2005) support the direct temperature observations of climatic warming     

Tapio Linkosalo  Risto Häkkinen  Juhani Terhivuo  Heikki Tuomenvirta  Pertti Hari 《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2009,149(3-4):453-461

The timing of spring phenological events of boreal trees, such as flowering and leaf bud burst, is controlled to a great extent by the ambient air temperature, and these events are already showing an advancement that can be attributed to climatic warming. In this paper we utilised this phenomenon to verify direct observations of climatic warming. We constructed eight phenological time series using observations covering 160 years of the leaf bud burst of two species and of the flowering of six species of native deciduous trees growing in Finland. To eliminate the effect of urbanization on local temperature, we rejected the observations made in densely populated areas. When analyzing the trends in the timing of leaf bud burst and flowering we found an advancement of these phenological events ranging from 3.3 to 11.0 days per century. We then converted the observed phenological trends into temperature trends by using thermal time-type models that link the timing of bud burst and flowering to the temperature conditions during bud development. Warming estimates derived from the phenological trends suggested that the mean spring temperature increase in Finland has been 1.8 °C per century, which is very close to the value of 1.5 °C per century indicated by long-term temperature records.  相似文献   

Effects of chemical and mechanical wearing on the cleanability and surface properties of traditional and new surface materials in cattle barns – a laboratory study     

Jenni Mtt  Maarit Hellstedt  Risto Kuisma  Hanna-Riitta Kymlinen  Riitta Mahlberg  Anna-Maija Sjberg 《Biosystems Engineering》2009,103(4):464-473

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Pilodyn在桉树活立木材性质评估中的应用   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

吴世军  徐建民  李光友  陆钊华  李宝琦  王伟 《林业研究》2010,21(1):68-72

测定了建立在广西22个4年生桉树无性系的Pilodyn值、木材基本密度、边材木材密度、心材木材密度和弹性模量。结果表明：Pilodyn值为9．44—15．41mm、木材密度为0．3514-0．4913g·cm^-3、弹性模量在3．94GPa到7．53GPa之间;Pilodyn值在不同处理、不同方向及不同参试无性系间均存在极显著差异。Pilodyn值与各材性指标间的相关系数在-0．433到-0．755之间,呈显著到极显著负相关。研究表明,Pilodyn方法可以预测桉树活立木的木材密度和弹性模量。  相似文献