Breeding for yield stability in unpredictable environments: single traits,interaction between traits,and architecture of genotypes     

Salvatore Ceccarelli  Edmundo Acevedo  Stefania Grando 《Euphytica》1991,56(2):169-185

Summary Attempts to identify individual traits to use as an indirect measure for grain yield have shown some degree of success in environments where crop yields are affected by no stress or only by predictable stresses. However, analytical breeding has been largely unsuccessful in the case of a) stressful environments characterized by low yields due to high variability in the frequency, timing, duration and severity of a number of climatic stresses, and b) breeding programs where the major objective is greater yield stability defined as a reduction in the frequency of crop failures. Experimental evidence suggests that, when environmental variability is high due to unpredictable differences in frequency, timing and severity of various climatic stresses, each time different combinations of several traits are likely to confer drought resistance. Interaction among traits in determining overall crop response to variable stresses is expected to occasionally enhance the importance of a specific trait in a specific stress situation. In this context it becomes difficult to consider drought resistance as a character with its own identity in terms of inheritance.Assessment and verification of traits based on the use of isogenic lines tends to oversimplify the interactions between traits, as the approach provides information on the effect of a specific trait only in a specific genetic background.At the population level of organisation, the dilemma between selection for individual traits and specific combinations of traits can be translated into the dilemma between selection for individual genotypes and specific combinations of genotypes. The evidence that natural selection under stress conditions has not been able to identify either a single trait or a single genotype with a given adapted architecture of traits, is discussed in relation to germplasm development philosophies to stabilize yield in unpredictably stressed environments.  相似文献   

Resource use efficiency of field-grown sunflower, sorghum, wheat and chickpea: I. Radiation use efficiency   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

Rossella Albrizio  Pasquale Steduto   《Agricultural and Forest Meteorology》2005,130(3-4):254-268

Radiation use efficiency () is a crop parameter widely used in crop simulation models, derived here as the slope of the relationship linking crop carbon gain to cumulative intercepted solar radiation. Our objectives were to: (i) determine of field-grown sunflower, sorghum, wheat and chickpea, at three levels of aggregation—day-time net assimilation (A), daily net carbon gain as difference between A and night-time dark respiration (R) and biomass; (ii) assess the robustness of parameter in terms of ability to discriminate between C₃ and C₄ species, pre- and post-anthesis and impact of nitrogen status; (iii) evaluate the opportunity to normalize for climate. Field experiments were conducted in 1998 and 1999 in southern Italy. All crops were well watered. Sunflower and sorghum had two nitrogen application treatments, wheat only one and chickpea had no added nitrogen. Daily intercepted solar radiation was derived from measurements of daily incident solar radiation and the percentage of mid-day light interception. Closed-system canopy chambers monitored canopy gas-exchange rates. , expressed in terms of A, A − R or above-ground biomass, was linear over the entire growth cycle of sorghum and wheat, and up to anthesis in sunflower and chickpea, independent of temperature, vapour pressure deficit and radiation regimes. In sunflower, deviation from linearity was observed after anthesis, due to higher carbon cost in yielding oil seeds. No conclusions could be drawn for post-anthesis chickpea due to the interruption of the experiment caused by a thunderstorm. Overall results showed a great variability in values, independently of classes of species (C₄ and C₃), crops and nitrogen treatments. This indicates that the robustness of to predict biomass productivity in crop simulation models is constrained. Attempts to normalize by vapour pressure deficit (D), for reducing its variability due to climate and overlaps between crops failed.  相似文献   

Collection of land-races of cultivated plants in South Italy, 1985     

Karl Hammer  Salvatore Cifarelli  Pietro Perrino 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》1986,34(2):261-273

Summary In continuation of collecting missions in the last five years a further mission has been carried out in South Italy jointly by staff members of the Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, and the Zentralinstitut für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, in September/October 1985 for studying and collecting plant genetic resources. In this year the activities have been concentrated on Sicily. 225 samples, mainly of vegetables, grain legumes and some cereals have been collected. A good part of the material is represented by highly variable old land-races; this is especially true for oats, barley, maize, french beans, faba beans,Brassica spp. and many other vegetables. Whereas genetic erosion is rather advanced in cereals, especially in wheat, land-races of many species of vegetables are grown on a large scale. The results of this mission increase our knowledge concerning the flora of cultivated plants of South Italy considerably.

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Sammlung von Kulturpflanzen-Landsorten in Süditalien 1985

Zusammenfassung In Fortführung von Sammelreisen der letzten fünf Jahre wurde im September/Oktober 1985 eine weitere Reise nach Süditalien gemeinsam von Mitarbeitern des Istituto del Germoplasma, Bari, und des Zentralinistituts für Genetik und Kulturpflanzenforschung, Gatersleben, unternommen, die dem Studium und der Sammlung pflanzlicher genetischer Ressourcen diente. In diesem Jahr konzentrierten sich die Aktivitäten auf Sizilien. 225 Proben, besonders von Gemüsen, Körnerleguminosen und einigen Getrieiden wurden gesammelt. Ein beachtlicher Teil des Materials besteht aus hochvariablen alten Landsorten, besonders von Hafer, Gerste, Mais, Gartenbohnen, Ackerbohnen,Brassica-Arten und vielen anderen Gemüsen. Während die Generosion bei den Getreiden und besonders beim Weizen schon weit fortgeschritten ist, werden Gemüselandsorten noch in großem Umfang angebaut. Die Ergebnisse dieser Sammelreise erweitern unsere Kenntnisse zur Kulturpflanzenflora Süditaliens beträchtlich.

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1985

, , — 1985 () () . . 225 , , . , , , , , , , Brassica . , , , .

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Comparison of black,purple, and yellow barleys   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Thin?Meiw?ChooEmail author  Bernard?Vigier  Keh?Ming?Ho  Salvatore?Ceccarelli  Stefania?Grando  Jerome?D.?Franckowiak 《Genetic Resources and Crop Evolution》2005,52(2):121-126

Many barley landraces are purple-or black-seeded, but the chemical composition of these purple-and black- seeded barley is rarely examined. Therefore, studies were conducted to determine if the chemical composition of purple and black barleys differs from that of yellow barleys. Four sets of genetic materials were used for these studies: 96 doubled-haploid (DH) lines, 10 near-isogenic lines, 40 landraces, and four F3 bulks. The results showed that purple DH lines contained a similar amount of lignin as yellow DH lines and that anthocyanin-containing isogenic lines did not differ from anthocyanin-free lines in lignin content. Therefore, these results suggest that anthocyanin biosynthesis is independent of lignin biosynthesis in barley. The results also showed that black barley contained more protein and more lignin than yellow barley in two crosses and that among the 40 landraces studied, the three with the highest concentration of lignin happened to be black seeded. Lignin content was not associated with seed weight except in defective endosperm lines. The presence of pigments and a relatively high concentration of lignin might help reduce the level of kernel blight severity in black barley. More studies are needed to determine the chemical composition and pest resistance associated with purple and black barleys.  相似文献   

Adsorption and desorption of dimepiperate by soils     

Alba Pusino  Weiping Liu  Salvatore Petretto  Carlo Gessa 《Water, air, and soil pollution》1994,73(1):325-331

The adsorption and desorption of dimepiperate, S-(,-dimethylbenzyl)-1-piperidinecarbothioate, on three soils of various physical and chemical properties was studied. Adsorption isotherms conformed to Freundlich equation. The k _f values increased with increasing organic carbon content of the soils. To confirm the effect of organic matter, the adsorption of the herbicide was studied after removal of organic matter by peroxidation. This soil treatment caused a sequential loss of adsorptive capacity. Desorption isotherms also conformed to Freundlich equation, but K _des values were higher than those for adsorption and increased with increase in concentration of initially adsorbed dimepiperate. Hysteresis was indicated by the decrease in slope of desorption compared to adsorption isotherms. Hysteresis decreased with increasing methanol content in the extracting solution. The factors involved are discussed.  相似文献   

DYSPLASIA EPIPHYSEALIS HEMIMELICA IN A BOXER PUPPY     

Massimo  Vignoli  DMV  SRV  Giuseppe  Sarli  DMV  Federica  Rossi  DMV  SRV  Rossella  Terragni  DMV  SPCAA  Luigi  Pozzi  DMV 《Veterinary radiology & ultrasound》2002,43(6):528-533

A Boxer puppy had an unusual dysplastic lesion of the distal epiphysis of the left femur. Biopsy and CT examination were performed. A diagnosis of dysplasia epiphysealis hemimelica (DEH) was made. To the investigators knowledge, this condition has not been described before in animals. DEH is a growth disorder involving preferentially the medial compartment of the lower limbs, and it is associated with epiphyseal hypertrophy and delayed mineralization.  相似文献   

Influence of film wrapping and fludioxonil application on quality of pomegranate fruit     

Salvatore D’Aquino  Amedeo Palma  Mario Schirra  Alberto Continella  Eugenio Tribulato  Stefano La Malfa 《Postharvest Biology and Technology》2010,55(2):121-128

Pomegranates are sensitive to low temperatures. When fruit are exposed to temperatures below 5–6 °C chilling injury appears as pitting of the skin, browning of the white segments separating the arils and discoloration of the arils, and husk scald, which generally is more severe at temperatures of 6–10 °C. The main objective of this work was to assess the effectiveness of individual film packaging, applied as a stand alone treatment or in combination with fludioxonil, on reducing the occurrence of husk scald, weight loss and decay. Fruit were dipped in an aqueous mixture containing 600 mg L^?1 fludioxonil, wrapped or not wrapped with a polyolephinic heat-shrinkable film and stored at 8 °C and 90% RH for 6 or 12 weeks plus one additional week of simulated shelf-life at 20 °C and 65–70% RH. Respiration rate decreased both in cold storage and at 20 °C. Ethylene production was not detected during cold storage; its rate increased upon transfer to 20 °C, but results were inconsistent. Control fruit deteriorated at a very high rate, due to excessive weight loss, skin browning and decay. Film wrapping almost completely inhibited weight loss and husk scald and preserved fruit freshness for the whole storage time. There was no statistical difference in decay incidence between wrapped and control fruit after 6 or 12 weeks of storage and after the first shelf-life, while after the second shelf-life, wrapped fruit had significantly higher decay levels. By contrast, fludioxonil, both alone and in combination with wrapping, effectively controlled mold development, resulting in 50–67% less decay than control fruit after 12 weeks at 8 °C plus one week shelf-life. Control fruit showed minor changes in nutritional compounds as well as in total polyphenols, anthocyanins and antioxidant activity, while higher losses were detected in film-wrapped fruit during storage at 20 °C.  相似文献   

Morphological analysis and erosion rate evaluation in badlands of Radicofani area (Southern Tuscany — Italy)     

Sirio Ciccacci  Mariachiara GalianoMaria Antonietta Roma  Maria Cristina Salvatore 《CATENA》2008

Since 1988, geomorphologic research based on field surveys and photo-geological analysis, has been conducted in southern Tuscany (Italy), in areas characterised by very rapid morphological evolution. In the area outcrop Pliocene marine claystones uplifted during the Quaternary up to 750 m above sea level, now undergoing intense erosion processes, leading to considerable badlands formation. Morphodynamic analysis, conduced by direct and indirect measurements in a sample area, were taken in order to quantify the erosion rate in badland areas. The “Torrente Piantrafolla” sample area was chosen as representative of the study area; it was most recently monitored during the period Nov. 2000–Feb. 2004. At this time, morphographic and morphometric analyses carried out in selected measurement stations located on slopes, identified gravity as the main morphogenetic process responsible for slope shaping. The calanchi badland areas are characterised by constant and rapid shrinking of their edges resulting from landslides which occur in autumn and winter as a consequence of intense rainstorms. Selected measurement stations indicate an erosion rate value range from 5 to 7.5 cm/y. The comparison between 1976 and 1994 digital elevation models (DEM), obtained from photogrammetric restitution, indicated a mean erosion rate of about 5 cm/y in a nineteen year period. This value, considerably higher than the values measured in other Italian basins, indicate a very rapid evolution of the slopes, due mainly to small earth flows inside calanchi badlands.  相似文献   

The influence of weathering processes on labile and stable organic matter in Mediterranean volcanic soils     

Vito Barbera  Salvatore Raimondi  Markus Egli  Michael Plötze 《Geoderma》2008,143(1-2):191-205

The relationship and mechanisms among weathering processes, cation fluxes, clay mineralogy, organic matter composition and stability were studied in soils developing on basaltic material in southern Italy (Sicily). The soils were transitions between Phaeozems and Vertisols. Intense losses of the elements Na, Ca and Mg were measured indicating that weathering has occurred over a long period of time. The main weathering processes followed the sequence: amphibole, mica, volcanic glass or if ash was the primary source → smectite → interstratified smectite–kaolinite → kaolinite. Kaolinite formation was strongly related to high Al, Mg and Na losses. The good correlation between oxyhydroxides and kaolinite in the soils suggests that (macro)aggregates have formed due to physical or electrostatic interactions between the 1:1 clay minerals and oxides. The stability of organic matter was investigated with a H₂O₂-treatment that assumes that chemical oxidation mimics the natural oxidative processes. The ratio of C after the H₂O₂ treatment to the total organic C ranged from 1–28%. No correlation between clay content and organic matter (labile or stable fraction) was found. The refractory organic fraction was enriched in aliphatic compounds and did not greatly interact with the kaolinite, smectite or poorly crystalline Fe or Al phases. A part of this fraction (most probably proteins) was bound to crystalline Fe-oxides. In contrast, the oxidisable fraction showed a strong relationship with poorly crystalline oxyhydroxides and kaolinite. Surprisingly, smectite did not contribute to the stabilisation of any of the organic C fractions. The stabilisation of organic matter in the soils has, therefore, two main mechanisms: 1) the protection of labile (oxidisable with H₂O₂) organic matter, including also aromatic-rich compounds such as charcoal, by the formation of aggregates with oxyhydroxides and kaolinite and 2) the formation of a refractory fraction enriched in aliphatic compounds.  相似文献   

Production of selected short-rotation wood crop species and quality of obtained biomass     

Vincenzo Civitarese  Salvatore Faugno  Rodolfo Picchio  Alberto Assirelli  Giulio Sperandio  Luigi Saulino  Mariano Crimaldi  Maura Sannino 《European Journal of Forest Research》2018,137(4):541-552

Short-rotation coppice (SRC) represents an important source of wood biomass. Many uncertainties create barriers to farmers establishing SRC plantations, especially under Mediterranean climate conditions. In this study, five species and respective genotypes were analyzed. The five species were Fraxinus angustifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Salix alba, Populus nigra (Limatola), and Populus × euroamericana, with the genotypes of the latter being Grimminge, Vesten, Hoogvorst, Muur. For the plantations studied, two different harvesting systems were replicated: the single machine pass, or cut-and-chip (CC); and the double machine pass, for which the tree are cut first, then chipped later (chip of stored trees CS). In the CC, fresh trees were harvested and chipped by Claas Jaguar 880. In the CS, dry trees were chipped by Farmi Forest CH 260. Within the same site, in climatic conditions and low-input management, the best result in terms of biomass yield was obtained from the black poplar Limatola. Both wood typologies and harvesting systems affected the chip quality. The disk chipper, when working on dried biomass, produced lower quality chips than the other chipping device in terms of particle size. In the chips obtained, there was an increase in the number of chips classified as being “larger size” and “oversized”, and a decrease in the percentage of those classified as “accept” (45–3 mm fraction). The chips obtained from dried trees were of better energy quality compared with the same biomass obtained from the fresh trees in terms of heating value and ash content.  相似文献