Influence of delayed timing of owners' actions on the behaviors of their dogs,Canis familiaris     

Mariko Yamamoto  Takefumi Kikusui  Mitsuaki Ohta 《Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research》2009,4(1):11-18

This study examined the influence of delayed actions from the owner, including commands, reinforcement, and punishment, on already-learned behaviors in 10 dogs. The delay times were set to 2.0, 1.0, 0.5, 0.27, and 0.13 seconds (s). Responses to commands with a delay (Delayed) were compared with those that were not delayed (Nondelayed). The results indicated that appropriate responses to commands decreased in 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 s delayed conditions. As delay time increased, response to commands decreased. The numbers of commands used by handlers to make their dogs obey was significantly increased with a 2.0 and 1.0 second delay compared to the nondelayed trials. The time required for dogs to obey the commands was significantly increased in 2.0, 1.0, and 0.5 s delayed conditions compared to those of the nondelayed trials. There were no significant differences between the 0.27 s, 0.13 s, and the nondelayed condition. These results suggest that timing is an important factor affecting a dog's behavior not only while learning new things, but also in the production of learned desirable behaviors that could occur during everyday interactions.  相似文献   

Estimation of the shear strength of wood by uniaxial-tension tests of off-axis specimens     

Hiroshi Yoshihara  Masamitsu Ohta 《Journal of Wood Science》2000,46(2):159-163

To determine shear strength we conducted uniaxial-tension tests of off-axis specimens and examined the proper off-axis angles. Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Carr.) and katsura (Cercidiphyllum japonicum Sieb. and Zucc.) were used for the studies. Uniaxial tension tests of the specimens with various off-axis angles were conducted, and the shear stress at failure was obtained. Independent of the tension tests, torsion tests were conducted, and the shear strengths were obtained. Comparing the data of the uniaxial tension and torsion tests, we examined the validity of estimating shear strength by the off-axis tension test. The shear strengths obtained from the tension tests coincided well with those measured by the torsion tests when the specimen had an off-axis angle of 15°–30°. In this off-axis angle range, the tensile stress perpendicular to the grain might have a serious influence on the shear strength, and we thought that the shear strength predicted by uniaxial tension tests should be treated as an approximate value despite the simplicity of the tension test. Other test methods should be adopted to obtain the precise shear strength of wood.  相似文献   

Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies that recognize bovine Kit receptor.     

H Hikono  M Ohta  T Kubota  J H Zhou  S Inumaru  M Sakurai 《Veterinary immunology and immunopathology》1999,68(2-4):101-112

Kit receptor is a transmembrane tyrosine kinase that is the receptor for stem cell factor (SCF). The extracellular domain of bovine Kit receptor (boKit) was produced by a baculovirus expression system. Six monoclonal antibody (MAb) clones designated as bK-1 to bK-6 were obtained upon immunization of mice with the recombinant protein. Immunoprecipitation and flow cytometric analysis indicated that all of the MAbs specifically bound to boKit expressed in COS-7 cells transfected with boKit cDNA. Four of the six MAbs neutralized the biological activity of recombinant bovine SCF, whereas the other two did not. The boKit-positive and boKit-negative cell fractions were sorted from cryopreserved bovine bone marrow cells by the use of MAb bK-1. Colony formation assays indicated that the cells which were able to grow in response to bovine SCF were enriched in the boKit-positive fraction. These MAbs would be valuable in studying possible boKit-positive cell species such as bovine hematopoietic cells, and in defining the biological role of Kit receptor in cattle.  相似文献   

Clinicopathological study of canine oral epulides.     

K Yoshida  T Yanai  T Iwasaki  H Sakai  J Ohta  S Kati  T Minami  A A Lackner  T Masegi 《The Journal of veterinary medical science / the Japanese Society of Veterinary Science》1999,61(8):897-902

To clarify the clinicopathological features of canine epulides, 189 epulides were reviewed retrospectively. The incidence of the fibromatous, ossifying, acanthomatous and giant cell epulides were 56.6% (107/189), 23.3% (44/189), 18.0% (34/189) and 2.1% (4/189), respectively. The average ages of dogs with fibromatous, ossifying, acanthomatous and giant cell epulides were 8.8, 8.4, 7.8 and 8.7 years, respectively. The male/female ratio of dogs with the acanthomatous epulis (0.8) was lower than those of dogs with the fibromatous (1.9), ossifying (1.4) and giant cell epulis (3.0). There were slight breed differences among the types of epulides. The most noticeable result was that 38.2% of the acanthomatous epulis occurred in Shetland sheepdogs. 43.9% of the fibromatous epulis and 52% of the ossifying epulides arose around maxillary premolars, while 58.8% of the acanthomatous epulis arose around the mandibular canines. Dogs with the fibromatous and ossifying epulides had more severe dental plaque deposition than those with the acanthomatous epulides. Few of the fibromatous (6/104) or ossifying epulides (4/44) showed recurrence after excision, while the majority (21/23) of the acanthomatous epulides showed rapid and repeated recurrences after surgical excision. Epulides treated with hemimandibulectomy or bleomycin chemotherapy did not recur. Giant cell epulides showed no recurrence after surgical removal. These results indicate that the acanthomatous epulis differed from other types of epulides in biological and morphological features and poor prognosis.  相似文献   

Genetic characterization and gonad development of artificially produced interspecific hybrids of the abalones, Haliotis discus discus Reeve, Haliotis gigantea Gmelin and Haliotis madaka Habe     

Faruq Ahmed  Yasuyuki Koike  Carlos Augusto Strüssmann  Izumi Yamasaki  Masashi Yokota  & Seiichi Watanabe 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(5):532-541

Hybridization among abalone species has been suggested as a possible means to increase their growth rates for aquaculture. As a first step to test the usefulness of the hybrids of Japanese abalone species (Haliotis discus discus, Haliotis gigantea and Haliotis madaka) for aquaculture, we characterized the genetic background and gonad development of hybrids that were produced by artificial insemination. The hybrid status of the resulting offspring was confirmed by assaying 14 allozymes and by RFLP analysis of the 16s rRNA and cytochrome oxidase I (COI) regions of mtDNA using 13 restriction enzymes. Histological examination of the gonads of the hybrids was conducted in comparison with those of the parental species. Cross‐breeding among the three species was conducted successfully in all combinations although with lower fertilization rates (means of 1.3–60.8%) than the parental species (34.3–90%). Crosses between H. discus discus and H. madaka had higher fertilization rates (22.4–60.8%) than those involving H. gigantea (1.3–19.9%). The hybrids were ascertained by the presence of both parental genotypes at the LDH‐A, ME‐A, MDH‐A and GPI loci. The maternal origin of the hybrid mtDNA was confirmed by digestion with DdeI, TaqI, HpaII of the COI region. No polymorphism was observed in the 16S rRNA region. The hybrids had gonadal development and maturity stages similar to the parental species up to fully mature oocytes and sperm. They spawned upon stimulation and produced viable offspring with high fertilization rates and successful development to the juvenile stage in back‐ and homologous hybrid crosses.  相似文献   

Determination of Damaged Starch and Diastatic Activity in Wheat Flour Using a Flow-Injection Analysis Biosensor Method     

Ryuichi Haginoya  Kunio Sakai  Takashi Komatsu  Seiichi Nagao  Kenji Yokoyama  Toshifumi Takeuchi  Ritsuko Matsukawa  Isao Karube 《Cereal Chemistry》1997,74(6):745-749

The determination of damaged starch and diastatic activity in flour was studied using a flow-injection analysis (FIA) biosensor system. The system consisted of an oxygen electrode and an immobilized enzyme column containing purified glucoamylase and glucose oxidase immobilized on activated aminopropyl glass beads. The biosensor system has an optimum pH between 6.5 and 7.5 and an optimum temperature of 35°C for glucose measurement. The response of the FIA biosensor was linear up to 1.000 g/L of glucose with a lower detection limit of 0.025 g/L. Each assay took about 20 min, and the system showed good reproducibility (r = 0.998, n = 8). When applied to the measurement of damaged starch and diastatic activity in wheat flour, the results obtained agreed with those obtained using the conventional methods of measurement. This biosensor system is a rapid practical alternative for the measurement of damaged starch and diastatic activity in wheat flour.  相似文献