Phenolic extractives in the trunk of Toxicodendron vernicifluum: chemical characteristics,contents and radial distribution     

Koh Hashida  Masanobu Tabata  Katsushi Kuroda  Yuichiro Otsuka  Satoshi Kubo  Rei Makino  Yoshitaka Kubojima  Mario Tonosaki  Seiji Ohara 《Journal of Wood Science》2014,60(2):160-168

Phenolic extractives in the trunk of Toxicodendron vernicifluum (syn. Rhus verniciflua) were investigated. Seventeen compounds, gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, (?)-fisetinidol-4β-ol, (?)-fisetinidol-4α-ol, 2-benzyl-2,6,3′,4′-tetrahydroxycoumaran-3-one, (?)-fustin, 1,2,3,6-Tetra-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, (?)-epifustin, (+)-taxifolin, 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-β-d-glucose, (?)-garbanzol, (?)-fustin-3-O-gallate, (?)-epifustin-3-O-gallate, fisetin, sulfuretin, quercetin and butein, were identified from the heartwood extractives. It was found that only (+)-taxifolin which had 5,7-dihydroxy A-ring possessed a 3R configuration although other flavonoids which had 7-hydroxy A-ring possessed a 3S configuration. Quantitative analysis revealed that the total phenolic contents were much higher in the heartwood (5–7 wt%) than in the sapwood and bark (1–2 wt%), and (?)-fustin was the most abundant extractive in the heartwood (1.4–2.4 wt%). For the radial distribution of phenolic extractives, it was generally found that their content was lowest in the sapwood, increased to the highest in the outer heartwood, and then decreased in the inner heartwood.  相似文献   

Challenges of breeding potato cultivars to grow in various environments and to meet different demands     

Kazuyuki Mori  Kenji Asano  Seiji Tamiya  Takashi Nakao  Motoyuki Mori 《Breeding Science》2015,65(1):3-16

The potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is cultivated all year round in Japan by using four types of cropping: summer and winter croppings, and double cropping in spring and fall. In each cropping season, growth conditions such as temperature, day length, and growing period, differ drastically; thus, different cultivars adapted to each environment are required. Breeding stations are located in both summer cropping areas and double cropping areas, and cultivars suitable for each cropping system are developed. The required cultivars differ according to cropping type and according to use such as table use, food processing, and starch production. The qualities necessary for each purpose differ and are therefore evaluated accordingly. Improvements in pest and disease resistance and in yield abilities are important as common breeding targets for all purposes. To develop potato cultivars that meet different needs, breeders have continued efforts to improve these traits. In this review, we introduce our approaches to developing new potato cultivars. We also discuss problems predicted in the future and introduce our efforts on broadening genetic diversity.  相似文献   

Spleen-Specific Development of Germinal Centers in Rats Treated with Antithyroid Drugs     

Motoko Fukui  Norio Fukui  Kuniyoshi Sakai  Yuko Hasegawa  Shuji Nagasaki  Seiji Shibata  Sei-ichi Araki  Mitsui Isobe  Shigeru Hisada 《Journal of toxicologic pathology》2013,26(4):375-384

The antithyroid drugs (ATDs) methimazole (MMI) and propylthiouracil (PTU) have been used for treatment of hyperthyroidism for more than several decades, despite the fact that they are associated with adverse drug reactions that are thought to be autoimmune mediated. We therefore examined histopathologic responses in the immune system in male and female rats given MMI (2, 20 and 200 mg/kg/day, p.o., in experiment 1; 200 mg/kg/day, p.o., in experiment 3) or PTU (25 and 250 mg/kg/day, p.o., in experiment 2; 200 mg/kg/day, p.o., in experiment 3) for two weeks. In experiments 1 and 2, highest doses of MMI and PTU induced histopathologic changes in the spleen consistent with those in experiment 3 without any changes in the other peripheral lymphoid organs and tissues. In experiment 3, histopathological evaluation of the spleen along with hematological and bone marrow examinations were performed. In both male and female rats, MMI or PTU induced histopathological changes in the spleen characterized by development of germinal centers and an increase in the number of IgG-positive plasma cells in the red pulp; these changes were most prevalent in the MMI-treated female rats. Total red and white blood cell counts were decreased in the MMI-treated male and female rats; lymphocytes and monocytes were lower in male and female rats, respectively. Bone marrow nucleated cells were significantly lower in the MMI-treated males. This is the first study to demonstrate that ATDs induce spleen specific B-cell reactions in rats  相似文献   

Evaluation of Premature Mortality Caused by Exposure to PM2.5 and Ozone in East Asia: 2000, 2005, 2020     

Amin Nawahda  Ken Yamashita  Toshimasa Ohara  Junichi Kurokawa  Kazuyo Yamaji 《Water, air, and soil pollution》2012,223(6):3445-3459

The aim of this study is to assess the premature mortality risks caused by exposure to particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 2.5???m (PM_2.5) and ozone elevated concentrations for the years?2000, 2005, and 2020 in East Asia. The spatial distributions and temporal variations of PM_2.5 and ozone concentrations are simulated using the Models-3 Community Multiscale Air Quality Modeling System coupled with the Regional Emission Inventory in Asia. The premature mortality risks caused by exposure to PM_2.5 and ozone are calculated based on a relative risk (RR) value of 1.04 (95?% confidence interval (CI): 1.01?C1.08) for PM_2.5 concentrations above the annual mean limit of 10???g?m^?3 taken from the World Health Organization?CAir Quality Guideline and based on a RR value of 1.003 (95?% CI: 1.001?C1.004) for ozone concentration above 35?ppb of the SOMO35 index (the sum of ozone daily maximum 8-h mean concentrations above 35?ppb). We demonstrate one of the implications of the policy making in the area of environmental atmospheric management in East Asia by highlighting the annual premature mortalities associated with exposure to PM_2.5 concentrations that just meet an annual mean concentration of 10???g?m^?3, as well as ozone concentrations that have a daily zero SOMO35 index in vulnerable places. Our results point to a growing health risk that may endanger human life in East Asia. We find that the effect of PM_2.5 on human health is greater than the effect of ozone for the age group of 30?years and above. We estimate the corresponding premature mortality due to the effects of both ozone and PM_2.5 in East Asia for the years?2000 and 2005 to be around 316,000 and 520,000 cases, respectively. For future scenarios of the year?2020, policy succeed case, reference, and policy failed case, the estimated annual premature mortality rates are 451,000, 649,000, and 1,035,000 respectively.  相似文献   

First report of Phytophthora blight of celery (Apium graveolens var. dulce) caused by Phytophthora tentaculata in Japan     

Fujinaga  Masashi  Fuji  Yu  Uematsu  Seiji 《Journal of General Plant Pathology》2022,88(5):336-339

Journal of General Plant Pathology - A new disease on celery discovered in Japan caused extreme stunting, dwarfed and yellowed leaves, black rot of the celery “heart”, and root rot. A...  相似文献   

QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum （Sorghum bicolor L.Moench）   总被引：10，自引：0，他引：10  

BIAN Yun-long Yazaki Seiji Inoue Maiko CAI Hong-wei 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2006,5(10):736-744

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an F2：3 segregating population consisting of 207 individuals derived from a cross between a high sugar content inbred line, Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus （QTL） analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism （RFLP） markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism （AFLP） markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat （SSR） markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum. Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability （hB0 of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively. These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.  相似文献   

QTLs for Sugar Content of Stalk in Sweet Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.Moench)     

BIAN Yun-long  Yazaki Seiji  Inoue Maiko  CAI Hong-wei 《中国农业科学(英文版)》2006,5(10)

High sugar content of sorghum stalk is an important factor in the sorghum silage production. To identify the genomic regions controlling sugar content and to develop molecular markers linked to sugar content in sweet sorghum, we used an Early Folger, and a normal inbred line, N32B, for genetic linkage mapping and quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. We constructed a genetic linkage map spanning 983.5 cM based on a total of 327 markers comprising 31 restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) markers, 254 amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, and 42 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. In the 20 linkage groups detected, 98.2% of markers aligned to the 10 linkage groups of sorghum.Variations in sugar content at different growth stages and among internodes suggested that the sugar content of middle internodes is stable and suitable for measuring at early dough stage. The broad sense heritability (hB2) of sugar content was 0.64 and 0.62 estimated from the data of F3 families and each parent in 2003 and 2004. We identified one and two QTLs accounting for 22.2 to 25.0% of phenotypic variance using simple interval mapping method in 2003 and 2004, respectively.These two QTLs showed a negative additive effect, and over-dominance effect. A QTL on LG-D was detected in both two years. Above results will be help us to understand the genetic mechanism of sugar content in sorghum and the QTL detected in this study might be useful in the improvement of sugar content by marker-assisted selection.  相似文献   

A membrane-anchored protein kinase involved in Brassica self-incompatibility signaling     

Murase K  Shiba H  Iwano M  Che FS  Watanabe M  Isogai A  Takayama S 《Science (New York, N.Y.)》2004,303(5663):1516-1519

Self-incompatibility (SI) response in Brassica is initiated by haplotype-specific interactions between the pollen-borne ligand S locus protein 11/SCR and its stigmatic S receptor kinase, SRK. This binding induces autophosphorylation of SRK, which is then thought to trigger a signaling cascade that leads to self-pollen rejection. A recessive mutation of the modifier (m) gene eliminates the SI response in stigma. Positional cloning of M has revealed that it encodes a membrane-anchored cytoplasmic serine/threonine protein kinase, designated M locus protein kinase (MLPK). Transient expression of MLPK restores the ability of mm papilla cells to reject self-pollen, suggesting that MLPK is a positive mediator of Brassica SI signaling.  相似文献   

Copulation behaviour of Neptunea arthritica: baseline considerations on broodstocks as the first step for seed production technology development     

Richard M Miranda  Roberto C Lombardo  & Seiji Goshima 《Aquaculture Research》2008,39(3):283-290

Copulation trials under three different scenarios were performed aiming to study the copulation behaviour of Neptunea arthritica and determine whether broodstock maintenance is required for artificial seed production. Neptunea arthritica showed polygamy, copulating at least three times with different partners. From all males and females used in this study, 43% of them copulated at least once. Female whelks showed rejection behaviour, which generated significant difference in copulation time between rejected (13.7±10.7 min) and non‐rejected (49.7±44.7 min) males. The effect of body size on copula duration appeared to be superficial, while its effect on accumulative copulas played an important role as an indicator of copulation capacity because whelks varied in size. After first copula, males showed a contrasting tendency to mate copulated females over non‐copulated females (χ²=6.23, d.f.=1, P=0.01). Broodstock maintenance as the first step in seed production is possible but considering low mating percentage and female rejection, it would be not economically reasonable due to the considerable number of whelks required and related logistical factors.  相似文献   

Survey of genetic variation at three microsatellite loci in captive populations of endangered Japanese minnow <Emphasis Type="Italic">Aphyocypris chinensis</Emphasis> with implications for reduction of inbreeding     

Kenichi Ohara  Motohiro Takagi 《Fisheries Science》2007,73(1):156-160

The Japanese population of the cyprinid minnow Aphyocypris chinensis is nearing extinction in the wild. The genetic diversity of three microsatellite loci in five captive populations was investigated, and an effective breeding strategy to reduce inbreeding from pairwise relatedness (R _xy ) between each captive line is discussed. The average number of alleles ranged 2.33–4.67 and the average heterozygosity ranged 0.283–0.602. The pairwise relatedness observed in most combinations showed a significant decrease between the populations. It is suggested that exchange of individuals between different breeding lines should effectively stop inbreeding. Studies show that the effective population size (N _e ) estimated from the number of parental individuals was 8.54 in one captive population, which is insufficient to maintain genetic diversity. It is recommended that more parental individuals should be used, and to exchange fish in a rotating mating mode between institutions participating in captive breeding of A. chinensis.  相似文献